Case Report
PCSK9 inhibitors: A new improvement for health
Inhibidores de la PCSK9: una nueva mejora para la salud
Eva Perelló Camacho
Servicio de Endocrinología y Nutrición, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
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In some of these, LDL apheresis was an effective alternative, although as a therapy it requires a high degree of availability on the part of the patient. Below, we present the case of a patient with familial hypercholesterolaemia in whom treatment with a PCSK9 inhibitor was found to be an adequate alternative to LDL apheresis.</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0030">Case report</span><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The case is that of a 50-year-old male patient with a history of familial hypercholesterolaemia being followed up in primary care and treated with atorvastatin 40<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg/1 tablet per day. His medical history of interest also includes type 2 diabetes mellitus of seven years’ evolution (on treatment with metformin<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>+<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>sitagliptin 50/1000<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg/12<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h, well controlled, with his latest HbA<span class="elsevierStyleInf">1c</span> being 6.9%) and habitual alcohol consumption with an episode of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">delirium tremens</span> in 2007. With regard to family history, his father died aged 71 of an acute myocardial infarction and he has a 56-year-old brother with dyslipidaemia of unknown origin and acute coronary syndrome.</p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In October 2007, the patient presented with an acute anteroseptal myocardial infarction and, following this episode, was referred for external consultations at the lipid clinic in our centre's endocrinology department for control of familial hypercholesterolaemia. The physical examination revealed arcus senilis, grade I obesity (BMI: 31.44<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>kg/m<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>), weight 103<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>kg, height 181<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>cm and blood pressure 130/80<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mmHg.</p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In terms of complementary tests, a genetic diagnosis was carried out, finding that the patient had LDL receptor mutations compatible with p.Q92E and c.313+1G>C compound heterozygous familial hypercholesterolaemia. In the baseline analysis prior to starting cholesterol-lowering treatment with atorvastatin, he had the following lipid profile values: total cholesterol 513<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg/dl, triglycerides 160<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg/dl, HDL cholesterol 47<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg/dl and LDL cholesterol 433<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg/dl. In the latest available analysis, he had the following figures: total cholesterol 429<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg/dl, triglycerides 119<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg/dl, HDL cholesterol 40<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg/dl and LDL cholesterol 365<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg/dl.</p><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Initially, ezetimibe 10<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg per day and colesevelam 625<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg/2 tablets/12<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h were added. The dose of atorvastatin was not increased as the patient reported myalgia with doses above 40<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg/day. He also reported myalgia with other statins tried previously, including rosuvastatin.</p><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Nevertheless, before the following visit the patient presented with a new episode of acute myocardial infarction. This posed the problem of a patient in secondary prevention with a need for significant LDL cholesterol reduction in order to achieve therapeutic targets. For this reason, the haematology department was contacted and, together with them, LDL apheresis sessions were scheduled every 14 days.</p><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">With this therapy, the patient maintained pre-apheresis LDL cholesterol figures around 127–165<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg/dl and post-apheresis figures around 45–53<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg/dl. This regimen was continued together with the oral treatment as before (atorvastatin, ezetimibe and colesevelam) for eight years, with good evolution and no new cardiovascular events.</p><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In December 2016, PCSK9 inhibitors had become available as a cholesterol-lowering treatment, and he was prescribed evolocumab 140<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg every two weeks. His LDL cholesterol figures reduced with this treatment, and one month later his LDL cholesterol figures were 47<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg/dl pre-apheresis and 26<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg/dl post-apheresis. Given the good evolution, the decision was made to suspend the LDL apheresis sessions.</p><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Thus, the patient continued treatment with: evolocumab 140<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg every two weeks, atorvastatin 40<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg/day, ezetimibe 10<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg/day and colesevelam 625<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg/2 tablets/12<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h.</p><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Over the subsequent months the lower LDL cholesterol figures were maintained, with values between 51 and 61<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg/dl, within the desirable therapeutic targets for the patient. This is maintained at one year from the start of treatment with the PCSK9 inhibitor, with total cholesterol levels of 101<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg/dl, LDL cholesterol 51<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg/dl, HDL cholesterol 51<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg/dl and triglycerides 53<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg/dl. The evolution of the LDL cholesterol levels is shown in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig. 1</a>.</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The patient is clinically well with no adverse reactions to the treatment and no new cardiovascular episodes. Moreover, he subjectively reports being very satisfied with the treatment and that his quality of life has improved through not having to make fortnightly visits to the hospital for LDL apheresis, which allows him to more easily fit the treatment around his work and personal life. The remaining cardiovascular risk factors are also well-controlled, maintaining an HbA<span class="elsevierStyleInf">1c</span> of 6.4% and blood pressure within normal limits.</p></span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0035">Discussion</span><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The relationship between cardiovascular disease and high LDL cholesterol figures is clearly established. Some patients, especially those with familial hypercholesterolaemia, do not achieve the desirable therapeutic targets for LDL cholesterol with the oral treatment available, either due to intolerance to it or insufficient efficacy.