Editorial
Health humanitarian aid organizations and the protection thereof
Organizaciones de asistencia humanitaria en salud y su protección
Julio Cesar Castellanos-Ramírez
Corresponding author
Surgeon-Physician, Universidad Nacional de Colombia; Hospital Management Specialist, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana; Master in Political Studies, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana; Permanent Member of the Mesa Nacional de la Misión Médica in Colombia, an Advisory Group to the Ministerio de Salud y Protección Social; Colombian Red Cross (CRC), and the International Red Cross Committee (IRCC), Bogotá D.C., Colombia
Read
1647
Timeswas read the article
590
Total PDF
1057
Total HTML
Share statistics
array:25 [ "pii" => "S2256208715000905" "issn" => "22562087" "doi" => "10.1016/j.rcae.2015.11.008" "estado" => "S300" "fechaPublicacion" => "2016-01-01" "aid" => "251" "copyright" => "Sociedad Colombiana de Anestesiología y Reanimación" "copyrightAnyo" => "2015" "documento" => "article" "crossmark" => 1 "licencia" => "http://www.elsevier.com/open-access/userlicense/1.0/" "subdocumento" => "sco" "cita" => "Rev Colomb Anestesiol. 2016;44:5-7" "abierto" => array:3 [ "ES" => true "ES2" => true "LATM" => true ] "gratuito" => true "lecturas" => array:2 [ "total" => 916 "formatos" => array:3 [ "EPUB" => 83 "HTML" => 531 "PDF" => 302 ] ] "Traduccion" => array:1 [ "es" => array:20 [ "pii" => "S012033471500115X" "issn" => "01203347" "doi" => "10.1016/j.rca.2015.11.007" "estado" => "S300" "fechaPublicacion" => "2016-01-01" "aid" => "251" "copyright" => "Sociedad Colombiana de Anestesiología y Reanimación" "documento" => "article" "crossmark" => 1 "licencia" => "http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/" "subdocumento" => "sco" "cita" => "Rev Colomb Anestesiol. 2016;44:5-7" "abierto" => array:3 [ "ES" => true "ES2" => true "LATM" => true ] "gratuito" => true "lecturas" => array:2 [ "total" => 1348 "formatos" => array:3 [ "EPUB" => 87 "HTML" => 985 "PDF" => 276 ] ] "es" => array:10 [ "idiomaDefecto" => true "cabecera" => "<span class="elsevierStyleTextfn">Editorial</span>" "titulo" => "Organizaciones de asistencia humanitaria en salud y su protección" "tienePdf" => "es" "tieneTextoCompleto" => "es" "paginas" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "paginaInicial" => "5" "paginaFinal" => "7" ] ] "titulosAlternativos" => array:1 [ "en" => array:1 [ "titulo" => "Health humanitarian aid organizations and the protection thereof" ] ] "contieneTextoCompleto" => array:1 [ "es" => true ] "contienePdf" => array:1 [ "es" => true ] "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "autoresLista" => "Julio César Castellanos-Ramírez" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Julio César" "apellidos" => "Castellanos-Ramírez" ] ] ] ] ] "idiomaDefecto" => "es" "Traduccion" => array:1 [ "en" => array:9 [ "pii" => "S2256208715000905" "doi" => "10.1016/j.rcae.2015.11.008" "estado" => "S300" "subdocumento" => "" "abierto" => array:3 [ "ES" => true "ES2" => true "LATM" => true ] "gratuito" => true "lecturas" => array:1 [ "total" => 0 ] "idiomaDefecto" => "en" "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S2256208715000905?idApp=UINPBA00004N" ] ] "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S012033471500115X?idApp=UINPBA00004N" "url" => "/01203347/0000004400000001/v1_201601280029/S012033471500115X/v1_201601280029/es/main.assets" ] ] "itemSiguiente" => array:20 [ "pii" => "S2256208715000553" "issn" => "22562087" "doi" => "10.1016/j.rcae.2015.06.004" "estado" => "S300" "fechaPublicacion" => "2016-01-01" "aid" => "228" "copyright" => "Sociedad Colombiana de Anestesiología y Reanimación" "documento" => "article" "crossmark" => 1 "licencia" => "http://www.elsevier.com/open-access/userlicense/1.0/" "subdocumento" => "fla" "cita" => "Rev Colomb Anestesiol. 2016;44:8-12" "abierto" => array:3 [ "ES" => true "ES2" => true "LATM" => true ] "gratuito" => true "lecturas" => array:2 [ "total" => 899 "formatos" => array:3 [ "EPUB" => 91 "HTML" => 505 "PDF" => 303 ] ] "en" => array:13 [ "idiomaDefecto" => true "cabecera" => "<span class="elsevierStyleTextfn">Scientific and Technological Research</span>" "titulo" => "Effect of flumazenil on recovery from general anesthesia with isoflurane: A randomized controlled trial" "tienePdf" => "en" "tieneTextoCompleto" => "en" "tieneResumen" => array:2 [ 0 => "en" 1 => "es" ] "paginas" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "paginaInicial" => "8" "paginaFinal" => "12" ] ] "titulosAlternativos" => array:1 [ "es" => array:1 [ "titulo" => "El efecto del flumazenil sobre la recuperación de anestesia general con isoflurano: una prueba aleatoria controlada" ] ] "contieneResumen" => array:2 [ "en" => true "es" => true ] "contieneTextoCompleto" => array:1 [ "en" => true ] "contienePdf" => array:1 [ "en" => true ] "resumenGrafico" => array:2 [ "original" => 0 "multimedia" => array:8 [ "identificador" => "fig0005" "etiqueta" => "Fig. 