Corresponding author: Ciudad Universitaria. Facultad de Medicina. Universidad Nacional de Colombia. Calle 45 N. 30- 03. Bogotá D. C., Colombia. Teléfono +57 1 3165000.
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"apellidos" => "Rincón-Valenzuela" "email" => array:1 [ 0 => "darinconv@unal.edu.co" ] "referencia" => array:2 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span>" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] 1 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">*</span>" "identificador" => "cor0005" ] ] ] 1 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "Ricardo" "apellidos" => "Navarro-Vargas" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span>" "identificador" => "aff0010" ] ] ] 2 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "Javier" "apellidos" => "Eslava-Schmalbach" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">c</span>" "identificador" => "aff0015" ] ] ] ] "afiliaciones" => array:3 [ 0 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "MD, MSc, Professor of Anaesthesia, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional de Colombia; Anaesthetist, Clínica Universitaria Colombia; Member of the Outcomes Research Consortium. Bogotá D.C., Colombia" "etiqueta" => "a" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] 1 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "MD, Professor of Anaesthesia, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional de Colombia. Bogotá D.C., Colombia" "etiqueta" => "b" "identificador" => "aff0010" ] 2 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "MD, MSc, PhD, Professor, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional de Colombia. Manager Centro de Desarrollo Tecnológico, Sociedad Colombiana de Anestesiología y Reanimación, S.C.A.R.E., Bogotá D.C., Colombia" "etiqueta" => "c" "identificador" => "aff0015" ] ] "correspondencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "cor0005" "etiqueta" => "⁎" "correspondencia" => "<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Corresponding author</span>: Ciudad Universitaria. Facultad de Medicina. Universidad Nacional de Colombia. Calle 45 N. 30- 03. Bogotá D. C., Colombia. Teléfono +57 1 3165000." ] ] ] ] "titulosAlternativos" => array:1 [ "es" => array:1 [ "titulo" => "Importancia de los reportes de caso en anestesiología" ] ] "resumenGrafico" => array:2 [ "original" => 0 "multimedia" => array:8 [ "identificador" => "fig0005" "etiqueta" => "Fig. 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "fuente" => "Source: Taken from <a class="elsevierStyleInterRef" id="intr0005" href="http://www.pubmed.com/">www.pubmed.com</a> (case reports [Publication Type])." "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr1.jpeg" "Alto" => 1745 "Ancho" => 1639 "Tamanyo" => 251817 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Case reports indexed in MEDLINE.</p>" ] ] ] "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0005">Definition</span><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A case (from the Latin <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">casus)</span> is defined as something that occurs (occurrence), an event or happening.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0215"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> According to the dictionary of the Royal Spanish Academy, to report is the action of conveying, communicating or giving notice.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0220"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> Although the case could be assimilated to the individual or patient, the term refers in fact to the disease or the clinical condition at hand.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0215"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> Case reports present clinical observations in a form that is particular to healthcare-related sciences.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0225"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a> More specifically, they are a formal summary of a patient and his/her disease, including the presence or absence of signs and symptoms, diagnostic tests, treatment and outcomes.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0230"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a></p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">From the methodological point of view, reports and case series may be considered observational and descriptive studies.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0235"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a> Traditionally, case reports and case series have been mixed indiscriminately in the literature. Articles categorized as case series have been published with only one patient reported, and case reports have been published with more than five patients described.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0240"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a> Based on statistical, epidemiological and clinical criteria, five has been recently defined as the maximum number of patients that must be described in a case report; consequently, six or more patients described are considered a case series.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0245"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a></p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0010">History</span><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In the history of medicine, case reports and case series have been an integral part of the biomedical literature. Case reports date back to 1600 B.C., in ancient Egypt.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0250"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a> Similar narrative formats were found in Hippocratic manuscripts written circa 400 B.C.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0255"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a> Sir William Osler (1849–1919), considered the father of modern medicine, believed that physicians had to keep detailed records of unusual situations in their clinical practice and make them public in a short and concise form.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0250"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a></p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In our specialty, the first case of general anaesthesia with ether in 1846 was documented in a case report published by Bigelow.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0260"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a> Up to this date, this case report may be considered as one of the most important in the history of medicine.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0265"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11</span></a><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a> summarizes some salient case reports in the history of anaesthesiology.