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0050"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a></p><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">LDL apheresis allows LDL cholesterol to be reduced by at least 60% and is therefore an efficacious therapeutic alternative in these patients.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0055"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3,4</span></a> However, LDL apheresis treatment requires a high degree of availability on the part of the patient, as each apheresis session lasts 3–5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h and they must take place every 7–14 days.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0065"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a> Moreover, it can only be performed in certain specialised centres.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0060"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a></p><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">We now have available new treatments, PCSK9 inhibitors (alirocumab or evolocumab), that when combined with statins have demonstrated LDL cholesterol reductions similar to those achieved with LDL apheresis.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0070"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a> Moreover, treatment with PCSK9 inhibitors achieves a more constant reduction in LDL cholesterol, as the effect of apheresis is cyclical between sessions.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0075"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a> This treatment also offers a better quality of life for the patient, avoiding numerous hospital visits. It is a well-tolerated and safe treatment, for which, as yet, few side effects have been described, and none of them severe.</p><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">For all of these reasons, the introduction of treatment with PCSK9 inhibitors could successfully reduce the frequency of LDL apheresis sessions or even be an alternative to apheresis sessions in many patients,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0050"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2,7,8</span></a> as has occurred in our patient's case.</p></span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0040">Conclusion</span><p id="par0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">To conclude, we can affirm that treatment with PCSK9 inhibitors is efficacious, well-tolerated, safe and offers a good quality of life for patients. They represent an important advance in the treatment of hypercholesterolaemia, as they allow apheresis sessions to be reduced or replaced entirely in patients with heterozygous familial hypercholesterolaemia, alone or in combination with other oral treatments.</p></span><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0045">Conflicts of interest</span><p id="par0085" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The author declares that she has no conflicts of interest.</p></span></span>" "textoCompletoSecciones" => array:1 [ "secciones" => array:10 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "xres1257151" "titulo" => "Abstract" "secciones" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "identificador" => "abst0005" ] ] ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xpalclavsec1164613" "titulo" => "Keywords" ] 2 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "xres1257152" "titulo" => "Resumen" "secciones" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "identificador" => "abst0010" ] ] ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xpalclavsec1164612" "titulo" => "Palabras clave" ] 4 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0005" "titulo" => "Introduction" ] 5 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0010" "titulo" => "Case report" ] 6 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0015" "titulo" => "Discussion" ] 7 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0020" "titulo" => "Conclusion" ] 8 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0025" "titulo" => "Conflicts of interest" ] 9 => array:1 [ "titulo" => "References" ] ] ] "pdfFichero" => "main.pdf" "tienePdf" => true "fechaRecibido" => "2018-07-05" "fechaAceptado" => "2018-11-18" "PalabrasClave" => array:2 [ "en" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "clase" => "keyword" "titulo" => "Keywords" "identificador" => "xpalclavsec1164613" "palabras" => array:3 [ 0 => "PCSK9 inhibitors" 1 => "Quality of life" 2 => "Hypercholesterolemia" ] ] ] "es" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "clase" => "keyword" "titulo" => "Palabras clave" "identificador" => "xpalclavsec1164612" "palabras" => array:3 [ 0 => "Inhibidores de la PCSK9" 1 => "Calidad de vida" 2 => "Hipercolesterolemia" ] ] ] ] "tieneResumen" => true "resumen" => array:2 [ "en" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Abstract" "resumen" => "<span id="abst0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">It is a patient with heterozygous familial hypercholesterolemia and a personal history of acute myocardial infarction, which is referred to our lipid unit for hypocholesterolemic treatment adjustment. Since he does not reach therapeutic goals with oral medication, he starts a treatment with fortnightly sessions of LDL-apheresis, which he keeps for 8 years. With the introduction and availability of PCSK9 inhibitors, a new treatment option is possible for this patient.</p></span>" ] "es" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Resumen" "resumen" => "<span id="abst0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Se trata de un paciente con hipercolesterolemia familiar heterocigota y antecedentes de infarto agudo de miocardio, que es remitido a la unidad de lípidos de nuestro centro para ajuste del tratamiento hipocolesterolemiante. Dado que no alcanza los objetivos terapéuticos con tratamiento oral, comienza tratamiento con sesiones quincenales de aféresis de colesterol LDL, que mantiene durante 8 años. Con la introducción y disponibilidad de los inhibidores de la PCSK9, se presenta una nueva opción de tratamiento para este paciente.</p></span>" ] ] "NotaPie" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "☆" "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0005">Please cite this article as: Perelló Camacho E. Inhibidores de la PCSK9: una nueva mejora para la salud. Clin Investig Arterioscler. 2019. <span class="elsevierStyleInterRef" id="intr0005" href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arteri.2018.11.001">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arteri.2018.11.001</span></p>" ] ] "multimedia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0005" "etiqueta" => "Figure 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr1.jpeg" "Alto" => 778 "Ancho" => 2107 "Tamanyo" => 87370 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Evolution of LDL cholesterol.</p> <p id="spar0020" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">* For values in month 0 and 1 interapheresis LDL values are used.</p>" ] ] ] "bibliografia" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "References" "seccion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "bibs0015" "bibliografiaReferencia" => array:8 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0045" "etiqueta" => "1" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "PCSK9 inhibitors in clinical practice: expectations and reality" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => "Z. 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| Year/Month | Html | Total | |
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| 2024 November | 4 | 1 | 5 |
| 2024 October | 25 | 3 | 28 |
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| 2023 September | 12 | 0 | 12 |
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