Development and Validation of a Tool for the Evaluation of Laparoscopic Intestinal Anastomosis in Simulation

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"apellidos" => "Maestre" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "b" "identificador" => "aff0010" ] ] ] ] "afiliaciones" => array:3 [ 0 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Servicio de Cirugía General, Hospital Universitario Marqués de Valdecilla, Santander, Spain" "etiqueta" => "a" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] 1 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Hospital virtual Valdecilla, Santander, Spain" "etiqueta" => "b" "identificador" => "aff0010" ] 2 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Hospital Universitario de León, León, Spain" "etiqueta" => "c" "identificador" => "aff0015" ] ] "correspondencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "cor0005" "etiqueta" => "⁎" "correspondencia" => "Corresponding author." ] ] ] ] "titulosAlternativos" => array:1 [ "es" => array:1 [ "titulo" => "Desarrollo y validación de una herramienta para la evaluación de la anastomosis intestinal laparoscópica en simulación" ] ] "resumenGrafico" => array:2 [ "original" => 1 "multimedia" => array:5 [ "identificador" => "fig0020" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => false "mostrarDisplay" => true "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "fx1.jpeg" "Alto" => 750 "Ancho" => 1333 "Tamanyo" => 99218 ] ] ] ] "textoCompleto" => "IntroductionThe use of laparoscopic simulation as a teaching method is a fundamental pillar in surgeon training. It is often more effective than traditional methods for integrating knowledge, acquiring complex clinical–surgical skills<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0145">1–4</a> and behaviors, as well as decision making.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0165">5,6</a>Surgical simulation has evolved from carrying out initiation exercises and developing simple skills<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0175">7–9</a> to carrying out complex techniques<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0190">10,11</a> in order to subsequently transfer these capabilities to clinical practice.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0285">12</a> This goal has generated the need for tools to verify the level of performance of participants throughout their training, establish the optimal time to initiate the technique in patients under supervision, and analyze teaching methods that most efficiently enable this transition.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0200">13–15</a> To this end, the Objective Structured Assessment of Technical Skill (OSATS)<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0290">16</a> has been developed to assess the performance of procedures, although it does not evaluate the final results.As for the types of surgical procedure, one of the most commonly trained skills in our setting is manual side-to-side intestinal anastomosis because it is considered a frequent technique in laparoscopy, and patient safety depends on its quality.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0215">17–19</a> Its use as a moderate-level practice has been widely studied and extended. However, the evaluation of its results has varied between and within groups, depending on monitors and evaluators.Therefore, the objective of this study is the design and subsequent validation of a reliable and reproducible tool for the evaluation of laparoscopic manual side-to-side intestinal anastomoses in the context of simulation.MethodsDevelopment of the ToolTo establish an expert consensus on the quality elements of anastomoses, as well as their descriptors and measurement (content validity), a modified Delphi method was used.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0225">20</a> An iterative process of anonymous surveys and voting was conducted, with the participation of 10 expert laparoscopic surgeons who were considered representative of the General Surgery specialty (at least 10 years of experience, having performed more than 100 laparoscopic anastomoses in clinical practice, from 5 different hospitals in Spain). Participation was voluntary, with no type of remuneration, and consent was obtained before the start of the study. The first round asked about the elements (which are high-level concepts that describe a characteristic of the anastomosis) and descriptors (which reflect the specific parameters that determine the quality of each element) that should be evaluated by the tool. In the second round, each element and descriptor were assessed by importance. An area for comments was also provided. In the third round, once the variables were determined, participants were asked about their evaluation criteria. With these data, a global assessment tool was designed based on 5 elements, each of which was assessed with scores from 1 to 7, including: separation between stitches, eversion, leak test and iatrogenesis. An objective data collection form (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#sec0085">Annex 1</a>), an evaluation tool (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a>) and instructions for the evaluator (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#sec0085">Annex 2</a>) were standardized.<elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia>Cohort StudyIn order to study the construct validity of the tool and to analyze whether the measurements correlated with the learning trajectory of novice surgeons and experts when performing intestinal anastomoses, 21 participants were included in the study: 10 first-year surgical residents initiated in laparoscopic surgery, and 11 expert specialists (at least 5 years of experience and having performed more than 50 anastomoses), who gave their written informed consent to participate. The study was carried out at the Hospital Virtual Valdecilla (Santander, Cantabria) between November 2017 and August 2018. Data were collected for the characteristics and experience of the participants, as well as the time used, the length and the leakage of the anastomosis.Two evaluators participated, who were general surgeons and instructors from the simulation center and had not participated in the Delphi survey. The evaluations were blind, and each was carried out independently by both, except for the leak test, which was done jointly. The evaluators’ training consisted of a 30-minute session to explain the tool and a practical anastomosis assessment workshop. The consistency or stability of the measurements obtained from the same surgeon (reliability) was evaluated by the two evaluators.ProcedureManual side-to-side intestinal anastomoses measuring 5cm were performed with ex vivo porcine viscera in a laparoscopic endo trainer (Szabo-Berci-Sackier Laparoscopic Trainer Storz). The anastomosis technique involved performing interrupted tacking sutures and continuous double suture with Connell suture at the vertices (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig. 1</a>).<elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia>The teaching methodology used consisted of providing the participant with a bibliography about the procedure, a video to model the technique, and later practice with the instructor (always the same, and not an evaluator).Subsequently, the anastomoses were evaluated using the designed tool, and air-leak tests were performed without pressure and then measuring the pressure at which anastomotic leakage occurred (WIKA® DG-10 digital manometer).Sample SizeThe calculation of the sample size was based on previous experiences and carried out with the OSAT scores obtained among novice participants and experts in performing laparoscopic manual side-to-side intestinal anastomoses. It was calculated using the comparison of means, with 3.47 for novices and 4.63 for experts, and a standard deviation of 0.504. The need of 4.1 participants in each group was obtained for an α risk=0.05 and a statistical power of 95%.Statistical AnalysisThe statistical analysis was done with the IBM SPSS Statistics program for Windows, Version 24.0 (2016; IBM Corp, Armonk, NY). To evaluate the reproducibility of the tool, we calculated the interobserver agreement rate (intraclass correlation coefficient). The Mann–Whitney U test was used to compare the means of novice and expert participants as well as the relationship between anastomotic leak and its score. This correlation was analyzed using Rosenthal's R. Statistical significance was established at P<.05.ResultsDelphiAccording to responses of the survey, the optimal manual lateral intestinal anastomosis should have a distance between stitches of 3–4mm, without being able to visualize intestinal mucosa between them, which would be classified as eversion. The ideal size should be between 4 and 5cm.To assess suture tension, the suture was gently pulled with an instrument to determine whether it slid, and the length of the remaining thread was measured. Sutures were considered loose when the excess material measured 5mm or more.Iatrogenesis was defined as the presence of perforations or visceral tears due to inadequate manipulation.CohortThe study cohort included 21 general surgeons: 12 women and 9 men, all of whom were right-handed. Out of the total, 10 were surgery residents with a mean age of 26.4 years and 11 experts with a mean of 48.9 years, with an overall age of 38.2. Previous experience was nil for the first group, without having independently performed any laparoscopic procedure or anastomosis, either clinical or in simulation. The expert group had an average of 545.5 laparoscopic procedures, with an average of 220 clinical laparoscopic anastomoses (enteroenteric, gastroenteric and coloenteric) and 43.6 in simulation. The time used per anastomosis was 52.2min.Interobserver ReliabilityA very high level of agreement was reached between the different evaluators with an intraclass correlation coefficient of 0.99 for the separation between stitches, 0.94 in eversion, 0.98 in tension and 0.99 in the leak-tightness test (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">Table 2</a>). Iatrogenesis was similar between all observations.<elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0010"></elsevierMultimedia>Internal ValidityThe means obtained by the novice participants and the experts were respectively: separation between stitches 3.2 vs 5.7 (P<.001), eversion 3.3 vs 5.9 (P=.004), tension 2.9 vs 5.9 (P=.001), leak test 3.2 vs 5.7 (P=.005), iatrogenesis 6.9 vs 7 (P=.47). With a total score of 19.4 vs 30.2 (P<.001) (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0015">Table 3</a>). The average time was 122min vs 52.2min (P<.001).<elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0015"></elsevierMultimedia>It can be seen how the iatrogenesis parameter is very similar between groups and not significant or discriminatory. Therefore, it can be eliminated from the tool without changes in significance, obtaining total results of 12.5 for novices and 23.2 for experts (P=.001) (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Fig. 2</a>).<elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0010"></elsevierMultimedia>Likewise, the relationship between the total score and anastomotic leak test was calculated. In the case of the test without pressure, the Rosenthal R was −0.71 (P<.001) (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0015">Fig. 3</a>), while with pressure it was R=−0.55 (P=.01).<elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0015"></elsevierMultimedia>The group of novices obtained a correlation of R=−0.69 (P=.03) in the leak without pressure and R=−0.66 (P=.04) with pressure. Meanwhile, the results in the group of experts were R=−0.48 (P=.11) in the leak without pressure and R=−0.66 in the leak with pressure (P=.03).DiscussionIn the end, the tool developed for the evaluation of simulation laparoscopic intestinal anastomoses was comprised of 4 elements with their corresponding quality descriptors and was able to significantly discriminate between experienced and inexperienced participants. Likewise, the tool obtained an inversely proportional correlation with anastomotic leakage and very good agreement between observers. The iatrogenic parameter was initially included in the tool as a result of the Delphi study; however, as the results were very similar between groups and neither significant nor discriminatory, this variable was removed from the final version of the tool (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#sec0085">Annex 3</a>).The evaluation of the results of an intestinal anastomosis is complex, due to the large number of variables involved and the difficulty of testing and correlating the technique with the final result. For this reason, it continues to be studied in current clinical practice.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0230">21,22</a> To this, we must add the staticity of the tissues and the peculiarities of the simulation, as a greater number of verification and evaluation methods are available in other disciplines, such as microvascular surgery.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0240">23–25</a> However, training and technological development hastens the need for valid, simple, reproducible tools with which to evaluate progress.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0255">26</a> The need to develop skills in different techniques and their incorporation in comprehensive curricula has led to the appearance of studies that range from basic skills<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0260">27</a> to more complex techniques such as cholecystectomies,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0265">28</a> fundoplications,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0270">29</a> etc. In our experience, the OSATS, which has already been validated by Reznick<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0300">30</a> for intestinal anastomoses in live animals, seems to be a good estimator of procedural ability, although it does not adequately correlate with the final quality of the anastomosis.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0210">15</a> In addition, OSATS requires more time and significant human and financial resources. The tool designed in this study can alleviate these barriers, while objectivizing data collection<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0275">31,32</a> and correlating with the final technical result.The implications for teaching in subsequent training courses include the individualization of the learning curve of participants and determining the elements of anastomosis in which proficiency has been achieved and in which progress needs to be made. This makes it possible to transform a training curriculum based on practice time into another based on performance evaluation according to standardized and validated parameters. In addition, it allows future lines of research to be opened in order to create a reference framework for evaluating the number of anastomoses or the score that would determine the transition to clinical practice.This study has several limitations. On the one hand, the evaluators were familiar with the technique and simulation, which may limit the possibility of generalizing to evaluators who are not experts in or do not perform this technique. The inclusion of new evaluators at other medical centers may be of interest in order to verify whether agreement is maintained. Dissemination of the tool among new evaluators will require evaluation guidelines as well as a training workshop.Possible future research would include expanding the sample size and testing whether the statistical power obtained is maintained by introducing trained and mid-level participants, who were not represented in the present study.After these steps, its implementation and validation in anastomoses performed in live animals could be studied and subsequently considered in human clinical practice as a quality criterion.ConclusionsIn this study, we have designed and validated a tool for the evaluation of laparoscopic manual intestinal anastomoses in ex vivo viscera, confirming its ability to discriminate between novice participants and experts as well as very high agreement between observers. In addition, this tool obtains a good correlation with the risk for leakage without pressure.Conflict of InterestsThe authors have no conflict of interests to declare. Hospital Virtual Valdecilla is affiliated with the Center for Medical Simulation (Boston, USA), both of which are non-profit teaching institutions that offer clinical training programs and enrolled education programs." "textoCompletoSecciones" => array:1 [ "secciones" => array:12 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "xres1341825" "titulo" => "Graphical abstract" "secciones" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "identificador" => "abst0005" ] ] ] 1 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "xres1341827" "titulo" => "Abstract" "secciones" => array:4 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0010" "titulo" => "Introduction" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0015" "titulo" => "Methods" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0020" "titulo" => "Results" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0025" "titulo" => "Conclusions" ] ] ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xpalclavsec1234930" "titulo" => "Keywords" ] 3 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "xres1341826" "titulo" => "Resumen" "secciones" => array:4 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0030" "titulo" => "Introducción" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0035" "titulo" => "Métodos" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0040" "titulo" => "Resultados" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0045" "titulo" => "Conclusiones" ] ] ] 4 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xpalclavsec1234931" "titulo" => "Palabras clave" ] 5 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0005" "titulo" => "Introduction" ] 6 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "sec0010" "titulo" => "Methods" "secciones" => array:5 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0015" "titulo" => "Development of the Tool" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0020" "titulo" => "Cohort Study" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0025" "titulo" => "Procedure" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0030" "titulo" => "Sample Size" ] 4 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0035" "titulo" => "Statistical Analysis" ] ] ] 7 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "sec0040" "titulo" => "Results" "secciones" => array:4 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0045" "titulo" => "Delphi" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0050" "titulo" => "Cohort" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0055" "titulo" => "Interobserver Reliability" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0060" "titulo" => "Internal Validity" ] ] ] 8 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0065" "titulo" => "Discussion" ] 9 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0070" "titulo" => "Conclusions" ] 10 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0075" "titulo" => "Conflict of Interests" ] 11 => array:1 [ "titulo" => "References" ] ] ] "pdfFichero" => "main.pdf" "tienePdf" => true "fechaRecibido" => "2019-07-02" "fechaAceptado" => "2019-10-20" "PalabrasClave" => array:2 [ "en" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "clase" => "keyword" "titulo" => "Keywords" "identificador" => "xpalclavsec1234930" "palabras" => array:6 [ 0 => "Intestinal anastomosis" 1 => "Laparoscopic" 2 => "Assessment" 3 => "Simulation" 4 => "Teaching" 5 => "Learning" ] ] ] "es" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "clase" => "keyword" "titulo" => "Palabras clave" "identificador" => "xpalclavsec1234931" "palabras" => array:6 [ 0 => "Anastomosis intestinal" 1 => "Laparoscopia" 2 => "Evaluación" 3 => "Simulación" 4 => "Enseñanza" 5 => "Aprendizaje" ] ] ] ] "tieneResumen" => true "resumen" => array:2 [ "en" => array:3 [ "titulo" => "Abstract" "resumen" => "IntroductionLaparoscopic side-to-side intestinal anastomosis is a common in clinic practice and training simulation. The aim of this study is to design and validate a reliable and reproducible tool for its evaluation. MethodsA modified Delphi method was used to design a tool with elements that determine quality, including 5 items: separation between stiches, eversion, tension, leak and iatrogenesis. The study included 21 participants (10 first-year residents and 11 experts) who performed a 5cm laparoscopic intestinal side-to-side anastomosis with porcine viscera. The evaluations were blinded and done independently by 2 evaluators. ResultsThe means obtained by novice and expert participants were, respectively: separation between stiches 3.2 vs 5.7 (P<.001), eversion 3.3 vs 5.9 (P=.004), tension 2.9 vs 5.9 (P=.001), leak tightness 3.2 vs 5.7 (P=.005), iatrogenesis 6.9 vs 7 (P=.47). The iatrogenesis parameter was not discriminatory, so it was removed from the tool. The total results were 12.5 for novices and 23.2 for experts (P=.001).The correlation between observers presented an intraclass correlation coefficient of 0.99 for the separation between stiches, 0.94 for eversion, 0.98 for tension and 0.99 for leak.The correlation between the score and the leak without pressure presented a Rosenthal's R of −0.71 (P<.001); with pressure R=−0.55 (P=.01). ConclusionsThe designed tool is valid to discriminate between novice and expert participants, presents very high concordance between observers and correlates with the risk of leak." "secciones" => array:4 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0010" "titulo" => "Introduction" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0015" "titulo" => "Methods" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0020" "titulo" => "Results" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0025" "titulo" => "Conclusions" ] ] ] "es" => array:3 [ "titulo" => "Resumen" "resumen" => "IntroducciónLa anastomosis intestinal laterolateral laparoscópica es una práctica habitual en la clínica y entrenada en simulación. El objetivo del estudio es el diseño y posterior validación de una herramienta fiable y reproducible para su evaluación. MétodosSe utilizó un método Delphi modificado para desarrollar los elementos de evaluación al que finalmente incluyeron 5 apartados (separación entre puntos, eversión, tensión, estanqueidad y iatrogenia). Se incluyeron 21 participantes, 10 residentes quirúrgicos de primer año y 11 expertos. Realizaron anastomosis enteroentéricas laterolateral laparoscópica en víscera ex vivo porcina de 5cm. Las evaluaciones fueron ciegas y realizadas por 2 evaluadores de forma independiente. ResultadosLas medias obtenidas por noveles y expertos fueron respectivamente: separación entre puntos 3,2 vs 5,7 (p<0,001), eversión 3,3 vs 5,9 (p=0,004), tensión 2,9 vs 5,9 (p=0,001), estanqueidad 3,2 vs 5,7 (p=0,005), iatrogenia 6,9 vs 7 (p=0,47). El parámetro iatrogenia no es discriminatorio, por lo que fue eliminado de la herramienta. Los resultados totales fueron 12,5 los noveles y 23,2 los expertos (p=0,001).La correlación entre observadores presenta un coeficiente de correlación intraclase de 0,99 para la separación entre puntos, 0,94 la eversión, 0,98 la tensión y 0,99 la estanqueidad.La relación entre la puntuación y la fuga anastomótica sin presión presenta una R de Rosenthal de −0,71 (p<0,001); con presión se obtiene una R=−0,55 (p=0,01). ConclusionesLa herramienta diseñada es válida para discriminar entre participantes noveles y expertos, presenta muy alta concordancia entre observadores y se correlaciona con el riesgo de fuga." "secciones" => array:4 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0030" "titulo" => "Introducción" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0035" "titulo" => "Métodos" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0040" "titulo" => "Resultados" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0045" "titulo" => "Conclusiones" ] ] ] ] "NotaPie" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "☆" "nota" => "Please cite this article as: Fernández MJ, Toledo E, Cañón M, Manuel-Palazuelos JC, Maestre JM. Desarrollo y validación de una herramienta para la evaluación de la anastomosis intestinal laparoscópica en simulación. Cir Esp. 2020;98:274–280." ] ] "apendice" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "seccion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "apendice" => "The following are the supplementary data to this article:<elsevierMultimedia ident="upi0005"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="upi0010"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="upi0015"></elsevierMultimedia>" "etiqueta" => "Appendix A" "titulo" => "Supplementary Data" "identificador" => "sec0085" ] ] ] ] "multimedia" => array:10 [ 0 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0005" "etiqueta" => "Fig. 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr1.jpeg" "Alto" => 680 "Ancho" => 905 "Tamanyo" => 110840 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Manual side-to-side intestinal anastomosis with ex vivo porcine viscera." ] ] 1 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0010" "etiqueta" => "Fig. 2" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr2.jpeg" "Alto" => 1155 "Ancho" => 1593 "Tamanyo" => 37807 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Total score without iatrogenesis for novices and experts." ] ] 2 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0015" "etiqueta" => "Fig. 3" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr3.jpeg" "Alto" => 1217 "Ancho" => 1633 "Tamanyo" => 45852 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Total score of anastomoses, divided according to the result of the leak test without pressure." ] ] 3 => array:8 [ "identificador" => "tbl0005" "etiqueta" => "Table 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "detalles" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "at1" "detalle" => "Table " "rol" => "short" ] ] "tabla" => array:2 [ "leyenda" => "* The element of iatrogenesis was eliminated from the final version of the tool because it was not discriminative." "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "tabla" => array:1 [ 0 => """ <table border="0" frame="\n \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col">Dimension \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " colspan="7" align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Score</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th></tr><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col">1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col">2 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col">3 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col">4 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col">5 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col">6 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col">7 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col">Points \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th></tr><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Definite Risk of Dehiscence \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Very Probable Risk of Dehiscence \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Probable Risk of Dehiscence \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Minimal Risk of Dehiscence \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">No Risk of Dehiscence but Poor Quality \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">No Risk of Dehiscence and Good Quality \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">No Risk of Dehiscence and Excellent Quality \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Element 1: Separation between stitches on the anterior side of the anastomosis: distance between each of the stitches and number of stitches that did not meet the proper distance. \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Unacceptable distance between stitches and discrepancy \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Acceptable distance between stitches and discrepancy \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Precise distance between stitches and no discrepancy \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Element 2: Eversion of mucosa: Visualization of the intestinal mucosa outside of the suture lines, anterior o posterior to the anastomosis \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Eversion of the mucosa is unacceptable. \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Eversion of the mucosa is acceptable. \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">There is no eversion of the mucosa. \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Element 3: Suture tension: Assessment of the size of the anastomosis through the measurement of the length of the anastomosis and the traction of the suture. \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">The measurement of the anastomosis from angle to angle is unacceptable.The excess suture material after tensing the suture line is unacceptable. \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">The measurement of the anastomosis from angle to angle is acceptable.The excess suture after tensing the suture line is acceptable. \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">The measurement of the anastomosis from angle to angle is accurate.There is no excess suture material after tensing. \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Element 4: Leak test: Evaluation of air leaks through the suture line when the intestines of the anastomosis are distended. It is considered ‘leak-tight’ when no air leaks out. \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">There is air leakage in several areas around the anastomosis, which does not allow for the distension of the anastomosis. \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">There is small air leakage through needle-holes, but not between the stitches when the intestinal loops are