</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Since the 1940s, with the emergence of experimental designs followed by the idea and development of evidence-based medicine, great emphasis has been placed on quantitative studies with large sample sizes. Experimental trials are at the top of the hierarchy of clinical evidence, while case reports are lower down in the same classification.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0320"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">22</span></a> On the other hand, journals that publish studies with higher levels of evidence gain more prestige, and these studies are cited a larger number of times, giving a favourable shift to the impact factor. Case reports are usually cited less compared to prospective observational studies and clinical trials.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0325"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">23</span></a> For a journal, this means that publishing case reports might have a potentially deleterious effect on the impact factor.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0330"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">24</span></a> In the 1970s and 1980s, this gave rise to the so-called marginalization of case reports.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0215"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a></p><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">However, towards the end of the past century, case reports gained new popularity in the biomedical literature.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0215"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> This phenomenon has been attributed mainly to three things, among others. First, in the hierarchy of evidence-based medicine, the single-case research methodology (trials with an N of 1) gained traction.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0335"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">25</span></a> Second, in 1995, the Lancet introduced a section on peer reviewed case reports limited to 600 words, addressed mainly to physicians in training, under the premise that this group of practitioners have a more intense clinical exposure in terms of the number of patients compared to their faculty, and this may represent an important source of case reports.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0340"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">26</span></a> And third, in 1998, the BMJ (originally the British Medical Journal) introduced a new type of article, i.e., evidence-based case report, in order to improve reader skills in terms of the application of the clinical evidence.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0345"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">27</span></a></p></span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0015">Current situation of case reports</span><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Rarity by itself is no justification to report a case. Reported cases must contribute to knowledge creation and must give rise to hypotheses and research questions to be solved in subsequent clinical research; they must contribute to the information on known diseases, and to their diagnosis or treatment; and they must always accomplish a clear learning objective for the readers.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0350"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">28–30</span></a></p><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Up to this date, the number of case reports published continues to grow, and close to 1000 case reports (2%) of the 50 thousand indexed in MEDLINE every year relate to anaesthesiology (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig. 1</a>). In the Colombian Journal of Anaesthesia (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Revista Colombiana de Anestesiología</span>), close to 25% of all articles published are case reports.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0365"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">31</span></a></p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Considering that biomedical journals find themselves at a cross-roads at the present time because they need to respond to the irrefutable importance and the need for case reports on the one hand,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0370"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">32</span></a> and strive to increase their own impact factor on the other, editorial committees have defined more stringent criteria in terms of quality, novelty, exceptional interest, brevity and relevance of a case report for publication.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0375"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">33</span></a> Indeed, the recent CARE declaration (from CAse REport) stated the guidelines that must be followed by all manuscripts of this type.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0225"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a></p><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Along these same lines, clearly recognizing the importance of case reports in anaesthesia, very prestigious journals have made the decision of transferring case reports<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0330"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">24,34</span></a> from their core publications to new journals exclusively devoted to case reports.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0385"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">35</span></a></p><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Consistent with all of the above, the Colombian Journal of Anaesthesia recently adhered to the CARE declaration guidelines in order to move towards the standardized format in which case reports are published.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0390"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">36</span></a> Moreover, as proof of the journal's commitment regarding the importance of case reports as a valid strategy for scientific dissemination, this issue includes six case reports<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0395"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">37–41</span></a> and one case series.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0420"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">42</span></a> They were all subjected to a peer review process, they adhere most certainly to modern writing standards, and they will contribute to the education objectives that readers expect from these types of primary studies.</p></span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0020">Funding</span><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">None.</p></span><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0025">Conflict of interest</span><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">None known.