Scientific and Technological Research
Effect of flumazenil on recovery from general anesthesia with isoflurane: A randomized controlled trial
El efecto del flumazenil sobre la recuperación de anestesia general con isoflurano: una prueba aleatoria controlada
Domingos Dias Cicarellia,b,
, Nora Elizabeth Rojas-Álvarezb, Priscila Fullerb, Marcelo Lacava Pagnoccaa,b, Elke Frerichsa, Fábio Ely Martins Benseñora,b
Corresponding author
dcicarelli@uol.com.br
Corresponding author at: Av. Dr. Enéas de Carvalho Aguiar, no 155, 8o andar, Prédio dos Ambulatórios, Cerqueira César, São Paulo, SP CEP 05403-000, Brazil.
Corresponding author at: Av. Dr. Enéas de Carvalho Aguiar, no 155, 8o andar, Prédio dos Ambulatórios, Cerqueira César, São Paulo, SP CEP 05403-000, Brazil.
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"referencia" => array:2 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span>" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] 1 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span>" "identificador" => "aff0010" ] ] ] 4 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "Elke" "apellidos" => "Frerichs" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span>" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] ] ] 5 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "Fábio Ely" "apellidos" => "Martins Benseñor" "referencia" => array:2 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span>" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] 1 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span>" "identificador" => "aff0010" ] ] ] ] "afiliaciones" => array:2 [ 0 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Department of Anesthesiology, Hospital Universitário, University of São Paulo, Brazil" "etiqueta" => "a" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] 1 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Department of Anesthesiology, Hospital das 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Dr. Enéas de Carvalho Aguiar, n<span class="elsevierStyleSup">o</span> 155, 8<span class="elsevierStyleSup">o</span> andar, Prédio dos Ambulatórios, Cerqueira César, São Paulo, SP CEP 05403-000, Brazil." ] ] ] ] "titulosAlternativos" => array:1 [ "es" => array:1 [ "titulo" => "El efecto del flumazenil sobre la recuperación de anestesia general con isoflurano: una prueba aleatoria controlada" ] ] "resumenGrafico" => array:2 [ "original" => 0 "multimedia" => array:8 [ "identificador" => "fig0005" "etiqueta" => "Fig. 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "fuente" => "Source: Authors." "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr1.jpeg" "Alto" => 1161 "Ancho" => 1480 "Tamanyo" => 94270 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0045" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Cerebral state index (CSI) evolution in groups.</p>" ] ] ] "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0065">Introduction</span><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Volatile anesthetics are widely used in clinical practice of anesthesia.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0095"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> Isoflurane is one of most used inhalational anesthetics and one of the safest among currently available. Its mechanism of action, as well as the mechanism of all inhalational anesthetics, is still discussed and researched.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0100"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2,3</span></a> Various experimental studies with isoflurane and also some clinical studies have shown, among other forms of action, their interaction with GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid) receptor.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0110"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4–8</span></a> This receptor, described some time ago in brain physiology, is the binding site of various anesthetics such as benzodiazepines and barbiturates.</p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Isoflurane is an inhalational agent with a blood-gas partition coefficient about 1.46, two times greater than sevoflurane approximately. An anesthetic agent with a high blood-gas partition coefficient will diffuse readily into the blood, thus lowering the alveolar partial pressure and causing a slow induction, with a slow recovery too. To appropriately titrate isoflurane during general anesthesia requires a gas analyzer to know exactly the expiratory concentration of isoflurane. Unfortunately the use of gas analyzer is not common in many hospitals at many countries, and sevoflurane remains an inhalational agent very expensive and not routinely used. These two factors contribute to isoflurane be the most commonly used inhalational agent in general anesthesia with a slowly recovery in many times.</p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Flumazenil is a drug that acts as an antagonist of benzodiazepines, through interaction with GABA-A receptor.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0135"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a> Thus, it could be used to more quickly reverse the hypnotic effect of isoflurane. The literature shows that the use of flumazenil may be beneficial in reversing anesthesia with sevoflurane, but lacks studies with isoflurane in our knowledge.