distended. \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">There is no air leakage through any point of the anastomosis and the intestinal loops are distended. \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Element 5: Iatrogenesis: Assessment of the existence of tears or loss of serosa in the intestinal loops of the anastomosis. \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Intestinal tear with perforation.Extensive loss of serosa in the anastomosed loop. \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">No tears or intestinal perforation.Small loss of serosa affecting only the superficial layer. \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">No tear or loss of serosa \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " colspan="9" align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Total=1+2+3+4+5 (minimum 5 and maximum 35)</td></tr></tbody></table> """ ] "imagenFichero" => array:1 [ 0 => "xTab2301409.png" ] ] ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Tool for the Evaluation of Laparoscopic Intestinal Anastomosis Done Under Simulation (Szabo-Berci-Sackier Laparoscopic Trainer Storz)." ] ] 4 => array:8 [ "identificador" => "tbl0010" "etiqueta" => "Table 2" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "detalles" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "at2" "detalle" => "Table " "rol" => "short" ] ] "tabla" => array:1 [ "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "tabla" => array:1 [ 0 => """ <table border="0" frame="\n \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Mean \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Variance \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Interclass Correlation \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Separation between stitches \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">4.24 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.007 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.986 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Eversion \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">4.52 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.27 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.944 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Tension \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">3.43 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.061 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.981 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Leakage \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">4.48 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.088 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.989 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table> """ ] "imagenFichero" => array:1 [ 0 => "xTab2301410.png" ] ] ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Interobserver Agreement." ] ] 5 => array:8 [ "identificador" => "tbl0015" "etiqueta" => "Table 3" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "detalles" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "at3" "detalle" => "Table " "rol" => "short" ] ] "tabla" => array:1 [ "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "tabla" => array:1 [ 0 => """ <table border="0" frame="\n \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Novice \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Expert \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">P \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Separation between stitches \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">3.149 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">5.757 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">.0003 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Eversion \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">3.299 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">5.878 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">.004 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Tension \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">2.865 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">5.848 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">.001 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Leakage \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">3.231 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">5.682 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">.005 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Iatrogenesis \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">6.850 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">7 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">.468 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Total \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">19.394 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">30.166 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">.0003 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Total without iatrogenesis \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">12.544 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">23.166 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">.0003 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table> """ ] "imagenFichero" => array:1 [ 0 => "xTab2301408.png" ] ] ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Means of Scores Obtained Between Novice and Expert Participants." ] ] 6 => array:5 [ "identificador" => "upi0005" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAECOMPONENTE" "mostrarFloat" => false "mostrarDisplay" => true "Ecomponente" => array:2 [ "fichero" => "mmc1.docx" "ficheroTamanyo" => 15650 ] ] 7 => array:5 [ "identificador" => "upi0010" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAECOMPONENTE" "mostrarFloat" => false "mostrarDisplay" => true "Ecomponente" => array:2 [ "fichero" => "mmc2.docx" "ficheroTamanyo" => 16212 ] ] 8 => array:5 [ "identificador" => "upi0015" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAECOMPONENTE" "mostrarFloat" => false "mostrarDisplay" => true "Ecomponente" => array:2 [ "fichero" => "mmc3.docx" "ficheroTamanyo" => 14475 ] ] 9 => array:5 [ "identificador" => "fig0020" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => false "mostrarDisplay" => true "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "fx1.jpeg" "Alto" => 750 "Ancho" => 1333 "Tamanyo" => 99218 ] ] ] ] "bibliografia" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "References" "seccion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "bibs0015" "bibliografiaReferencia" => array:32 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0145" "etiqueta" => "1" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Technology enhanced simulation for health professions education: a systematic review and meta-analysis" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => true "autores" => array:6 [ 0 => "D.A. Cook" 1 => "R. Hatala" 2 => "R. Brydges" 3 => "B. Zendejas" 4 => "J.H. Szostek" 5 => "WangAT" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1001/jama.2011.1234" "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "JAMA" "fecha" => "2011" "volumen" => "306" "paginaInicial" => "978" "paginaFinal" => "988" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21900138" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 1 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0150" "etiqueta" => "2" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Laparoscopic training on bench models: better and more cost effective than operating room experience?" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => true "autores" => array:6 [ 0 => "D.J. Scott" 1 => "P.C. Bergen" 2 => "R.V. Rege" 3 => "R. Laycock" 4 => "S.T. Tesfay" 5 => "R.J. 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Schmitz" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1016/j.jamcollsurg.2009.05.005" "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "J Am Coll Surg" "fecha" => "2009" "volumen" => "209" "paginaInicial" => "364" "paginaFinal" => "370" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19717041" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 7 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0180" "etiqueta" => "8" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Teaching and testing technical skills" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => "R.K. Reznick" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1016/s0002-9610(05)80843-8" "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Am J Surg" "fecha" => "1993" "volumen" => "165" "paginaInicial" => "358" "paginaFinal" => "361" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8447543" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 8 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0185" "etiqueta" => "9" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Training junior operative residents in laparoscopic suturing skills is feasible and efficacious" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => true "autores" => array:6 [ 0 => "R. Aggarwal" 1 => "J. Hance" 2 => "S. Undre" 3 => "J. Ratnasothy" 4 => "K. Moorthy" 5 => "A. Chang" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1016/j.surg.2005.12.010" "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Surgery" "fecha" => "2006" "volumen" => "139" "paginaInicial" => "729" "paginaFinal" => "734" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16782426" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 9 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0190" "etiqueta" => "10" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Significant transfer of surgical skills obtained with an advanced laparoscopic training program to a laparoscopic jejunojejunostomy in a live porcine model: feasibility of learning advanced laparoscopy in a general surgery residency" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => true "autores" => array:6 [ 0 => "J. Varas" 1 => "R. Mejía" 2 => "A. Riquelme" 3 => "F. Maluenda" 4 => "E. Buckel" 5 => "J. 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Development and Validation of a Tool for the Evaluation of Laparoscopic Intestinal Anastomosis in Simulation