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "fuente" => "Source: Authors." "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr1.jpeg" "Alto" => 1161 "Ancho" => 1480 "Tamanyo" => 94270 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0045" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Cerebral state index (CSI) evolution in groups.</p>" ] ] ] "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "autoresLista" => "Domingos Dias Cicarelli, Nora Elizabeth Rojas-Álvarez, Priscila Fuller, Marcelo Lacava Pagnocca, Elke Frerichs, Fábio Ely Martins Benseñor" "autores" => array:6 [ 0 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Domingos" "apellidos" => "Dias Cicarelli" ] 1 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Nora Elizabeth" "apellidos" => "Rojas-Álvarez" ] 2 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Priscila" "apellidos" => "Fuller" ] 3 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Marcelo" "apellidos" => "Lacava Pagnocca" ] 4 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Elke" "apellidos" => "Frerichs" ] 5 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Fábio Ely" "apellidos" => "Martins Benseñor" ] ] ] ] ] "idiomaDefecto" => "en" "Traduccion" => array:1 [ "es" => array:9 [ "pii" => "S0120334715000702" "doi" => "10.1016/j.rca.2015.05.005" "estado" => "S300" "subdocumento" => "" "abierto" => array:3 [ "ES" => true "ES2" => true "LATM" => true ] "gratuito" => true "lecturas" => array:1 [ "total" => 0 ] "idiomaDefecto" => "es" "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S0120334715000702?idApp=UINPBA00004N" ] ] "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S2256208715000553?idApp=UINPBA00004N" "url" => "/22562087/0000004400000001/v1_201601280036/S2256208715000553/v1_201601280036/en/main.assets" ] "itemAnterior" => array:20 [ "pii" => "S2256208715000917" "issn" => "22562087" "doi" => "10.1016/j.rcae.2015.11.009" "estado" => "S300" "fechaPublicacion" => "2016-01-01" "aid" => "253" "copyright" => "Sociedad Colombiana de Anestesiología y Reanimación" "documento" => "article" "crossmark" => 1 "licencia" => "http://www.elsevier.com/open-access/userlicense/1.0/" "subdocumento" => "sco" "cita" => "Rev Colomb Anestesiol. 2016;44:1-4" "abierto" => array:3 [ "ES" => true "ES2" => true "LATM" => true ] "gratuito" => true "lecturas" => array:2 [ "total" => 1100 "formatos" => array:3 [ "EPUB" => 87 "HTML" => 624 "PDF" => 389 ] ] "en" => array:11 [ "idiomaDefecto" => true "cabecera" => "<span class="elsevierStyleTextfn">Editorial</span>" "titulo" => "Importance of case reports in anaesthesia" "tienePdf" => "en" "tieneTextoCompleto" => "en" "paginas" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "paginaInicial" => "1" "paginaFinal" => "4" ] ] "titulosAlternativos" => array:1 [ "es" => array:1 [ "titulo" => "Importancia de los reportes de caso en anestesiología" ] ] "contieneTextoCompleto" => array:1 [ "en" => true ] "contienePdf" => array:1 [ "en" => true ] "resumenGrafico" => array:2 [ "original" => 0 "multimedia" => array:8 [ "identificador" => "fig0005" "etiqueta" => "Fig. 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "fuente" => "Source: Taken from <a class="elsevierStyleInterRef" id="intr0005" href="http://www.pubmed.com/">www.pubmed.com</a> (case reports [Publication Type])." "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr1.jpeg" "Alto" => 1745 "Ancho" => 1639 "Tamanyo" => 251817 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Case reports indexed in MEDLINE.