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0140"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10–13</span></a></p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The evaluation of depth of general anesthesia can be performed with the use of hemodynamic monitoring (blood pressure, heart rate, etc.) and, more precisely, using level of consciousness monitors, such as cerebral state index (CSI). These monitors process a single frontal electroencephalographic signal to calculate a dimensionless number that provides a measure of the patient's level of consciousness. The values range from 100 to 0, reflecting the awake state and the absence of brain activity, respectively.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0160"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">14,15</span></a> Using the data provided by CSI monitors, it is possible to dose the administration of anesthetic drugs based on depth of anesthesia and to evaluate its regression.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0170"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">16</span></a></p><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">It is known that general anesthesia is not completely free of risks and that early extubation and recovery from anesthesia reduces the incidence of complications and morbidity, as does early discharge from post-anesthetic recovery unit.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0095"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> The aim of this study was to determine whether the use of flumazenil may contribute to faster recovery from general anesthesia based on isoflurane, by using cerebral state monitors, hemodynamic and clinical parameters.</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0070">Methods</span><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">It was conducted a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blinded clinical experiment involving 40 patients undergoing general balanced anesthesia for minor and midsized surgeries. The sample size was determined to obtain a type 1 error of 5% and a type 2 error of 20%, based on a pilot study.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0175"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">17</span></a></p><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Patients were evaluated by an anesthesiologist in pre-anesthetic visit the day before the surgery. Patients included were those aged 18–70, healthy or with minor diseases completely controlled by regular use of medications (ASA I or II according to the classification of physical state by the American Society of Anesthesiologists). Exclusion criteria were: chronic use of benzodiazepines and/or illicit drugs, seizures or panic disorder, or use of premedication.</p><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Immediately before the start of anesthesia, each patient was assigned to one of two groups: P (placebo) or F (flumazenil). The allocation was done by random withdrawal of papers of an envelope containing initially 20 pieces of paper identified as “P” and 20 pieces of paper identified as “F”. The withdrawal was conducted by an individual not participating in the anesthetic-surgical procedure and the anesthesiologist remained blinded to this allocation.</p><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">All patients underwent general anesthesia as the surgical procedure demands, and were induced with fentanyl 3–10<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mcg/kg, propofol 3<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg/kg and cisatracurium 0.1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg/kg. Anesthesia was maintained with oxygen and air in a 1:1 ratio and isoflurane 1.3 MAC in expired fraction. Patients were followed using a cerebral state monitor (Danmeter A/S, Odense, Denmark) throughout the procedure for maintenance of cerebral state index (CSI) between 40 and 60 (surgical anesthesia). After the end of the surgery, analgesic and antiemetic medications were administered according to the routine of the service (ondansetron, dipyrone and ketoprofen) if patients were not allergic and medications were not contraindicated.</p><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">At the end of surgery, patients received the intravenous (IV) solution according to which group they had been allocated in: P group received 20<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mL of saline and F group received 1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg of flumazenil (diluted to 20<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mL in saline), both administered by intravenous single and slow injection (during 1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>min) right after ceasing isoflurane administration. The anesthesiologist in charge was unaware of the injected solution.</p><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">After drug administration, the anesthesiologist recorded the following data: time from injection of medication to extubation; time to reach Aldrete–Kroulic 10 (AK<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>10) at the post-anesthesia recovery room; time to reach the Vigilance score 10 (VS<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>10)<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0175"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">17</span></a> at the PAR; CSI values, heart rate (HR), blood pressure (BP) and oxygen saturation at the following times: immediately before injection (T0), then 1 in 1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>min until the 5th minute (T1, T2, T3, T4 and T5), at the 10th, 15th, 20th and 30th minutes (T10, T15, T20 and T30).