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Case report
Ultrasound-guided rectus sheath block for an umbilical hernia repair in a patient with Wolff–Parkinson–White syndrome: A case report
Bloqueo de la vaina de los rectos ecoguiado para reparación de hernia umbilical en un paciente con síndrome de Wolff-Parkinson-White: reporte de un caso
Daniel López-Herrera-Rodríguez
Corresponding author
dalohero@gmail.com

Corresponding author at: Department of Anaesthesia and Critical Care, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, Avda. Manuel Siurot, C.P.: 41013, Seville, Spain.
, Rosana Guerrero-Domínguez, Jesús Acosta-Martínez, Francisco Sánchez-Carrillo
Anaesthesia and Critical Care Department, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, Seville, Spain
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    "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0025">Introduction</span><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Wolff&#8211;Parkinson&#8211;White &#40;WPW&#41; syndrome&#44; a congenital heart condition&#44; is the most common of the pre-excitation syndromes&#46; The activation of an accessory atrioventricular &#40;AV&#41; pathway bypasses the AV node and produces ventricular activation over the normal pathway&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0085"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> Its prevalence ranges from 0&#46;1 to 3 cases per 1000&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0165"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> Most patients remain asymptomatic&#46; The incidence of arrhythmias developed by these patients are 80&#37; supraventricular tachycardia&#44; between 15&#37; and 30&#37; atrial fibrillation&#44; and 5&#37; atrial flutter&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0095"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a> The clinical presentation can vary from vertigo&#44; palpitations&#44; breathlessness&#44; chest tightness&#44; to sudden death&#46; Anaesthetic management in these cases is a challenge for anaesthesiologists&#44; giving a real important role to the techniques that avoid the haemodynamic fluctuations&#46; Rectus sheath block &#40;RSB&#41; has been described both as a sole anaesthetic<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0100"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a> and for preoperative analgesia in procedures involving midline &#40;bilateral block&#41; or paramedial incisions &#40;unilateral block&#41;&#46; It provides somatic pain relief for abdominal wall structures superficial to the peritoneum&#44; from the xiphoid process to the symphysis pubis&#46; For surgery deep to the peritoneum there is usually a component of deeper visceral pain for which systemic medication is usually administrated&#46; In the 1950s several studies reported on the use of local anaesthetic catheters placed by surgeons to reduce post operative pain post gynaecological and general surgical procedures&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0105"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5&#8211;7</span></a> Since 2007 the technique has further developed to include ultrasound guidance &#40;increasing the success rate and reducing the incidence of complications&#41; and placement of rectus sheath catheters&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0030">Case report</span><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">We report the case of a 51-year-old&#44; 82<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>kg male with hypertensive heart disease and Wolff&#8211;Parkinson&#8211;White syndrome proposed for an umbilical hernia repair&#46; The patient had 1 or 2 well-tolerated episodes each two months of palpitations with a discontinuous&#44; variable-duration&#44; inframamilar stabbing pain&#44; with no other symptoms&#46; An E&#46;C&#46;G&#46; was performed preoperatively showing short PR&#44; delta wave&#44; QS in lead II&#44; III and aVF&#44; negative T in I and aVL and frequent ventricular extrasystoles&#46; The echocardiography exam was normal&#46; He had been prescribed diltiazem 60<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;12<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h and acetylsalicylic acid 100<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;24<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h&#44; which was continued until the time of operation&#46;</p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">After monitoring pulse oximeter &#40;SpO2&#41;&#44; ECG &#40;lead II&#44; V&#41; and non-invasive blood pressure&#44; a bilateral ultrasound-guided &#40;L25n&#47;13-6<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>MHz transducer&#59; SonoSite&#44; Inc&#46;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">TM</span>&#44; Bothell&#44; WA&#44; USA&#41; rectus sheath block was performed with a UPA 23<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>G<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#215;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>50<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm needle &#40;Temena group&#44; Germany&#41; under a Marsh model target controlled infusion of propofol &#40;2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>ng&#47;ml&#41;&#46; Bilaterally&#44; all the structures were identified and colour Doppler was used for avoiding vascular structures &#40;inferior and superior epigastric vessels run in the posterior rectus sheath&#41;&#46; Under direct vision with an in-plane real-time technique the needle tip was advanced posterior to the rectus muscle and above the underlying rectus sheath&#44; from lateral to medial&#44; watching the local anaesthetic dissects the rectus muscle away from the posterior rectus sheath&#46; Seven millilitres of 0&#46;5&#37; bupivacaine plus and 7<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>ml of 1&#37; lidocaine were used for each side at first try&#46; Surgery was well tolerated and no haemodynamic instability or any kind of arrhythmia was developed&#46; The patient was monitored in the post-anaesthesia care unit period showing no complications and was discharged to the ward after 2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h and home 24<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h later&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0035">Discussion</span><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Historically&#44; the possibility of the existence of atrioventricular accessory pathways was first raised by Stanley Kent in 1913&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0120"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a> WPW syndrome was first described in 1930 in a series of patients in whom ECG showed a short P-R interval&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0085"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> Perioperatively&#44; even asymptomatic patient can develop