</p>" ] ] ] "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "autoresLista" => "David A. Rincón-Valenzuela, Ricardo Navarro-Vargas, Javier Eslava-Schmalbach" "autores" => array:3 [ 0 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "David A." "apellidos" => "Rincón-Valenzuela" ] 1 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Ricardo" "apellidos" => "Navarro-Vargas" ] 2 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Javier" "apellidos" => "Eslava-Schmalbach" ] ] ] ] ] "idiomaDefecto" => "en" "Traduccion" => array:1 [ "es" => array:9 [ "pii" => "S0120334715001173" "doi" => "10.1016/j.rca.2015.11.009" "estado" => "S300" "subdocumento" => "" "abierto" => array:3 [ "ES" => true "ES2" => true "LATM" => true ] "gratuito" => true "lecturas" => array:1 [ "total" => 0 ] "idiomaDefecto" => "es" "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S0120334715001173?idApp=UINPBA00004N" ] ] "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S2256208715000917?idApp=UINPBA00004N" "url" => "/22562087/0000004400000001/v1_201601280036/S2256208715000917/v1_201601280036/en/main.assets" ] "en" => array:13 [ "idiomaDefecto" => true "cabecera" => "<span class="elsevierStyleTextfn">Editorial</span>" "titulo" => "Health humanitarian aid organizations and the protection thereof" "tieneTextoCompleto" => true "paginas" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "paginaInicial" => "5" "paginaFinal" => "7" ] ] "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "autoresLista" => "Julio Cesar Castellanos-Ramírez" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "nombre" => "Julio Cesar" "apellidos" => "Castellanos-Ramírez" "email" => array:1 [ 0 => "jccastellanos@husi.org.co" ] "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">*</span>" "identificador" => "cor0005" ] ] ] ] "afiliaciones" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "entidad" => "Surgeon-Physician, Universidad Nacional de Colombia; Hospital Management Specialist, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana; Master in Political Studies, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana; Permanent Member of the Mesa Nacional de la Misión Médica in Colombia, an Advisory Group to the Ministerio de Salud y Protección Social; Colombian Red Cross (CRC), and the International Red Cross Committee (IRCC), Bogotá D.C., Colombia" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] ] "correspondencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "cor0005" "etiqueta" => "⁎" "correspondencia" => "<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Correspondence to</span>: Carrera 7 No. 40-62, Bogotá D.C., Colombia." ] ] ] ] "titulosAlternativos" => array:1 [ "es" => array:1 [ "titulo" => "Organizaciones de asistencia humanitaria en salud y su protección" ] ] "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The recent events in Afghanistan that involved an air strike against a Doctors Without Borders Hospital attracted the attention of the world opinion. It is then essential to revisit the protection that these exemplary and courageous healthcare professionals working in conflict areas deserve, and Colombia's domestic environment is no exception.</p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Pope John Paul II in his address on the World Day of Peace 2004 stated: History teaches that peace building cannot forgo respect for an ethical and judicial order, in accordance with the old adage: “Serva ordinem et ordo servabit te” (preserve order and order will preserve you).<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0040"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> The evolution of mankind has always been based on order; an order that may be as natural as the laws of evolution, the survival of the fittest, and several others. However, the change from small nomad families of collectors and hunters, to urban clusters doing business, manufacturing, and economic activities, required an agreed upon a written and disseminated order that is drafted in norms and codices, in addition to local, community, national, and later international treaties.</p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The first reference to these topics in a text on military strategy before year 1 is in “The Art of War”<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0045"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a>: “And consequently, <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">The general who advances without coveting fame and retreats without fearing disgrace, whose only thought is to protect is people and do good for his sovereign, is the jewel of the kingdom”.</span> “<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Therefore, taking care of the troop's health the army holds a strong position. It is said that any army free from countless illnesses is certain of being victorious.