</p><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Groups were compared for the various values of CSI, heart rate, blood pressure and oxygen saturation, and also for time to extubation, time to AK<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>10 and to VS<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>10, by ANOVA test, considering <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0.05. Extubation was performed by clinical criteria, and performed by the same anesthesiologist, blinded to the group to which the patient had been allocated.</p><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Patients were observed for the incidence of possible side effects (agitation, anxiety, seizures), although these rarely appear in patients without a history of chronic use of benzodiazepines, panic disorder or epilepsy.</p><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">This trial was approved by the Research Ethics Committee of the University Hospital of the University of São Paulo (CEP-HU/USP) under the protocol number CEP-HU/USP 984/10, and by the National Research Ethics (SISNEP) under the CAAE (Certificate Presentation to Ethical Consideration) 0011.0.198.000-10. The trial was performed entirely in the University Hospital of USP from January 2011 to February 2012. After being invited to join the study and being informed about the same, all participants signed an informed consent form. Retrospective registration at Clinical Trials: <a id="intr0010" class="elsevierStyleInterRef" href="https://clinicaltrials.gov/NCT02157428">NCT02157428</a>.</p></span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0075">Results</span><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Of the 40 patients initially included in the study, 4 were excluded, 2 due to cancellation of surgery and two due to withdraw of the consent at the time before the start of anesthesia. The other 36 remained at the study until the end (discharge from post-anesthesia recovery room) and their data were analyzed. There was no difference between the two groups concerning age, weight and duration of surgery (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a>)</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The flumazenil group presented time from injection to extubation significantly lower than the placebo group (P<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0.034). No differences were observed concerning time to reach AK<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>10 or to achieve VS<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>10. The mean arterial blood pressure, heart rate and saturation were also similar between the two groups (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">Table 2</a>).</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0010"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0085" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">No patient showed signs of side effects of flumazenil (seizures, agitation, anxiety).</p><p id="par0090" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The change in the CSI values from injection until 30<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>min after (T0–T30) is shown in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig. 1</a>. Patients who were referred to the recovery room failed to be monitored by CSI. Thus, until T10, all patients (36) were still being monitored. Starting from T15, there was a decrease in the number of monitored patients: 17 (group P) and 17 (group F). At T20, the numbers dropped to 14 (P) and 13 (F) and, at T30, to 11 (P) and 8 (F).</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0095" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The mean values of the CSI in group P (54.00) and group F (55.66) showed no statistical difference.</p></span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0080">Discussion</span><p id="par0100" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The use of flumazenil at the end of surgery was effective in reducing the time to extubation of patients undergoing general anesthesia with isoflurane. This observation had never been found previously in literature and is in agreement with the mechanism of action of isoflurane suggested by the literature: activation of GABA-A receptors, similar to what occurs with the use of benzodiazepines.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0110"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4,5,18</span></a></p><p id="par0105" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Other authors have shown that GABA receptors may also have a role in the hypnosis caused sevoflurane and that flumazenil provided earlier regression of general anesthesia with sevoflurane.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0140"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10–13</span></a></p><p id="par0110" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The lack of difference in the CSI may be due to a bias in the evaluation, since an increasing trend is visible in T20 in the F group larger than the group P. This trend is not confirmed at T30, which may be due to the small number of total patients evaluated in T30 (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>19), and a smaller number of patients in P group (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>8) than in F group (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>11). These excluded patients, who had already gone to the recovery room, would probably have a higher CSI. Furthermore, studies with larger number of patients could find a difference concerning time to reach AK<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>10.