Short review
Thyroid cancer in lingual thyroid and thyroglossal duct cyst
Cáncer de tiroides en tiroides lingual y quiste del conducto tirogloso
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Unmethylated CpGs within promoter regions do not abolish transcription and there is gene expression. When methylation occurs, the genes become silenced. <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Histone modifications</span>, one of the histone changes, acetylation at the lysine residue, neutralizes its positive charge, resulting in a weakened interaction between histone and DNA. 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A positive significant correlation is seen between total insulin dose and BMI (Spearman's rho: 2.32; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0.001).</p>" ] ] ] "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "autoresLista" => "Alfonso Arranz Martín, Edurne Lecumberri Pascual, Miguel Ángel Brito Sanfiel, Víctor Andía Melero, Lia Nattero Chavez, Iván Sánchez López, Gloria Cánovas Molina, Francisco Arrieta Blanco, Noemí González Perez del Villar" "autores" => array:10 [ 0 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Alfonso" "apellidos" => "Arranz Martín" ] 1 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Edurne" "apellidos" => "Lecumberri Pascual" ] 2 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Miguel Ángel" "apellidos" => "Brito Sanfiel" ] 3 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Víctor" "apellidos" => "Andía Melero" ] 4 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Lia" "apellidos" => "Nattero Chavez" ] 5 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Iván" "apellidos" => "Sánchez López" ] 6 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Gloria" "apellidos" => "Cánovas Molina" ] 7 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Francisco" "apellidos" => "Arrieta Blanco" ] 8 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Noemí" "apellidos" => "González Perez del Villar" ] 9 => array:1 [ "colaborador" => "Diabetes Group of the Society of Endocrinology, Nutrition and Diabetes of Madrid (SENDIMAD)" ] ] ] ] ] "idiomaDefecto" => "en" "Traduccion" => array:1 [ "es" => array:9 [ "pii" => "S2530016416300015" "doi" => "10.1016/j.endinu.2016.09.001" "estado" => "S300" "subdocumento" => "" "abierto" => array:3 [ "ES" => false "ES2" => false "LATM" => false ] "gratuito" => false "lecturas" => array:1 [ "total" => 0 ] "idiomaDefecto" => "es" "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S2530016416300015?idApp=UINPBA00004N" ] ] "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S253001801730001X?idApp=UINPBA00004N" "url" => "/25300180/0000006400000001/v1_201703170858/S253001801730001X/v1_201703170858/en/main.assets" ] "en" => array:17 [ "idiomaDefecto" => true "cabecera" => "<span class="elsevierStyleTextfn">Short review</span>" "titulo" => "Thyroid cancer in lingual thyroid and thyroglossal duct cyst" "tieneTextoCompleto" => true "paginas" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "paginaInicial" => "40" "paginaFinal" => "43" ] ] "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "autoresLista" => "Giacomo Sturniolo, Francesco Vermiglio, Mariacarla Moleti" "autores" => array:3 [ 0 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "Giacomo" "apellidos" => "Sturniolo" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span>" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] ] ] 1 => array:4 [ "nombre" => "Francesco" "apellidos" => "Vermiglio" "email" => array:1 [ 0 => "fvermiglio@unime.it" ] "referencia" => array:2 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span>" "identificador" => "aff0010" ] 1 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">*</span>" "identificador" => "cor0005" ] ] ] 2 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "Mariacarla" "apellidos" => "Moleti" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span>" "identificador" => "aff0010" ] ] ] ] "afiliaciones" => array:2 [ 0 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Dipartimento di Patologia Umana dell’adulto e dell’età evolutiva “Gaetano Barresi”, University of Messina, Italy" "etiqueta" => "a" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] 1 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Sperimentale, University of Messina, Italy" "etiqueta" => "b" "identificador" => "aff0010" ] ] "correspondencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "cor0005" "etiqueta" => "⁎" "correspondencia" => "Corresponding author." ] ] ] ] "titulosAlternativos" => array:1 [ "es" => array:1 [ "titulo" => "Cáncer de tiroides en tiroides lingual y quiste del conducto tirogloso" ] ] "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0025">Introduction</span><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Thyroid embryogenesis begins by about day 24, from a median endodermal thickening forming the <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">thyroid diverticulum</span>. This primordial structure migrates from the floor of the primitive pharynx and by week 7 of embryonic development it reaches its definitive location in front of the trachea. A failure of the thyroid anlage to descend throughout the normal pathway results in abnormalities in thyroid organogenesis, including an incomplete (thyroid hypoplasia) or absent (thyroid agenesis) development of the thyroid gland, or in an aberrant location of the gland along the midline, from the base of the tongue to the mediastinum (thyroid ectopy). All these conditions, overall covering 80–85% of the cases of congenital hypothyroidism, are usually indicated as “thyroid dysgenesis” (TD).<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0190"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a></p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Molecular studies suggest that the co-expression of the transcription factors TITF1/NKX2-1, FOXE1, PAX8, and HHEX in the thyroid anlage is essential for regular organogenesis. In particular, mice homozygous for Foxe1 mutations show sublingual thyroid,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0195"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> an evidence that indicates that this transcription factor is required for thyroid migration. However, to date no mutation in the above-mentioned transcription factors has been found in patients with ectopic thyroid.