</span>”</p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The evolution of order that protects people during armed conflict keeps evolving throughout mankind's history until it consolidates into the current set of rules and treaties that comprise International Humanitarian Law: The Four Geneva Conventions of 1949 and its Additional Protocols known as Geneva's Law aimed at protecting armed conflict victims. Whilst prior to these treaties there were country or army rules and codes, and occasionally bilateral agreements of the forces involved in hostile actions, when countries around the world become signatories of this multilateral convention, this sets the foundations that currently protect individuals during armed conflicts.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0050"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a></p><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0005">The concept of Medical Mission and protection</span><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">There is no exact or specific definition of this term in the Conventions or Protocols; however, it is mentioned under articles 16 of Protocol I<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0055"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a> and 10 of Protocol II<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0060"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a>:<ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0005"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0005"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">1.</span><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Under no circumstances shall any person be punished for having carried out medical activities compatible with medical ethics, regardless of the person benefiting therefrom.</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0010"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">2.</span><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">No person engaged in medical activities shall be compelled to give to anyone belonging either to an adverse Party, or to his own Party except as required by the law of the latter Party, any information concerning the wounded and sick who are, or who have been, under his care, if such information would, in his opinion, prove harmful to the patients concerned or to their families.</p></li></ul></p><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The inaccurate definition of the term Medical Mission may lead some people to assume that this protection only covered physicians and the practice of medicine, but the concept is perfectly clarified in Comment<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0065"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a> to the Protocols that provide the doctrine foundations in paragraphs 4678, 4679, 4680, 4681, 4682, 4686, 4687, and 4689, specifying that the term Medical Mission is applicable to the civil and military healthcare staff and every healthcare individual that independently is able to offer or provides care to ill and wounded persons, since the standard was developed to ensure that wounded and ill persons benefit for any available medical care. In addition to physicians, the broad definition encompasses any individual that practices a professional medical activity, including nurses, pharmacists, or medicine trainees. The way the concept is expressed represents an example rather than the only option comprised in the definition.</p><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">This comment also reflects that medical activity entails a broad interpretation: “<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">The physician not only cares for, but may be called upon to confirm a demise, administer a vaccine, make a diagnosis, give advice, etc.</span>” So as an example every medical activity is then comprised within the realm of Medical Mission.</p><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The reference to aspects pertaining to medical deontology is intended to secure that all ethical issues related to the wounded and sick care, professional secrecy, and every duty or right comprised in the concept, contributes to providing protection to the victims of armed conflicts.