</p></span></span>" "textoCompletoSecciones" => array:1 [ "secciones" => array:6 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0005" "titulo" => "Definition" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0010" "titulo" => "History" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0015" "titulo" => "Current situation of case reports" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0020" "titulo" => "Funding" ] 4 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0025" "titulo" => "Conflict of interest" ] 5 => array:1 [ "titulo" => "References" ] ] ] "pdfFichero" => "main.pdf" "tienePdf" => true "NotaPie" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "☆" "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0005">Please cite this article as: Rincón-Valenzuela DA, Navarro-Vargas R, Eslava-Schmalbach J. Importancia de los reportes de caso en anestesiología. Rev Colomb Anestesiol. 2016;44:1–4.</p>" ] ] "multimedia" => array:2 [ 0 => array:8 [ "identificador" => "fig0005" "etiqueta" => "Fig. 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "fuente" => "Source: Taken from <a class="elsevierStyleInterRef" id="intr0005" href="http://www.pubmed.com/">www.pubmed.com</a> (case reports [Publication Type])." "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr1.jpeg" "Alto" => 1745 "Ancho" => 1639 "Tamanyo" => 251817 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Case reports indexed in MEDLINE.</p>" ] ] 1 => array:8 [ "identificador" => "tbl0005" "etiqueta" => "Table 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "fuente" => "Source: Authors." "tabla" => array:1 [ "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "tabla" => array:1 [ 0 => """ <table border="0" frame="\n \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Year and author \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Reason for the report \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Reference \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">1846 Bigelow \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">First general anaesthesia with ether (Dr William Morton, October 16, 1846) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top"><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0260"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">1847 Simpson \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">General anaesthesia with chloroform \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top"><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0270"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12</span></a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">1848 Anonymous \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Death attributable to general anaesthesia with chloroform in Hannah Greener, a 15-year-old patient taken to a minor procedure \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top"><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0275"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13</span></a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">1899 Bier \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Effect of the intrathecal cocaine injection, including the description of post dural puncture headache \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top"><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0280"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">14</span></a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">1921 Pagés \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Epidural anaesthesia \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top"><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0285"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">15</span></a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">1946 Mendelson \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Pulmonary aspiration syndrome in obstetric patients \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top"><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0290"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">16</span></a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; 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Year/Month | Html | Total | |
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2024 November | 6 | 2 | 8 |
2024 October | 14 | 6 | 20 |
2024 September | 20 | 1 | 21 |
2024 August | 22 | 12 | 34 |
2024 July | 22 | 10 | 32 |
2024 June | 22 | 7 | 29 |
2024 May | 17 | 3 | 20 |
2024 April | 28 | 11 | 39 |
2024 March | 34 | 7 | 41 |
2024 February | 29 | 7 | 36 |
2024 January | 18 | 7 | 25 |
2023 December | 28 | 11 | 39 |
2023 November | 36 | 4 | 40 |
2023 October | 37 | 5 | 42 |
2023 September | 21 | 5 | 26 |
2023 August | 19 | 8 | 27 |
2023 July | 30 | 5 | 35 |
2023 June | 32 | 7 | 39 |
2023 May | 49 | 8 | 57 |
2023 April | 42 | 2 | 44 |
2023 March | 34 | 1 | 35 |
2023 February | 21 | 3 | 24 |
2023 January | 17 | 2 | 19 |
2022 December | 19 | 2 | 21 |
2022 November | 27 | 7 | 34 |
2022 October | 24 | 8 | 32 |
2022 September | 23 | 7 | 30 |
2022 August | 40 | 5 | 45 |
2022 July | 18 | 7 | 25 |
2022 June | 32 | 6 | 38 |
2022 May | 45 | 3 | 48 |
2022 April | 33 | 8 | 41 |
2022 March | 25 | 4 | 29 |
2022 February | 30 | 4 | 34 |
2022 January | 24 | 8 | 32 |
2021 December | 20 | 4 | 24 |
2021 November | 12 | 9 | 21 |
2021 October | 15 | 12 | 27 |
2021 September | 19 | 8 | 27 |
2021 August | 33 | 5 | 38 |
2021 July | 34 | 9 | 43 |
2021 June | 20 | 13 | 33 |
2021 May | 23 | 11 | 34 |
2021 April | 66 | 13 | 79 |
2021 March | 42 | 9 | 51 |
2021 February | 37 | 18 | 55 |
2021 January | 40 | 12 | 52 |
2020 December | 27 | 13 | 40 |
2020 November | 14 | 13 | 27 |
2020 October | 19 | 22 | 41 |
2020 September | 8 | 11 | 19 |
2020 August | 11 | 26 | 37 |
2020 July | 8 | 9 | 17 |
2020 June | 9 | 4 | 13 |
2020 May | 9 | 15 | 24 |
2020 April | 5 | 8 | 13 |
2020 March | 12 | 20 | 32 |
2020 February | 6 | 8 | 14 |
2020 January | 7 | 11 | 18 |
2019 December | 9 | 11 | 20 |
2019 November | 7 | 4 | 11 |
2019 October | 4 | 0 | 4 |
2019 September | 1 | 4 | 5 |
2019 July | 9 | 15 | 24 |
2019 June | 0 | 3 | 3 |
2019 May | 3 | 14 | 17 |
2018 September | 1 | 0 | 1 |
2018 June | 2 | 3 | 5 |
2018 May | 18 | 8 | 26 |
2018 April | 41 | 9 | 50 |
2018 March | 24 | 13 | 37 |
2018 February | 18 | 8 | 26 |
2018 January | 29 | 9 | 38 |
2017 December | 18 | 7 | 25 |
2017 November | 20 | 11 | 31 |
2017 October | 22 | 10 | 32 |
2017 September | 16 | 11 | 27 |
2017 August | 18 | 9 | 27 |
2017 July | 23 | 6 | 29 |
2017 June | 24 | 27 | 51 |
2017 May | 38 | 11 | 49 |
2017 April | 38 | 13 | 51 |
2017 March | 15 | 10 | 25 |
2017 February | 11 | 8 | 19 |
2017 January | 17 | 11 | 28 |
2016 December | 33 | 14 | 47 |
2016 November | 31 | 8 | 39 |
2016 October | 37 | 3 | 40 |
2016 September | 36 | 6 | 42 |
2016 August | 26 | 4 | 30 |
2016 July | 19 | 9 | 28 |
2016 May | 3 | 0 | 3 |
2016 April | 0 | 25 | 25 |
2016 March | 1 | 42 | 43 |
2016 February | 2 | 27 | 29 |