</p><p id="par0115" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The extubation criteria used in our study were clinical. In an attempt to minimize variations of conduct, the same anesthesiologist was responsible for all anesthetic procedures performed.</p><p id="par0120" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In this study, we tried to work with patients who were not affected by serious diseases and who had no clinical complications, so that the sample was more homogeneous and interference of comorbidities at the time of regression of anesthesia and at other clinical and hemodynamic parameters studied was minimized. The effect of flumazenil at extubation of patients with more severe and/or poorly controlled illnesses and life-threatening diseases cannot be analyzed based only on the results here obtained. Studies involving ASA III and IV patients may be needed to verify the effect of flumazenil in isoflurane general anesthesia in such patients.</p><p id="par0125" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The absence of other medications with known action in reversing the hypnotic effect of isoflurane highlights flumazenil as a potential drug for clinical use for this purpose. The low incidence of side effects in patients without previous use of benzodiazepines and without epilepsy ensures safe use of flumazenil for these individuals. Studies with a larger sample may be required to further evaluate the feasibility and safety of large-scale use of flumazenil at the end of anesthesia with isoflurane.</p><p id="par0130" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In conclusion, this study shows that the use of flumazenil in general anesthesia with isoflurane was beneficial in accelerating extubation.</p></span><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0085">Ethical disclosures</span><span id="sec0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0090">Protection of human and animal subjects</span><p id="par0135" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors declare that the procedures followed were in accordance with the regulations of the relevant clinical research ethics committee and with those of the Code of Ethics of the World Medical Association (Declaration of Helsinki).</p></span><span id="sec0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0095">Confidentiality of data</span><p id="par0140" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors declare that they have followed the protocols of their work center on the publication of patient data.</p></span><span id="sec0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0100">Right to privacy and informed consent</span><p id="par0145" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors have obtained the written informed consent of the patients or subjects mentioned in the article. The corresponding author is in possession of this document.</p></span></span><span id="sec0045" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0105">Funding</span><p id="par0150" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors did not receive sponsorship to undertake this article.</p></span><span id="sec0050" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0110">Conflicts of interest</span><p id="par0155" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare.</p></span></span>" "textoCompletoSecciones" => array:1 [ "secciones" => array:12 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "xres599864" "titulo" => "Abstract" "secciones" => array:4 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0005" "titulo" => "Background and objectives" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0010" "titulo" => "Methods" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0015" "titulo" => "Results" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0020" "titulo" => "Conclusions" ] ] ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xpalclavsec614207" "titulo" => "Keywords" ] 2 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "xres599865" "titulo" => "Resumen" "secciones" => array:4 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0025" "titulo" => "Introducción y objetivos" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0030" "titulo" => "Métodos" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0035" "titulo" => "Resultados" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0040" "titulo" => "Conclusiones" ] ] ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xpalclavsec614208" "titulo" => "Palabras clave" ] 4 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0005" "titulo" => "Introduction" ] 5 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0010" "titulo" => "Methods" ] 6 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0015" "titulo" => "Results" ] 7 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0020" "titulo" => "Discussion" ] 8 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "sec0025" "titulo" => "Ethical disclosures" "secciones" => array:3 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0030" "titulo" => "Protection of human and animal subjects" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0035" "titulo" => "Confidentiality of data" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0040" "titulo" => "Right to privacy and informed consent" ] ] ] 9 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0045" "titulo" => "Funding" ] 