</p><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The broad meaning of the prohibition to punish the practice of medical activities consistent with deontology, including all kinds of criminal and administrative sanctions such as ordering to shut down a doctor's office. Furthermore, the decision to remain silent shall not be construed as adopting a stance in a situation of conflict; and should a new legislation be passed, the parties in conflict are required to comply with all the legal guarantees under article 6 of the Protocol.</p><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The comment further anticipates that in order to receive special protection, any medical or healthcare practitioner in a country, not necessarily a formal member of the healthcare staff, the only requirement is to take care of sick or wounded “in armed conflicts beyond the scope of article 1 of the Protocol, additional to the Geneva conventions of August 12, 1949, regarding the protection of victims of international armed conflicts (Protocol I) that develop in the territory of a High Contracting Party among their armed forces and dissident armed forces or organized armed groups that, under responsible command, control part of such territory to the extent that they will be able to carry out sustained and concerted military operations.”</p><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In summary, by virtue of the norm and the jurisprudence, the International Humanitarian Law gives the Medical Mission a broad scope embracing all the health-related activities and establishes specific protection rules that provide for the minimum and due guarantees to care for the protected persons that include: the civil population, non-combatants (i.e., the members of the armed forces in conflict that are wounded, shipwrecked, sick, and prisoners) and any other people not participating or have stopped participating in the hostilities. Additionally, under the current Colombian legislation, there is a broad and specific set of constitutional rules not discussed herein.</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0010">International organizations and Medical Mission</span><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The International Humanitarian Law does not differentiate between the nature of the entity and the affiliation of the person caring for these sick persons; the role of the care provider determines the classification, and hence the protection. Therefore the international organizations in the exercise of their humanitarian role such as Healthcare, obtain the special protection referred to hereunder in the territory of a signatory country of the Geneva Conventions and its Additional Protocols.</p><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Medical care in conflict zones is critically important to reduce the number of deaths, the burden of disability, and the complications of wounded and sick; usually when Humanitarian Organizations provide that care, they focus on the most vulnerable population. This is strongly evidenced in the article published in this issue of the journal “<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Reducing Maternal Mortality in areas of conflict: surgical-anesthetic experience at the Boost Hospital – Afghanistan</span>”<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0070"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a> that documents a relevant experience of the Doctors Without Borders practice.</p><p id="par0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The link between humanitarian aid and compliance with the norms of humanitarian international law is essential for victims to be able to access medical care, food, water, their usual production means and, if necessary, humanitarian aid. Any violation of the international humanitarian norms shall be promptly controlled and the offenders punished.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0075"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a></p><p id="par0085" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">All of the above confirms that medical efforts in conflict zones become a right of the organizations and the population affected and a duty that has to be respected and protected, in addition to an ethical and legal imperative that shall be mandatory to both, the parties in combat and the States.