arrhythmias&#44; therefore meticulous monitoring is essential&#46; Its anaesthetic management should be aimed at avoiding tachyarrhythmias and sympathetic stimulation&#46; Regional anaesthesia is preferred over general anaesthesia and epidural over spinal due to controlled and segmental block with better haemodynamic stability&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0125"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9&#8211;13</span></a> Sympathetic blockade of spinal anaesthesia can lead to bradycardia and hypotension and drugs used to treat these complications may favour appearance of life-threatening arrhythmias&#44; particularly beta-1 agonist&#46; Digitalis and verapamil are contraindicated for WPW&#46; If associated with atrial fibrillation&#44; beta-blockers and calcium-antagonists should be avoided&#46;</p><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Nowadays&#44; RSB and local anaesthetic infiltration of the surgical site are used for providing both anaesthesia and postoperative analgesia for umbilical hernia repair&#46; The RSB anaesthetises the 9th&#44; 10th and 11th intercostal nerves providing somatic anaesthesia to the abdominal wall structures superficial to the peritoneum&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0100"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a> For deeper surgery&#44; analgesia must be complemented with intravenous medication in order to avoid the sympathetic response to the pain&#46; Gurnaney has shown a superiority of ultrasound-guided RSB over local anaesthetic infiltration of the surgical site for analgesia in the perioperative period in children&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0150"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">14</span></a> RSB remains a useful regional anaesthetic technique in the high-risk patient in whom haemodynamic should be maintained due to its capability to avoid sympathetic block produced by neuroaxial techniques&#44; so it is preferred over other types of blockades in these patients&#46; A catheter can be placed in the rectus death to provide postoperative analgesia&#44; being particularly useful when neuroaxial techniques are contraindicated&#46; Parsons showed an equivalent analgesic effect to epidurals in 20 patients who underwent a radical cystectomy&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0155"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">15</span></a> It is an excellent option for intensive care patients&#46; It has shown to allow timely wean of sedation and extubation&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0160"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">16</span></a> Ultrasound guidance has been shown to improve the performance of RSB&#44; ilioinguinal block and transversus abdominal plane block&#46; It provides real-time information about the needle tip location and the local anaesthetic delivery to the desired location plus avoiding vascular structures when colour Doppler is used&#46; This results in using lower doses of local anaesthetics decreasing the risk of local anaesthetic systemic toxicity&#46; Furthermore&#44; it facilitates RSB placement so the anaesthesiologist can directly visualize relevant structures&#44; reducing risk of peritoneal puncture&#44; vascular and visceral injury while increasing its success rate&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0040">Ethical disclosures</span><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0045">Protection of human and animal subjects</span><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors declare that no experiments were performed on humans or animals for this investigation&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0050">Confidentiality of data</span><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors declare that the procedures followed were in accordance with the ethical standards of responsible committee on human experimentation and with those of the Code of Ethics of the World Medical Association Declaration of Helsinki&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0055">Right to privacy and informed consent</span><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors must have obtained the informed consent of the patients and&#47;or subjects mentioned in the article&#46; The author for correspondence must be in possession of this document&#46;</p></span></span><span id="sec0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0060">Funding</span><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">None&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0045" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0065">Conflicts of interest</span><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare&#46;</p></span></span>"
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        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Perioperative management of patients with Wolff&#8211;Parkinson&#8211;White syndrome requires a special care by anaesthesiologists&#46; Choosing the most suitable anaesthetic technique is very important&#46; Both general anaesthesia and neuroaxial blockade may result in haemodynamic instability and arrhythmias development&#46; Rectus sheath block is considered as a useful regional technique for umbilical surgery in patients at high-risk of cardiopulmonary complications&#46;</p></span>"
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        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">El manejo perioperatorio de los pacientes con s&#237;ndrome de Wolff-Parkinson-White requiere de un especial cuidado por parte de los anestesi&#243;logos&#46; Elegir la t&#233;cnica anest&#233;sica m&#225;s adecuada es de vital importancia&#46; Tanto la anestesia general como el bloqueo del neuroeje puede resultar en inestabilidad hemodin&#225;mica y desarrollo de arritmias&#46; El bloqueo de la vaina de los rectos se considera una t&#233;cnica regional muy &#250;til para la cirug&#237;a umbilical en los pacientes con riesgo de complicaciones cardiopulmonares&#46;</p></span>"
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        "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0005">Please cite this article as&#58; L&#243;pez-Herrera-Rodr&#237;guez D&#44; Guerrero-Dom&#237;nguez R&#44; Acosta-Mart&#237;nez J&#44; S&#225;nchez-Carrillo F&#46; Bloqueo de la vaina de los rectos ecoguiado para reparaci&#243;n de hernia umbilical en un paciente con s&#237;ndrome de Wolff-Parkinson-White&#58; reporte de un caso&#46; Rev Colomb Anestesiol&#46; 2015&#59;43&#58;343&#8211;345&#46;</p>"
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Article information
ISSN: 22562087
Original language: English
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es en pt

¿Es usted profesional sanitario apto para prescribir o dispensar medicamentos?

Are you a health professional able to prescribe or dispense drugs?

Você é um profissional de saúde habilitado a prescrever ou dispensar medicamentos