Desarrollo y validación de una herramienta para la evaluación de la anastomosis intestinal laparoscópica en simulación

María José Fernándeza,b, Enrique Toledoa,b,

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etoledomartinez@gmail.com

Corresponding author.

, Marta Cañónc,b, José Carlos Manuel-Palazuelosa,b, José M. Maestreb

a Servicio de Cirugía General, Hospital Universitario Marqués de Valdecilla, Santander, Spain

b Hospital virtual Valdecilla, Santander, Spain

c Hospital Universitario de León, León, Spain

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each of which was assessed with scores from 1 to 7&#44; including&#58; separation between stitches&#44; eversion&#44; leak test and iatrogenesis&#46; An objective data collection form &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#sec0085">Annex 1</a>&#41;&#44; an evaluation tool &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a>&#41; and instructions for the evaluator &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#sec0085">Annex 2</a>&#41; were standardized&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0085">Cohort Study</span><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In order to study the construct validity of the tool and to analyze whether the measurements correlated with the learning trajectory of novice surgeons and experts when performing intestinal anastomoses&#44; 21 participants were included in the study&#58; 10 first-year surgical residents initiated in laparoscopic surgery&#44; and 11 expert specialists &#40;at least 5 years of experience and having performed more than 50 anastomoses&#41;&#44; who gave their written informed consent to participate&#46; The study was carried out at the Hospital Virtual Valdecilla &#40;Santander&#44; Cantabria&#41; between November 2017 and August 2018&#46; Data were collected for the characteristics and experience of the participants&#44; as well as the time used&#44; the length and the leakage of the anastomosis&#46;</p><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Two evaluators participated&#44; who were general surgeons and instructors from the simulation center and had not participated in the Delphi survey&#46; The evaluations were blind&#44; and each was carried out independently by both&#44; except for the leak test&#44; which was done jointly&#46; The evaluators&#8217; training consisted of a 30-minute session to explain the tool and a practical anastomosis assessment workshop&#46; The consistency or stability of the measurements obtained from the same surgeon &#40;reliability&#41; was evaluated by the two evaluators&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0090">Procedure</span><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Manual side-to-side intestinal anastomoses measuring 5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>cm were performed with ex vivo porcine viscera in a laparoscopic endo trainer &#40;Szabo-Berci-Sackier Laparoscopic Trainer Storz&#41;&#46; The anastomosis technique involved performing interrupted tacking sutures and continuous double suture with Connell suture at the vertices &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig&#46; 1</a>&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The teaching methodology used consisted of providing the participant with a bibliography about the procedure&#44; a video to model the technique&#44; and later practice with the instructor &#40;always the same&#44; and not an evaluator&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Subsequently&#44; the anastomoses were evaluated using the designed tool&#44; and air-leak tests were performed without pressure and then measuring the pressure at which anastomotic leakage occurred &#40;WIKA&#174; DG-10 digital manometer&#41;&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0095">Sample Size</span><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The calculation of the sample size was based on previous experiences and carried out with the OSAT scores obtained among novice participants and experts in performing laparoscopic manual side-to-side intestinal anastomoses&#46; It was calculated using the comparison of means&#44; with 3&#46;47 for novices and 4&#46;63 for experts&#44; and a standard deviation of 0&#46;504&#46; The need of 4&#46;1 participants in each group was obtained for an <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#945;</span> risk&#61;0&#46;05 and a statistical power of 95&#37;&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0100">Statistical Analysis</span><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The statistical analysis was done with the IBM SPSS Statistics program for Windows&#44; Version 24&#46;0 &#40;2016&#59; IBM Corp&#44; Armonk&#44; NY&#41;&#46; To evaluate the reproducibility of the tool&#44; we calculated the interobserver agreement rate &#40;intraclass correlation coefficient&#41;&#46; The Mann&#8211;Whitney <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">U</span> test was used to compare the means of novice and expert participants as well as the relationship between anastomotic leak and its score&#46; This correlation was analyzed using Rosenthal&#39;s <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">R</span>&#46; Statistical significance was established at <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span>&#60;&#46;05&#46;</p></span></span><span id="sec0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0105">Results</span><span id="sec0045" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0110">Delphi</span><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">According to responses of the survey&#44; the optimal manual lateral intestinal anastomosis should have a distance between stitches of 3&#8211;4<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm&#44; without being able to visualize intestinal mucosa between them&#44; which would be classified as eversion&#46; The ideal size should be between 4 and 5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>cm&#46;</p><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">To assess suture tension&#44; the suture was gently pulled with an instrument to determine whether it slid&#44; and the length of the remaining thread was measured&#46; Sutures were considered loose when the excess material measured 5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm or more&#46;</p><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Iatrogenesis was defined as the presence of perforations or visceral tears due to inadequate manipulation&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0050" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0115">Cohort</span><p id="par0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The study cohort included 21 general surgeons&#58; 12 women and 9 men&#44; all of whom were right-handed&#46; Out of the total&#44; 10 were surgery residents with a mean age of 26&#46;4 years and 11 experts with a mean of 48&#46;9 years&#44; with an overall age of 38&#46;2&#46; Previous experience was nil for the first group&#44; without having independently performed any laparoscopic procedure or anastomosis&#44; either clinical or in simulation&#46; The expert group had an average of 545&#46;5 laparoscopic procedures&#44; with an average of 220 clinical laparoscopic anastomoses &#40;enteroenteric&#44; gastroenteric and coloenteric&#41; and 43&#46;6 in simulation&#46; The time used per anastomosis was 52&#46;2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>min&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0055" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0120">Interobserver Reliability</span><p id="par0085" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A very high level of agreement was reached between the different evaluators with an intraclass correlation coefficient of 0&#46;99 for the separation between stitches&#44; 0&#46;94 in eversion&#44; 0&#46;98 in tension and 0&#46;99 in the leak-tightness test &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">Table 2</a>&#41;&#46; Iatrogenesis was similar between all observations&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0010"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0060" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0125">Internal Validity</span><p id="par0090" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The means obtained by the novice participants and the experts were respectively&#58; separation between stitches 3&#46;2 vs 5&#46;7 &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span>&#60;&#46;001&#41;&#44; eversion 3&#46;3 vs 5&#46;9 &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span>&#61;&#46;004&#41;&#44; tension 2&#46;9 vs 5&#46;9 &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span>&#61;&#46;001&#41;&#44; leak test 3&#46;2 vs 5&#46;7 &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span>&#61;&#46;005&#41;&#44; iatrogenesis 6&#46;9 vs 7 &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span>&#61;&#46;47&#41;&#46; With a total score of 19&#46;4 vs 30&#46;2 &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span>&#60;&#46;001&#41; &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0015">Table 3</a>&#41;&#46; The average time was 122<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>min vs 52&#46;2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>min &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span>&#60;&#46;001&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0015"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0095" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">It can be seen how the iatrogenesis parameter is very similar between groups and not significant or discriminatory&#46; Therefore&#44; it can be eliminated from the tool without changes in significance&#44; obtaining total results of 12&#46;5 for novices and 23&#46;2 for experts &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span>&#61;&#46;001&#41; &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Fig&#46; 2</a>&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0010"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0100" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Likewise&#44; the relationship between the total score and anastomotic leak test was calculated&#46; In the case of the test without pressure&#44; the Rosenthal <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">R</span> was &#8722;0&#46;71 &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span>&#60;&#46;001&#41; &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0015">Fig&#46; 3</a>&#41;&#44; while with pressure it was <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">R</span>&#61;&#8722;0&#46;55 &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span>&#61;&#46;01&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0015"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0105" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The group of novices obtained a correlation of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">R</span>&#61;&#8722;0&#46;69 &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span>&#61;&#46;03&#41; in the leak without pressure and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">R</span>&#61;&#8722;0&#46;66 &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span>&#61;&#46;04&#41; with pressure&#46; Meanwhile&#44; the results in the group of experts were <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">R</span>&#61;&#8722;0&#46;48 &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span>&#61;&#46;11&#41; in the leak without pressure and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">R</span>&#61;&#8722;0&#46;66 in the leak with pressure &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span>&#61;&#46;03&#41;&#46;</p></span></span><span id="sec0065" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0130">Discussion</span><p id="par0110" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In the end&#44; the tool developed for the evaluation of simulation laparoscopic intestinal anastomoses was comprised of 4 elements with their corresponding quality descriptors and was able to significantly discriminate between experienced and inexperienced participants&#46; Likewise&#44; the tool obtained an inversely proportional correlation with anastomotic leakage and very good agreement between observers&#46; The iatrogenic parameter was initially included in the tool as a result of the Delphi study&#59; however&#44; as the results were very similar between groups and neither significant nor discriminatory&#44; this variable was removed from the final version of the tool &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#sec0085">Annex 