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Editorial
Digital surgery
Cirugía digital
Miguel Toledano Trincadoa, Salvador Morales-Condeb,c, Juan Bellido-Luqued,e,f,
Corresponding author
j_bellido_l@hotmail.com

Corresponding author.
, Mario Alvarez Gallegog
a Coordinador de la Unidad Cirugía Esofagogástrica y pared abdominal, Hospital Universitario Rio Hortega, Valladolid, Spain
b Jefe de Servicio de Cirugía General y del Aparato Digestivo, Hospital Universitario Virgen Macarena, Sevilla, Spain
c Jefe de Servicio de Cirugía General y del Aparato Digestivo, Hospital Quironsalud Sagrado Corazón, Sevilla, Spain
d Unidad de cirugía Hepatobiliar, Hospital Universitario Virgen Macarena, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Sevilla, Spain
e Hospital QuirónSalud Sagrado Corazón, Sevilla, Spain
f Coordinador de la sección de Cirugía Mínimamente invasiva e Innovación Tecnológica de la AEC, Spain
g Servicio de Cirugía General y del Aparato Digestivo, Hospital Universitario La Paz, Madrid, Spain
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    "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Since the birth of abdominal surgery in 1805 with the first Laparotomy performed by Ephrain Mcdowell&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> our specialty has experienced moments of authentic revolution and changes&#44; such as the discovery of laughing gas&#44; by Horace Wells&#44; which although later was attributed to William Morton in 1844&#44; revolutionized the concept of pain and allowed interventions to be performed under anesthesia&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a></p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">During the following years&#44; new advances appeared as a result of greater knowledge of human anatomy and physiology&#44; associated with technological development in the field of medicine&#44; making it possible to perform the first transplants in 1963&#44; the appearance of extracorporeal circulation and assisted ventilation&#44; among others&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a></p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">During the 80s&#44; another great revolution emerged in the field of surgery&#44; the birth of minimally invasive surgery&#46; Since Kurt Semm performed the first laparoscopic appendectomy in 1980&#44; this new access route to the abdominal cavity has progressively developed&#44; establishing itself not as a diagnostic weapon&#44; but also as a therapeutic one&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0020"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a> The advantages of this approach over classic laparotomic surgery were the main reason for its global diversification&#46; Currently&#44; almost 70&#37; of elective surgery in hospitals in our country use this minimally invasive approach&#46;</p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">These achievements and advances during all those years of surgical development established the basis of today&#8217;s modern surgery&#46;</p><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">We are currently experiencing a new surgical revolution&#44; in which &#8220;data&#8221; occupies the center of all this change&#46; In this way&#44; our written medical records&#44; the X-rays&#44; CT scans or MRIs that we evaluate on photographic paper in the preoperative period&#44; cease to exist and we obtain everything through digital platforms that accelerate and facilitate our work in all phases of the surgical process&#46; We have therefore moved from the analogue to the digital era&#44; in which technology&#44; engineering and computing come together around surgery&#44; to achieve a noticeable improvement in surgical results&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0025"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a></p><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The open surgery that we have practiced for centuries was only recorded in surgical reports written by hand in analog form&#46; The minimally invasive surgery&#44; which we have been performing for three decades&#44; was recorded in the recordings that we made for our study or to disseminate it at conferences&#46; Currently our surgery is digitalized from the beginning&#46; Our big data is the image&#44; and the computing of the pre&#44; intra and postoperative image is what introduces us to the digital era of surgery&#46; Through 3D CT reconstructions&#44; we can simulate the surgery we are going to perform using simulation platforms&#44; which use these previously reconstructed anatomical models&#44; to be able to previously practice the surgery and thus reduce errors&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0025"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a></p><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Due to everything previously stated&#44; this monograph on Digital Surgery is of great importance today&#46; We are beginning to be aware that we are immersed in another revolution in surgery&#46; All perioperative data is recorded&#44; analyzed and processed to assist the surgeon in pre-surgical planning&#44; during each step of the intervention and subsequently during the postoperative course&#46; In this way&#44; a large amount of data on the anatomy of thousands of patients can be obtained&#44; obtaining an accurate atlas of the anatomical variability that we can encounter during any regulated surgery&#46; Likewise&#44; specific algorithms can be created for each procedure to s guide the surgeon&#44; with the data generated during said procedure&#44; to the safest anatomical planes&#44; minimizing the risk of injury to neighboring organs or structures&#44; or increasing the probability of performing R0 surgeries&#46;</p><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In short&#44; we are currently facing the digitalization of surgery&#44; a fully registered surgery&#46; Our experience is little by little reflected in digital algorithms&#44; which will be the basis of automatic learning with Maching Learning and Deep Learning&#46; All of our experience currently passes through digital platforms capable of storing all this information&#44; managing to transform surgery and&#44; in some way&#44; storing our individual experience in collective summative algorithms that will teach us and guide us in our daily tasks&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0030"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a></p><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">We will then talk about the digital solutions that we can use to facilitate our work&#44; the problem of governing the data generated during surgical procedures&#59; Of robotic platforms as digital platforms capable of computing all our work&#59; Of new surgical learning methods such as telesurgery and telementoring&#59; Of the image as the basis of preoperative training and the soul of surgical simulation with the use of virtual and augmented reality&#59; The use of 3D technology in surgical planning and the support of holograms&#59; Surgery guided by fluorescence and other tracers&#44; to be able to discriminate healthy tissue from pathological tissue or clearly identify vascular structures&#59; Of the metaverse and its applications in surgery&#59; Social networks as the main driver of surgery dissemination&#46; We will also talk about how with the image and our digitized data&#44; the different platforms will be able to learn through artificial intelligence algorithms to lead us to more precise and safer surgery&#44; changing our way of learning this science&#44; performing surgeries remotely or guiding the patient&#46; surgeon located anywhere in the world during the procedure he is performing in real time&#46;</p><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">We are at the beginning of a new surgical revolution called Digital Surgery&#46; The future of surgery is in our hands&#46; We are the true architects of the resurgence of this science&#44; which is considered more of an art than a craft&#44; and which will manage to store all the experience that many generations have lost&#44; to be able to use it in the training of the next generations of surgeons&#46;</p></span>"
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ISSN: 21735077
Original language: English
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