10 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0050" "titulo" => "Conflicts of interest" ] 11 => array:1 [ "titulo" => "References" ] ] ] "pdfFichero" => "main.pdf" "tienePdf" => true "fechaRecibido" => "2014-04-25" "fechaAceptado" => "2015-05-28" "PalabrasClave" => array:2 [ "en" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "clase" => "keyword" "titulo" => "Keywords" "identificador" => "xpalclavsec614207" "palabras" => array:5 [ 0 => "Randomized controlled trials as topic" 1 => "Isoflurane" 2 => "Flumazenil" 3 => "Anesthesia, general" 4 => "Receptors, GABA" ] ] ] "es" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "clase" => "keyword" "titulo" => "Palabras clave" "identificador" => "xpalclavsec614208" "palabras" => array:4 [ 0 => "Ensayos clínicos controlados aleatorios como asunto" 1 => "Isoflurano" 2 => "Flumazenil" 3 => "Anestesia" ] ] ] ] "tieneResumen" => true "resumen" => array:2 [ "en" => array:3 [ "titulo" => "Abstract" "resumen" => "<span id="abst0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0010">Background and objectives</span><p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">The inhalational anesthetic isoflurane is widely used in general anesthetics. Its mechanism of action involves interaction with the receptor of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), which is also the binding site for benzodiazepines. Flumazenil, benzodiazepine antagonist, reverses the effects of these drugs in GABA receptors and could therefore also reverse the effect of isoflurane. In anesthesia practice, extubation and early anesthetic recovery reduce morbidity and incidence of complications. The objective of this trial is to determine whether the use of flumazenil may contribute to faster recovery from anesthesia.</p></span> <span id="abst0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0015">Methods</span><p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Forty patients scheduled to undergo general anesthesia with isoflurane were enrolled in this prospective, double-blind, randomized trial. Patients were randomized to receive, at the end of anesthesia, flumazenil or placebo as allocated into two groups. The anesthetic technique was standardized. The groups were compared concerning values of cerebral state index (CSI), heart rate, blood pressure and oxygen saturation from the application of flumazenil or placebo until 30<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>min after injection. Data regarding time to extubation, time to reach 10 points in the Aldrete–Kroulic score (AK<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>10) and Vigilance score (VS<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>10) was also collected. ANOVA test was applied to analyze the results, considering <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0.05.</p></span> <span id="abst0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0020">Results</span><p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Patients receiving flumazenil achieved faster extubation than the control (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0.033). No differences were observed in values of CSI, the time until AK<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>10 and until VS<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>10.</p></span> <span id="abst0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0025">Conclusions</span><p id="spar0020" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Administration of flumazenil at the end of isoflurane general anesthesia resulted in earlier extubation in studied patients.</p></span>" "secciones" => array:4 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0005" "titulo" => "Background and objectives" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0010" "titulo" => "Methods" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0015" "titulo" => "Results" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0020" "titulo" => "Conclusions" ] ] ] "es" => array:3 [ "titulo" => "Resumen" "resumen" => "<span id="abst0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0035">Introducción y objetivos</span><p id="spar0025" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">El isoflurano es un anestésico inhalatorio ampliamente utilizado en anestesia general. Su mecanismo de acción involucra el receptor del ácido gamma-aminobutírico. Dicho receptor es también el sitio de acción de las benzodiazepinas. El flumazenil, antagonista benzodiazepínico, podría revertir los efectos del isoflurano. En la práctica, la extubación y recuperación anestésica tempranas reducen la morbilidad e incidencia de complicaciones. El objetivo del estudio es determinar la contribución del uso del flumazenil en la recuperación anestésica.</p></span> <span id="abst0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0040">Métodos</span><p id="spar0030" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Se realizó un estudio doble ciego, prospectivo, aleatorio de 40 pacientes bajo anestesia general con isoflurano que recibieron flumazenil o placebo según aleatorización previa. La técnica anestésica fue estandarizada. Los parámetros comparados en los 2 grupos fueron frecuencia cardiaca, tensión arterial, saturación de oxígeno y niveles del Índice Biespectral, desde la aplicación del flumazenil y durante los 30 minutos posteriores. El tiempo transcurrido entre la inyección del medicamento y la extubación, así como el tiempo requerido para alcanzar 10 puntos en la Escala de Aldrete-Kroulic y la Escala de Vigilancia, también fueron contabilizados. El análisis de la varianza fue aplicado para comparar los datos, considerando p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0.05.