3</a>&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0115" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The evaluation of the results of an intestinal anastomosis is complex&#44; due to the large number of variables involved and the difficulty of testing and correlating the technique with the final result&#46; For this reason&#44; it continues to be studied in current clinical practice&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0230"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">21&#44;22</span></a> To this&#44; we must add the staticity of the tissues and the peculiarities of the simulation&#44; as a greater number of verification and evaluation methods are available in other disciplines&#44; such as microvascular surgery&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0240"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">23&#8211;25</span></a> However&#44; training and technological development hastens the need for valid&#44; simple&#44; reproducible tools with which to evaluate progress&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0255"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">26</span></a> The need to develop skills in different techniques and their incorporation in comprehensive curricula has led to the appearance of studies that range from basic skills<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0260"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">27</span></a> to more complex techniques such as cholecystectomies&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0265"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">28</span></a> fundoplications&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0270"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">29</span></a> etc&#46; In our experience&#44; the OSATS&#44; which has already been validated by Reznick<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0300"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">30</span></a> for intestinal anastomoses in live animals&#44; seems to be a good estimator of procedural ability&#44; although it does not adequately correlate with the final quality of the anastomosis&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0210"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">15</span></a> In addition&#44; OSATS requires more time and significant human and financial resources&#46; The tool designed in this study can alleviate these barriers&#44; while objectivizing data collection<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0275"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">31&#44;32</span></a> and correlating with the final technical result&#46;</p><p id="par0120" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The implications for teaching in subsequent training courses include the individualization of the learning curve of participants and determining the elements of anastomosis in which proficiency has been achieved and in which progress needs to be made&#46; This makes it possible to transform a training curriculum based on practice time into another based on performance evaluation according to standardized and validated parameters&#46; In addition&#44; it allows future lines of research to be opened in order to create a reference framework for evaluating the number of anastomoses or the score that would determine the transition to clinical practice&#46;</p><p id="par0125" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">This study has several limitations&#46; On the one hand&#44; the evaluators were familiar with the technique and simulation&#44; which may limit the possibility of generalizing to evaluators who are not experts in or do not perform this technique&#46; The inclusion of new evaluators at other medical centers may be of interest in order to verify whether agreement is maintained&#46; Dissemination of the tool among new evaluators will require evaluation guidelines as well as a training workshop&#46;</p><p id="par0130" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Possible future research would include expanding the sample size and testing whether the statistical power obtained is maintained by introducing trained and mid-level participants&#44; who were not represented in the present study&#46;</p><p id="par0135" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">After these steps&#44; its implementation and validation in anastomoses performed in live animals could be studied and subsequently considered in human clinical practice as a quality criterion&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0070" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0135">Conclusions</span><p id="par0140" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In this study&#44; we have designed and validated a tool for the evaluation of laparoscopic manual intestinal anastomoses in ex vivo viscera&#44; confirming its ability to discriminate between novice participants and experts as well as very high agreement between observers&#46; In addition&#44; this tool obtains a good correlation with the risk for leakage without pressure&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0075" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0140">Conflict of Interests</span><p id="par0145" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors have no conflict of interests to declare&#46; Hospital Virtual Valdecilla is affiliated with the Center for Medical Simulation &#40;Boston&#44; USA&#41;&#44; both of which are non-profit teaching institutions that offer clinical training programs and enrolled education programs&#46;</p></span></span>"
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            1 => "Laparoscopia"
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        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0015">Introduction</span><p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Laparoscopic side-to-side intestinal anastomosis is a common in clinic practice and training simulation&#46; The aim of this study is to design and validate a reliable and reproducible tool for its evaluation&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0020">Methods</span><p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">A modified Delphi method was used to design a tool with elements that determine quality&#44; including 5 items&#58; separation between stiches&#44; eversion&#44; tension&#44; leak and iatrogenesis&#46; The study included 21 participants &#40;10 first-year residents and 11 experts&#41; who performed a 5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>cm laparoscopic intestinal side-to-side anastomosis with porcine viscera&#46; The evaluations were blinded and done independently by 2 evaluators&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0025">Results</span><p id="spar0020" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">The means obtained by novice and expert participants were&#44; respectively&#58; separation between stiches 3&#46;2 vs 5&#46;7 &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span>&#60;&#46;001&#41;&#44; eversion 3&#46;3 vs 5&#46;9 &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span>&#61;&#46;004&#41;&#44; tension 2&#46;9 vs 5&#46;9 &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span>&#61;&#46;001&#41;&#44; leak tightness 3&#46;2 vs 5&#46;7 &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span>&#61;&#46;005&#41;&#44; iatrogenesis 6&#46;9 vs 7 &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span>&#61;&#46;47&#41;&#46; The iatrogenesis parameter was not discriminatory&#44; so it was removed from the tool&#46; The total results were 12&#46;5 for novices and 23&#46;2 for experts &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span>&#61;&#46;001&#41;&#46;</p><p id="spar0025" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">The correlation between observers presented an intraclass correlation coefficient of 0&#46;99 for the separation between stiches&#44; 0&#46;94 for eversion&#44; 0&#46;98 for tension and 0&#46;99 for leak&#46;</p><p id="spar0030" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">The correlation between the score and the leak without pressure presented a Rosenthal&#39;s <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">R</span> of &#8722;0&#46;71 &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span>&#60;&#46;001&#41;&#59; with pressure <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">R</span>&#61;&#8722;0&#46;55 &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span>&#61;&#46;01&#41;&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0030">Conclusions</span><p id="spar0035" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">The designed tool is valid to discriminate between novice and expert participants&#44; presents very high concordance between observers and correlates with the risk of leak&#46;</p></span>"
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      "es" => array:3 [
        "titulo" => "Resumen"
        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0040">Introducci&#243;n</span><p id="spar0040" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">La anastomosis intestinal laterolateral laparosc&#243;pica es una pr&#225;ctica habitual en la cl&#237;nica y entrenada en simulaci&#243;n&#46; El objetivo del estudio es el dise&#241;o y posterior validaci&#243;n de una herramienta fiable y reproducible para su evaluaci&#243;n&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0045">M&#233;todos</span><p id="spar0045" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Se utiliz&#243; un m&#233;todo Delphi modificado para desarrollar los elementos de evaluaci&#243;n al que finalmente incluyeron 5 apartados &#40;separaci&#243;n entre puntos&#44; eversi&#243;n&#44; tensi&#243;n&#44; estanqueidad y iatrogenia&#41;&#46; Se incluyeron 21 participantes&#44; 10 residentes quir&#250;rgicos de primer a&#241;o y 11 expertos&#46; Realizaron anastomosis enteroent&#233;ricas laterolateral laparosc&#243;pica en v&#237;scera ex vivo porcina de 5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>cm&#46; Las evaluaciones fueron ciegas y realizadas por 2 evaluadores de forma independiente&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0050">Resultados</span><p id="spar0050" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Las medias obtenidas por noveles y expertos fueron respectivamente&#58; separaci&#243;n entre puntos 3&#44;2 vs 5&#44;7 &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span>&#60;0&#44;001&#41;&#44; eversi&#243;n 3&#44;3 vs 5&#44;9 &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span>&#61;0&#44;004&#41;&#44; tensi&#243;n 2&#44;9 vs 5&#44;9 &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span>&#61;0&#44;001&#41;&#44; estanqueidad 3&#44;2 vs 5&#44;7 &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span>&#61;0&#44;005&#41;&#44; iatrogenia 6&#44;9 vs 7 &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span>&#61;0&#44;47&#41;&#46; El par&#225;metro iatrogenia no es discriminatorio&#44; por lo que fue eliminado de la herramienta&#46; Los resultados totales fueron 12&#44;5 los noveles y 23&#44;2 los expertos &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span>&#61;0&#44;001&#41;&#46;</p><p id="spar0055" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">La correlaci&#243;n entre observadores presenta un coeficiente de correlaci&#243;n intraclase de 0&#44;99 para la separaci&#243;n entre puntos&#44; 0&#44;94 la eversi&#243;n&#44; 0&#44;98 la tensi&#243;n y 0&#44;99 la estanqueidad&#46;</p><p id="spar0060" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">La relaci&#243;n entre la puntuaci&#243;n y la fuga anastom&#243;tica sin presi&#243;n presenta una R de Rosenthal de &#8722;0&#44;71 &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span>&#60;0&#44;001&#41;&#59; con presi&#243;n se obtiene una R&#61;&#8722;0&#44;55 &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span>&#61;0&#44;01&#41;&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0045" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0055">Conclusiones</span><p id="spar0065" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">La herramienta dise&#241;ada es v&#225;lida para discriminar entre participantes noveles y expertos&#44; presenta muy alta concordancia entre observadores y se correlaciona con el riesgo de fuga&#46;</p></span>"
        "secciones" => array:4 [
          0 => array:2 [
            "identificador" => "abst0030"
            "titulo" => "Introducci&#243;n"
          ]
          1 => array:2 [
            "identificador" => "abst0035"
            "titulo" => "M&#233;todos"
          ]
          2 => array:2 [
            "identificador" => "abst0040"
            "titulo" => "Resultados"
          ]
          3 => array:2 [
            "identificador" => "abst0045"