</p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Among ectopic thyroid locations, the most common is the tongue, which accounts for 90% of reported cases. Less frequently, ectopic thyroid tissue may be found in the submandibular area, larynx, trachea, esophagus, mediastinum, diaphragm, and heart.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0200"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a> In addition, a failure of obliteration of the mid portion of the thyroglossal duct may result in the persistence of epithelial tissue along the path of the descent of the thyroid gland. This embryological remnant may remain clinically quiescent, or presents itself as a cyst (thyroglossal duct cyst, TGDC) located in most cases between the hyoid bone and the thyroid cartilage.</p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Although most cases of ectopic thyroid are asymptomatic, any disease affecting the thyroid may potentially involve the ectopic tissue, including malignancies.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0205"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4–7</span></a> We here review current literature concerning primary thyroid carcinomas originating from thyroglossal duct cysts and lingual thyroid, which are the most common ectopic thyroid malignancies.</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0030">Data acquisition</span><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">We used the keywords “lingual thyroid” and “thyroglossal duct cyst”, both separately and in conjunction with the terms “thyroid cancer” and “ectopic thyroid cancer” to search MEDLINE for clinical case series and/or case reports and review articles published between 1990 and December 2015, and focused on thyroid cancer originating from the above thyroid ectopies. After exclusion of articles with no abstract available and those in languages other than English, 70 articles were selected and analyzed. For the purposes of this brief review, only case series and review articles were quoted.</p></span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0035">Thyroglossal duct cyst carcinoma (TGDCC)</span><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">TGDC is usually referred to as the most common congenital neck mass.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0220"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a> The development of a carcinoma on a TGDC is rather unusual, with a reported prevalence ranging from 0.7 to 1% of patients with TGDC.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0220"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7–9</span></a> However, the estimated prevalence of TGDCC in surgical series, likely comprising patients with suspicious clinical and/or imaging features, is as high as 13–14%.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0235"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10,11</span></a></p><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Since Brentano first described one case in 1911,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0245"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12</span></a> only about 250 cases of TGDCC have been reported in the literature.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0225"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a> TGDCC originate from both thyroid and squamous cells.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0235"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a> Papillary thyroid cancer (PTC) is the most common histological type (80%), followed by the follicular variant of PTC (8%), by squamous cell carcinoma (6%), and by follicular thyroid carcinoma (FTC), Hürthle cell, C-cell and anaplastic carcinoma in the remaining 6%.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0230"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9,13</span></a> TGDCC has been reported to occur as an isolated lesion, with no coexisting malignancies within the orthotopic thyroid tissue.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0255"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">14,15</span></a> However, the simultaneous occurrence of a TGDCC and a thyroid carcinoma has been reported in 11–62% of all cases of TGDCC,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0230"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9,16,17</span></a> likely suggesting the lesion to be either a multifocal thyroid neoplasia, or a metastasis of a primary thyroid carcinoma that has spread through the thyroglossal duct. Alternatively, it has been suggested that the cancer originated in the thyroglossal duct cyst may represent the primary tumor, being the thyroid gland a secondary localization.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0270"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">17,18</span></a></p><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The majority of TGDCCs are located in small cysts and capsular invasion is sometimes reported. Lymph node metastases are found in between 7% and 15% of cases and distant metastases are uncommon.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0275"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">18,19</span></a> Diagnosis is usually post-operative, due to the fact that many clinical features are common to both malignant and benign lesions.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0285"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">20</span></a> Fine needle aspiration cytology can facilitate preoperative diagnosis and should therefore be routinely prescribed for all adult patients with a clinical diagnosis of TGDC.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0230"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a></p><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">There is generally unanimous agreement that the surgical treatment of TGDCC should employ the Sistrunk technique, which involves excision of the cyst, the central portion of the body of the hyoid bone, and a core of tissue around the thyroglossal tract extending up to the foramen caecum.