</p></span> <span id="abst0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0045">Resultados</span><p id="spar0035" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Los pacientes que recibieron flumazenil fueron extubados en menor tiempo que los del grupo placebo (P<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0.033). No se observaron diferencias entre los valores del Índice Biespectral y el tiempo necesario para alcanzar 10 puntos en la Escala de Aldrete-Kroulic y la Escala de Vigilancia.</p></span> <span id="abst0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0050">Conclusiones</span><p id="spar0040" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">La administración de flumazenil al final de la anestesia general con isoflurano disminuyó el tiempo a la extubación.</p></span>" "secciones" => array:4 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0025" "titulo" => "Introducción y objetivos" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0030" "titulo" => "Métodos" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0035" "titulo" => "Resultados" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0040" "titulo" => "Conclusiones" ] ] ] ] "NotaPie" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "☆" "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0025">Please cite this article as: Dias Cicarelli D, Rojas-Álvarez NE, Fuller P, Lacava Pagnocca M, Frerichs E, Martins Benseñor FE. El efecto del flumazenil sobre la recuperación de anestesia general con isoflurano: una prueba aleatoria controlada. Rev Colomb Anestesiol. 2016;44:8–12.</p>" ] ] "multimedia" => array:3 [ 0 => array:8 [ "identificador" => "fig0005" "etiqueta" => "Fig. 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "fuente" => "Source: Authors." "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr1.jpeg" "Alto" => 1161 "Ancho" => 1480 "Tamanyo" => 94270 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0045" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Cerebral state index (CSI) evolution in groups.</p>" ] ] 1 => array:8 [ "identificador" => "tbl0005" "etiqueta" => "Table 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "fuente" => "Source: Authors." "tabla" => array:2 [ "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "tabla" => array:1 [ 0 => """ <table border="0" frame="\n \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head " align="" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Placebo (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>18) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Flumazenil (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>18) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Age (years)<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">28.8<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>8.6 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">31.1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>9.3 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">NS \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Weight (kg)<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">72.5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>9.6 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">72.3<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>8.7 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">NS \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Surgical duration (min)<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">130.4<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>29.6 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">115.3<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>27.6 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">NS \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table> """ ] "imagenFichero" => array:1 [ 0 => "xTab981296.png" ] ] ] "notaPie" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "tblfn0005" "etiqueta" => "a" "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0005">Mean<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>SD.</p> <p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0010">NS: not significant.</p>" ] ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0050" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Biometric comparison and surgical time.</p>" ] ] 2 => array:8 [ "identificador" => "tbl0010" "etiqueta" => "Table 2" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "fuente" => "Source: Authors." "tabla" => array:2 [ "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "tabla" => array:1 [ 0 => """ <table border="0" frame="\n \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head " align="" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Placebo \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Flumazenil \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">MBP (mmHg)<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">67.7<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>15.6 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">68.8<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>14.1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">NS \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">HR (bpm)<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">80.2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>19.8 