            "titulo" => "Conclusiones"
          ]
        ]
      ]
    ]
    "NotaPie" => array:1 [
      0 => array:2 [
        "etiqueta" => "&#9734;"
        "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0005">Please cite this article as&#58; Fern&#225;ndez MJ&#44; Toledo E&#44; Ca&#241;&#243;n M&#44; Manuel-Palazuelos JC&#44; Maestre JM&#46; Desarrollo y validaci&#243;n de una herramienta para la evaluaci&#243;n de la anastomosis intestinal laparosc&#243;pica en simulaci&#243;n&#46; Cir Esp&#46; 2020&#59;98&#58;274&#8211;280&#46;</p>"
      ]
    ]
    "apendice" => array:1 [
      0 => array:1 [
        "seccion" => array:1 [
          0 => array:4 [
            "apendice" => "<p id="par0155" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The following are the supplementary data to this article&#58;<elsevierMultimedia ident="upi0005"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="upi0010"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="upi0015"></elsevierMultimedia></p>"
            "etiqueta" => "Appendix A"
            "titulo" => "Supplementary Data"
            "identificador" => "sec0085"
          ]
        ]
      ]
    ]
    "multimedia" => array:10 [
      0 => array:7 [
        "identificador" => "fig0005"
        "etiqueta" => "Fig&#46; 1"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA"
        "mostrarFloat" => true
        "mostrarDisplay" => false
        "figura" => array:1 [
          0 => array:4 [
            "imagen" => "gr1.jpeg"
            "Alto" => 680
            "Ancho" => 905
            "Tamanyo" => 110840
          ]
        ]
        "descripcion" => array:1 [
          "en" => "<p id="spar0070" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Manual side-to-side intestinal anastomosis with ex vivo porcine viscera&#46;</p>"
        ]
      ]
      1 => array:7 [
        "identificador" => "fig0010"
        "etiqueta" => "Fig&#46; 2"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA"
        "mostrarFloat" => true
        "mostrarDisplay" => false
        "figura" => array:1 [
          0 => array:4 [
            "imagen" => "gr2.jpeg"
            "Alto" => 1155
            "Ancho" => 1593
            "Tamanyo" => 37807
          ]
        ]
        "descripcion" => array:1 [
          "en" => "<p id="spar0075" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Total score without iatrogenesis for novices and experts&#46;</p>"
        ]
      ]
      2 => array:7 [
        "identificador" => "fig0015"
        "etiqueta" => "Fig&#46; 3"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA"
        "mostrarFloat" => true
        "mostrarDisplay" => false
        "figura" => array:1 [
          0 => array:4 [
            "imagen" => "gr3.jpeg"
            "Alto" => 1217
            "Ancho" => 1633
            "Tamanyo" => 45852
          ]
        ]
        "descripcion" => array:1 [
          "en" => "<p id="spar0080" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Total score of anastomoses&#44; divided according to the result of the leak test without pressure&#46;</p>"
        ]
      ]
      3 => array:8 [
        "identificador" => "tbl0005"
        "etiqueta" => "Table 1"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA"
        "mostrarFloat" => true
        "mostrarDisplay" => false
        "detalles" => array:1 [
          0 => array:3 [
            "identificador" => "at1"
            "detalle" => "Table "
            "rol" => "short"
          ]
        ]
        "tabla" => array:2 [
          "leyenda" => "<p id="spar0090" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">&#42; The element of iatrogenesis was eliminated from the final version of the tool because it was not discriminative&#46;</p>"
          "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [
            0 => array:2 [
              "tabla" => array:1 [
                0 => """
                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col">Dimension&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="7" align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Score</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th></tr><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col">1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col">2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col">3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col">4&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col">5&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col">6&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col">7&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col">Points&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th></tr><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Definite Risk of Dehiscence&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Very Probable Risk of Dehiscence&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Probable Risk of Dehiscence&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Minimal Risk of Dehiscence&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">No Risk of Dehiscence but Poor Quality&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">No Risk of Dehiscence and Good Quality&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">No Risk of Dehiscence and Excellent Quality&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Element 1&#58; Separation between stitches on the anterior side of the anastomosis&#58; distance between each of the stitches and number of stitches that did not meet the proper distance&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Unacceptable distance between stitches and discrepancy&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Acceptable distance between stitches and discrepancy&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Precise distance between stitches and no discrepancy&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Element 2&#58; Eversion of mucosa&#58; Visualization of the intestinal mucosa outside of the suture lines&#44; anterior o posterior to the anastomosis&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Eversion of the mucosa is unacceptable&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Eversion of the mucosa is acceptable&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">There is no eversion of the mucosa&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Element 3&#58; Suture tension&#58; Assessment of the size of the anastomosis through the measurement of the length of the anastomosis and the traction of the suture&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">The measurement of the anastomosis from angle to angle is unacceptable&#46;The excess suture material after tensing the suture line is unacceptable&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">The measurement of the anastomosis from angle to angle is acceptable&#46;The excess suture after tensing the suture line is acceptable&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">The measurement of the anastomosis from angle to angle is accurate&#46;There is no excess suture material after tensing&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Element 4&#58; Leak test&#58; Evaluation of air leaks through the suture line when the intestines of the anastomosis are distended&#46; It is considered &#8216;leak-tight&#8217; when no air leaks out&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">There is air leakage in several areas around the anastomosis&#44; which does not allow for the distension of the anastomosis&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">There is small air leakage through needle-holes&#44; but not between the stitches when the intestinal loops are distended&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">There is no air leakage through any point of the anastomosis and the intestinal loops are distended&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Element 5&#58; Iatrogenesis&#58; Assessment of the existence of tears or loss of serosa in the intestinal loops of the anastomosis&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Intestinal tear with perforation&#46;Extensive loss of serosa in the anastomosed loop&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">No tears or intestinal perforation&#46;Small loss of serosa affecting only the superficial layer&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">No tear or loss of serosa&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="9" align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Total&#61;1&#43;2&#43;3&#43;4&#43;5 &#40;minimum 5 and maximum 35&#41;</td></tr></tbody></table>
                  """
              ]
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          "en" => "<p id="spar0085" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Tool for the Evaluation of Laparoscopic Intestinal Anastomosis Done Under Simulation &#40;Szabo-Berci-Sackier Laparoscopic Trainer Storz&#41;&#46;</p>"
        ]
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          0 => array:3 [
            "identificador" => "at2"
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            0 => array:2 [
              "tabla" => array:1 [
                0 => """
                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Mean&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Variance&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Interclass Correlation&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Separation between stitches&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">4&#46;24&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;007&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;986&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Eversion&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">4&#46;52&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;27&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;944&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Tension&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">3&#46;43&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;061&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;981&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Leakage&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">4&#46;48&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;088&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;989&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
                  """
              ]
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                0 => "xTab2301410.png"
              ]
            ]
          ]
        ]
        "descripcion" => array:1 [
          "en" => "<p id="spar0095" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Interobserver Agreement&#46;</p>"
        ]
      ]
      5 => array:8 [
        "identificador" => "tbl0015"
        "etiqueta" => "Table 3"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA"
        "mostrarFloat" => true
        "mostrarDisplay" => false
        "detalles" => array:1 [
          0 => array:3 [
            "identificador" => "at3"
            "detalle" => "Table "
            "rol" => "short"
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        "tabla" => array:1 [
          "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [
            0 => array:2 [
              "tabla" => array:1 [
                0 => """
                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Novice&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Expert&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Separation between stitches&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">3&#46;149&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">5&#46;757&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#46;0003&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Eversion&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">3&#46;299&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">5&#46;878&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#46;004&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Tension&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">2&#46;865&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">5&#46;848&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#46;001&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Leakage&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">3&#46;231&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">5&#46;682&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#46;005&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Iatrogenesis&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">6&#46;850&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
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Article information