</p></span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0015">Financing</span><p id="par0090" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The author did not receive any sponsorship to prepare this article.</p></span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0020">Conflict of interest</span><p id="par0095" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The author has no disclosures to make.</p></span></span>" "textoCompletoSecciones" => array:1 [ "secciones" => array:5 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0005" "titulo" => "The concept of Medical Mission and protection" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0010" "titulo" => "International organizations and Medical Mission" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0015" "titulo" => "Financing" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0020" "titulo" => "Conflict of interest" ] 4 => array:1 [ "titulo" => "References" ] ] ] "pdfFichero" => "main.pdf" "tienePdf" => true "NotaPie" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "☆" "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0005">Please cite this article as: Castellanos-Ramírez JC. Organizaciones de asistencia humanitaria en salud y su protección. Rev Colomb Anestesiol. 2016;44:5–7.</p>" ] ] "bibliografia" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "References" "seccion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "bibs0005" "bibliografiaReferencia" => array:8 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0040" "etiqueta" => "1" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Holy see, historicity, and humanitarian intervention: using integrative jurisprudence to inform contemporary practice" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => "J.D. Medinger" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Libro" => array:1 [ "fecha" => "2015" ] ] ] ] ] ] 1 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0045" "etiqueta" => "2" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "El Arte de la Guerra" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => "S. Tzu" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Libro" => array:5 [ "fecha" => "1999" "paginaInicial" => "165" "paginaFinal" => "176" "editorial" => "Editorial Panamericana" "editorialLocalizacion" => "Bogotá" ] ] ] ] ] ] 2 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0050" "etiqueta" => "3" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "La influencia de los principios humanitarios en la negociación de tratados sobre limitación de armamentos" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:2 [ 0 => "R.J. Mathews" 1 => "T.L.H. McCormack" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:2 [ "tituloSerie" => "Rev Int de la Cruz Roja" "fecha" => "2015" ] ] ] ] ] ] 3 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0055" "etiqueta" => "4" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Protocolo I. Protocolo Adicional a los Convenios de Ginebra de 1949 relativo a la Protección de las Víctimas de los Conflictos Armados Internacionales, 1977" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => "Comité Internacional de la Cruz Roja" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Libro" => array:1 [ "fecha" => "2015" ] ] ] ] ] ] 4 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0060" "etiqueta" => "5" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Protocolo II. Protocolo Adicional a los Convenios de Ginebra del 12 de agosto de 1949 relativo a la Protección de las Víctimas de los Conflictos Armados sin carácter internacional, 1977" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => "Comité Internacional de la Cruz Roja" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Libro" => array:1 [ "fecha" => "2015" ] ] ] ] ] ] 5 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0065" "etiqueta" => "6" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Comentario del Protocolo del 8 de junio de 1977 adicional a los Convenios de Ginebra del 12 de agosto de 1949" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => "Comité Internacional de la Cruz Roja" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Libro" => array:2 [ "fecha" => "2015" "editorial" => "Comité Internacional de la Cruz Roja" ] ] ] ] ] ] 6 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0070" "etiqueta" => "7" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Reduciendo la mortalidad materna en zonas de conflicto: Experiencia quirúrgica-anestésica en el Hospital Boost–Afganistán" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:3 [ 0 => "G. Izquierdo" 1 => "M. Trelles" 2 => "N. Khan" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:5 [ "tituloSerie" => "Rev Colomb Anestesiol" "fecha" => "2016" "volumen" => "44" "paginaInicial" => "13" "paginaFinal" => "16" ] ] ] ] ] ] 7 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0075" "etiqueta" => "8" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Efectos de la ayuda humanitaria sobre la evolución de los conflictos" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => "P. Perrin" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:2 [ "tituloSerie" => "Rev Int de la Cruz Roja" "fecha" => "2015" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] "idiomaDefecto" => "en" "url" => "/22562087/0000004400000001/v1_201601280036/S2256208715000905/v1_201601280036/en/main.assets" "Apartado" => array:4 [ "identificador" => "33884" "tipo" => "SECCION" "en" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Editorial" "idiomaDefecto" => true ] "idiomaDefecto" => "en" ] "PDF" => "https://static.elsevier.es/multimedia/22562087/0000004400000001/v1_201601280036/S2256208715000905/v1_201601280036/en/main.pdf?idApp=UINPBA00004N&text.app=https://www.elsevier.es/" "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S2256208715000905?idApp=UINPBA00004N" ]
| Year/Month | Html | Total | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2024 November | 4 | 1 | 5 |
| 2024 October | 11 | 5 | 16 |
| 2024 September | 17 | 1 | 18 |
| 2024 August | 12 | 1 | 13 |
| 2024 July | 11 | 2 | 13 |
| 2024 June | 13 | 3 | 16 |
| 2024 May | 7 | 4 | 11 |
| 2024 April | 17 | 4 | 21 |
| 2024 March | 12 | 8 | 20 |
| 2024 February | 11 | 4 | 15 |
| 2024 January | 14 | 6 | 20 |
| 2023 December | 7 | 7 | 14 |
| 2023 November | 8 | 3 | 11 |
| 2023 October | 8 | 5 | 13 |
| 2023 September | 5 | 2 | 7 |
| 2023 August | 6 | 9 | 15 |
| 2023 July | 5 | 4 | 9 |
| 2023 June | 9 | 3 | 12 |
| 2023 May | 25 | 2 | 27 |
| 2023 April | 10 | 5 | 15 |
| 2023 March | 12 | 0 | 12 |
| 2023 February | 10 | 2 | 12 |
| 2023 January | 15 | 11 | 26 |
| 2022 December | 6 | 5 | 11 |
| 2022 November | 21 | 5 | 26 |
| 2022 October | 7 | 7 | 14 |
| 2022 September | 13 | 8 | 21 |
| 2022 August | 11 | 5 | 16 |
| 2022 July | 7 | 7 | 14 |
| 2022 June | 11 | 9 | 20 |
| 2022 May | 25 | 5 | 30 |
| 2022 April | 18 | 4 | 22 |
| 2022 March | 16 | 4 | 20 |
| 2022 February | 5 | 3 | 8 |
| 2022 January | 9 | 5 | 14 |
| 2021 December | 11 | 9 | 20 |
| 2021 November | 6 | 8 | 14 |
| 2021 October | 8 | 7 | 15 |
| 2021 September | 6 | 7 | 13 |
| 2021 August | 7 | 4 | 11 |
| 2021 July | 5 | 4 | 9 |
| 2021 June | 4 | 7 | 11 |
| 2021 May | 9 | 9 | 18 |
| 2021 April | 13 | 9 | 22 |
| 2021 March | 14 | 5 | 19 |
| 2021 February | 2 | 4 | 6 |
| 2021 January | 6 | 7 | 13 |
| 2020 December | 4 | 6 | 10 |
| 2020 November | 1 | 3 | 4 |
| 2020 October | 0 | 7 | 7 |
| 2020 September | 5 | 7 | 12 |
| 2020 August | 3 | 6 | 9 |
| 2020 July | 7 | 8 | 15 |
| 2020 June | 4 | 2 | 6 |
| 2020 May | 5 | 2 | 7 |
| 2020 April | 3 | 4 | 7 |
| 2020 March | 2 | 3 | 5 |
| 2020 February | 6 | 3 | 9 |
| 2020 January | 6 | 7 | 13 |
| 2019 December | 5 | 9 | 14 |
| 2019 November | 2 | 3 | 5 |
| 2019 October | 4 | 0 | 4 |
| 2019 September | 0 | 2 | 2 |
| 2019 August | 0 | 1 | 1 |
| 2019 July | 6 | 7 | 13 |
| 2019 June | 0 | 8 | 8 |
| 2019 May | 1 | 9 | 10 |
| 2018 November | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| 2018 September | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| 2018 June | 2 | 1 | 3 |
| 2018 May | 26 | 8 | 34 |
| 2018 April | 34 | 9 | 43 |
| 2018 March | 14 | 12 | 26 |
| 2018 February | 19 | 10 | 29 |
| 2018 January | 31 | 10 | 41 |
| 2017 December | 13 | 9 | 22 |
| 2017 November | 17 | 8 | 25 |
| 2017 October | 19 | 11 | 30 |
| 2017 September | 22 | 8 | 30 |
| 2017 August | 10 | 10 | 20 |
| 2017 July | 18 | 6 | 24 |
| 2017 June | 25 | 9 | 34 |
| 2017 May | 32 | 11 | 43 |
| 2017 April | 36 | 15 | 51 |
| 2017 March | 18 | 12 | 30 |
| 2017 February | 10 | 7 | 17 |
| 2017 January | 11 | 7 | 18 |
| 2016 December | 27 | 11 | 38 |
| 2016 November | 25 | 8 | 33 |
| 2016 October | 26 | 7 | 33 |
| 2016 September | 17 | 8 | 25 |
| 2016 August | 23 | 4 | 27 |
| 2016 July | 19 | 6 | 25 |
| 2016 May | 2 | 0 | 2 |
| 2016 April | 0 | 27 | 27 |
| 2016 March | 3 | 0 | 3 |
| 2016 February | 3 | 20 | 23 |
Show all