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">75.32<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>23.4 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">NS \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Oxygen saturation (%)<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">98.3<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1.3 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">98.15<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1.8 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">NS \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Time from injection to extubation (min)<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">30.2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>12.4 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">23.11<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>9.6 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">0.033746 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Time from injection to VS<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>10 (min)<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">47.7<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>20.6 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">40.83<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>22.5 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">NS \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Time from injection to AK<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>10 (min)<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">72.6<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>28.3 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">65.22<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>33.8 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">NS \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table> """ ] "imagenFichero" => array:1 [ 0 => "xTab981295.png" ] ] ] "notaPie" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "tblfn0010" "etiqueta" => "a" "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0015">Mean<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>SD.</p> <p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0020">MBP: mean blood pressure; HR: heart rate; NS: not significant; VS: Vigilance score; AK: Aldrete-Kroulic score.</p>" ] ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0060" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara 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| Year/Month | Html | Total | |
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| 2024 November | 12 | 0 | 12 |
| 2024 October | 27 | 1 | 28 |
| 2024 September | 27 | 2 | 29 |
| 2024 August | 26 | 5 | 31 |
| 2024 July | 31 | 5 | 36 |
| 2024 June | 16 | 6 | 22 |
| 2024 May | 22 | 7 | 29 |
| 2024 April | 19 | 8 | 27 |
| 2024 March | 19 | 5 | 24 |
| 2024 February | 36 | 6 | 42 |
| 2024 January | 48 | 11 | 59 |
| 2023 December | 44 | 15 | 59 |
| 2023 November | 32 | 6 | 38 |
| 2023 October | 40 | 19 | 59 |
| 2023 September | 23 | 2 | 25 |
| 2023 August | 21 | 3 | 24 |
| 2023 July | 14 | 4 | 18 |
| 2023 June | 19 | 11 | 30 |
| 2023 May | 37 | 5 | 42 |
| 2023 April | 23 | 5 | 28 |
| 2023 March | 28 | 7 | 35 |
| 2023 February | 21 | 5 | 26 |
| 2023 January | 17 | 5 | 22 |
| 2022 December | 11 | 7 | 18 |
| 2022 November | 21 | 4 | 25 |
| 2022 October | 20 | 6 | 26 |
| 2022 September | 28 | 16 | 44 |
| 2022 August | 32 | 6 | 38 |
| 2022 July | 29 | 9 | 38 |
| 2022 June | 17 | 5 | 22 |
| 2022 May | 34 | 11 | 45 |
| 2022 April | 19 | 5 | 24 |
| 2022 March | 35 | 9 | 44 |
| 2022 February | 26 | 4 | 30 |
| 2022 January | 48 | 5 | 53 |
| 2021 December | 69 | 10 | 79 |
| 2021 November | 46 | 8 | 54 |
| 2021 October | 50 | 13 | 63 |
| 2021 September | 47 | 12 | 59 |
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| 2021 July | 25 | 5 | 30 |
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| 2021 April | 99 | 14 | 113 |
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| 2021 February | 52 | 6 | 58 |
| 2021 January | 9 | 8 | 17 |
| 2020 December | 13 | 6 | 19 |
| 2020 November | 7 | 4 | 11 |
| 2020 October | 3 | 5 | 8 |
| 2020 September | 9 | 9 | 18 |
| 2020 August | 8 | 8 | 16 |
| 2020 July | 8 | 8 | 16 |
| 2020 June | 6 | 4 | 10 |
| 2020 May | 6 | 5 | 11 |
| 2020 April | 7 | 4 | 11 |
| 2020 March | 3 | 1 | 4 |
| 2020 February | 6 | 2 | 8 |
| 2020 January | 8 | 3 | 11 |
| 2019 December | 5 | 6 | 11 |
| 2019 November | 4 | 1 | 5 |
| 2019 October | 2 | 1 | 3 |
| 2019 September | 3 | 2 | 5 |
| 2019 August | 0 | 1 | 1 |
| 2019 July | 3 | 12 | 15 |
| 2019 June | 1 | 2 | 3 |
| 2019 May | 0 | 12 | 12 |
| 2019 April | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| 2018 September | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| 2018 June | 6 | 2 | 8 |
| 2018 May | 24 | 12 | 36 |
| 2018 April | 35 | 9 | 44 |
| 2018 March | 18 | 7 | 25 |
| 2018 February | 15 | 8 | 23 |
| 2018 January | 22 | 5 | 27 |
| 2017 December | 19 | 8 | 27 |
| 2017 November | 10 | 7 | 17 |
| 2017 October | 17 | 5 | 22 |
| 2017 September | 18 | 6 | 24 |
| 2017 August | 8 | 4 | 12 |
| 2017 July | 15 | 6 | 21 |
| 2017 June | 28 | 17 | 45 |
| 2017 May | 24 | 8 | 32 |
| 2017 April | 31 | 10 | 41 |
| 2017 March | 19 | 11 | 30 |
| 2017 February | 9 | 3 | 12 |
| 2017 January | 17 | 8 | 25 |
| 2016 December | 26 | 10 | 36 |
| 2016 November | 16 | 7 | 23 |
| 2016 October | 17 | 12 | 29 |
| 2016 September | 26 | 12 | 38 |
| 2016 August | 29 | 15 | 44 |
| 2016 July | 19 | 10 | 29 |
| 2016 May | 2 | 0 | 2 |
| 2016 April | 0 | 30 | 30 |
| 2016 March | 2 | 0 | 2 |
| 2016 February | 3 | 29 | 32 |
Show all