ISSN: 21735077
Original language: English

DOI:10.1016/j.cireng.2020.04.008

The statistics are updated each day

Year/Month	Html	Pdf	Total

2024 November	9	2	11
2024 October	37	10	47
2024 September	73	7	80
2024 August	57	6	63
2024 July	30	4	34
2024 June	39	7	46
2024 May	59	6	65
2024 April	59	5	64
2024 March	84	6	90
2024 February	54	2	56
2024 January	39	1	40
2023 December	54	4	58
2023 November	74	7	81
2023 October	101	7	108
2023 September	52	2	54
2023 August	43	4	47
2023 July	50	1	51
2023 June	39	3	42
2023 May	65	4	69
2023 April	73	7	80
2023 March	78	4	82
2023 February	25	8	33
2023 January	58	10	68
2022 December	45	12	57
2022 November	56	7	63
2022 October	50	9	59
2022 September	38	15	53
2022 August	36	11	47
2022 July	44	11	55
2022 June	22	12	34
2022 May	36	8	44
2022 April	46	13	59
2022 March	59	14	73
2022 February	70	19	89
2022 January	109	15	124
2021 December	53	12	65
2021 November	45	10	55
2021 October	58	12	70
2021 September	63	12	75
2021 August	54	10	64
2021 July	63	25	88
2021 June	44	13	57
2021 May	44	9	53
2021 March	1	0	1
2021 February	2	0	2
2021 January	0	1	1
2020 November	0	3	3
2020 October	5	3	8
2020 September	20	15	35
2020 August	15	10	25
2020 June	2	0	2

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