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Methodological letter
How to prepare an oral presentation for a scientific congress
¿Cómo preparar una comunicación oral científica para un congreso?
Inés Rubio Péreza,b,c,
Corresponding author
i.rubio@aecirujanos.es

Corresponding author.
a Servicio de Cirugía General, Hospital Universitario La Paz, Madrid, Spain
b Departamento de Cirugía, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
c Sección de Formación, Asociación Española de Cirujanos
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How am I going to approach the presentation and with what means&#63; How much time do I have available&#63;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a></p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Instructions regarding the format and time available for the presentation are usually indicated when the submission is accepted&#44; and it is essential to follow them in detail&#46; With regard to the style and format of the presentation there may be variability depending on the programme used to create the slides&#44; the approach&#44; etc&#46;&#44; but a formal context should be maintained&#46; It is good to be creative and create a presentation with impact&#44; but as long as this does not affect the content and conforms to established standards&#46; It is important to take into account the context in which the presentation will be given&#44; the type of room or auditorium and the audience&#46;</p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Before preparing the slides for the presentation&#44; it is important to review the content&#44; whether it is the previous summary &#40;&#34;abstract&#34;&#41;&#44; and to establish a small script with the order of the points to be presented in each slide&#46; If you have graphic material &#40;figures&#44; tables&#44; images&#41; or articles that you want to cite&#44; it is useful to centralise it so that it is easily available and you can choose the elements to include&#46; With regard to the platforms available for the preparation of slides&#44; there are more and more options besides PowerPoint&#44; such as Prezzi&#44; Canva&#44; Filemaker&#44; Visme&#44; etc&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0010">Style</span><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">If we have the freedom to choose the style of presentation there are some important aspects to consider<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1&#44;2</span></a>&#58;<ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0005"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0005"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">&#8211;</span><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">White&#44; plain backgrounds are preferable&#46;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0010"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">&#8211;</span><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Respect margins&#44; align images or text boxes&#46;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0015"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">&#8211;</span><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Maintain a common theme and format&#44; avoid mixing backgrounds or slide designs&#46;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0020"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">&#8211;</span><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Avoid overloading slides with too many animations&#44; icons&#44; clip-art&#44; etc&#46;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0025"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">&#8211;</span><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Avoid complex transition effects between slides or too much animated input&#47;output text&#46;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0030"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">&#8211;</span><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The font size should be appropriate for a good view in the room&#44; and the font should be easy to read &#40;Calibri&#44; Tahoma&#44; etc&#46;&#41;&#46; If&#44; when preparing the slide&#44; the font size has to be reduced&#44; it is probably necessary to eliminate text&#44; not reduce its size&#46;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0031"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">&#8211;</span><p id="par0061" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Use simple sentences&#44; spaced far enough apart&#46; Keep the line spacing of the text constant&#46;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0035"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">&#8211;</span><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Keep the position&#44; colour and size of titles consistent between slides&#46;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0040"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">&#8211;</span><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">If a logo or image is placed to appear on all slides&#44; keep its position and size&#46; It is best to include it directly in the template layout&#44; not manually on each slide&#46;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0045"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">&#8211;</span><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Keep text formatting consistent &#40;capital letters at the beginning of sentences&#44; full stops at the end&#44; etc&#46;&#41;&#44; and avoid excessive abbreviations&#46;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0050"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">&#8211;</span><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Check spelling mistakes&#44; punctuation&#44; typographical errors or unnecessary spaces&#46;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0055"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">&#8211;</span><p id="par0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Avoid red or green text if possible &#40;consideration for the audience&#44; given the possibility of colour blindness&#41; or other text colours that do not display correctly&#46;</p></li></ul></p><p id="par0085" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig&#46; 1</a> contains an example of some of the above-mentioned errors to be avoided in the preparation of a presentation&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0015">Presentation sections</span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0020">Introduction</span><p id="par0090" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The introduction should be short&#46; It is not intended to be an exhaustive overview of the topic in question&#44; but rather to provide a brief background to the subject of our research&#46; It may be useful to include a definition or clarify a key concept that is useful for a better understanding of our findings&#46; Another tip is to start with an image&#44; quote or question that captures the audience&#39;s attention and arouses interest&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0025">Methods</span><p id="par0095" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">It is essential to correctly define the methodology used in the study&#44; as the value of the results will depend on its quality&#46; The type and design of the study&#44; how the data were evaluated&#44; sample size&#44; study period&#44; variables included&#44; etc&#46; must be defined&#46; The working hypothesis and the objectives &#40;main and secondary&#41; of the study should be very clear&#46; This section can be a bit dry&#44; so it is important to summarise the information and avoid including too much text on the slides&#46; Where possible&#44; pictures&#44; diagrams or even a short explanatory video can be introduced&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0030">Results</span><p id="par0100" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">This is the most important section&#44; as it is the point at which we present our own research&#44; so it should be the central part of the presentation&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> The results should be presented in an orderly fashion&#44; ideally following the sequence of methods&#46; It is important to use figures&#44; tables or other graphical representations&#44; but avoid overloading the slides&#46; It is preferable to put one graph&#47;figure per slide&#44; so that it is clearly visible and the audience can focus their attention&#46; It may be useful to present some of the concrete results in tables&#44; but always avoid making them too large or complex&#44; or making the content and text too small&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0035">Conclusions</span><p id="par0105" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">They should be clear and concise&#46; It is essential that the conclusions are based on the results presented&#59; they should not generalise or conclude on aspects or hypotheses that have not been demonstrated in this work&#46; Short sentences should be used&#44; summarising the most relevant aspects of the content presented and representing the &#34;final message&#34; that we want the viewer to remember&#46; To end the presentation&#44; it may be appropriate to use an image or a thank you to the audience or team&#44; before moving on to questions&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a></p></span></span><span id="sec0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0040">Rehearsing and practising</span><p id="par0110" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">After completing the presentation&#44; it is important to practise to ensure that the timing is right&#44; all the necessary information is included and the information is presented in a coherent way&#46; After the first few rehearsals it may be necessary to remove&#44; add or revise elements of the presentation in order to achieve a proper flow of speech in harmony with the visual content&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0045" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0045">Conclusion</span><p id="par0115" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In conclusion&#44; the ultimate goal of a scientific oral communication should be to present the information about our research in an orderly&#44; rigorous and effective way so that the audience assimilates it&#44; arousing their interest&#46; It is very important to simplify the message so that it is as clear as possible&#46; Preparing a quality presentation takes time&#44; both in form and content&#44; and it is essential to rehearse to ensure that the objectives are met and an optimal final result is achieved&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0050" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0050">Funding</span><p id="par0120" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">None&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0055" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0055">Conflict of interest</span><p id="par0125" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">None&#46;</p></span></span>"
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Original language: English
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