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0290"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">21</span></a> Conversely, the need of performing thyroidectomy in the management of TGDCCs is debated.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0265"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">16</span></a> In agreement with some authors,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0230"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9,15,17,19</span></a> we believe that thyroidectomy should be performed on all TGDCC patients. Although this opinion is in apparent conflict with current 2015 ATA guidelines,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0295"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">22</span></a> we personally believe that it might be considered for at least two reasons. First, these neoplasias may be metastases of occult thyroid carcinomas, and therefore thyroidectomy would form the basis of a definitive treatment. Second, thyroidectomy allows optimal staging, radiometabolic therapy, if required, and long-term follow-up with thyroglobulin assays.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0220"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7,10,17,23</span></a></p><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Radiometabolic treatment in such patients should be performed in those classified as high risk (being of advanced age, having metastatic or invasive tumors, or histological features indicating a poor prognosis, or a coexisting thyroid carcinoma).<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0275"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">18,22</span></a> The prognosis for differentiated thyroid cancer (DTC) originating from TGDC is as good as that reported for primary DTC in orthotopic glands, with distant metastatic disease occurring in less than 2% of cases.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0275"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span></a></p></span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0040">Lingual thyroid cancer (LTC)</span><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Lingual thyroid (LT) is a rare condition, with an estimated prevalence ranging between 1:100,000 and 1:300,000. Females are more often affected with this TD, and the female/male ratio is of 3:1–8:1. Carcinoma arising from lingual thyroid is even rarer. The prevalence is estimated in about 1% of patients with LT, with a female/male ratio of approximately 2:1, and a higher prevalence in the third decade of life.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0220"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7,24,25</span></a></p><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">At variance with DTC arising from orthotopic thyroid, FTC is usually reported as being the predominating histopathology in lingual thyroid.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0305"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">24,26–28</span></a> The reasons for the higher occurrence of more aggressive cancers in LT are not clear. It has been suggested that this event may be related to the long-term condition of hypothyroidism due to the absence of the orthotopic gland, which, in turn may induce a thyotropin-mediated compensatory hyperplasia,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0325"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">28</span></a> like that observed in conditions of long-term iodine deficiency.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0330"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">29,30</span></a> The possibility of histological misclassifications in early reports should also be taken into account, since follicular variants of papillary thyroid carcinoma were previously classified as follicular lesions.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0325"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">28</span></a> In accordance with this speculation is the observation that a review of LTC cases diagnosed following the release of standardized criteria of histological typing,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0340"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">31</span></a> PTC accounted for about 65% of the reported cases, thus representing the prevailing histotype of LTC.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0310"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">25</span></a> However, even when only cases described in more recent years were considered, the PTC/FTC ratio in lingual thyroid was approximately 2:1,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0310"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">25</span></a> thus definitely higher than that observed in DTC arising from eutopic thyroid.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0345"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">32</span></a> Peculiar among the cases reported are one case of medullary carcinoma<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0350"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">33</span></a> and the coexistence of a PTC with a squamous cell carcinoma of the tongue.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0355"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">34</span></a></p><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Owing to the rarity of LTC, the natural history of this condition is poorly known. In most of the cases reported, the neoplasia was confined to the tongue, with loco-regional and distant metastases accounting for 20% and 14% of cases, respectively.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0220"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7,24,25</span></a> Presently available data indicate that, similarly to DTC arising from orthotopic thyroid tissue, lingual PTC shows a tendency to lymphatic diffusion,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0200"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3,7,25</span></a> whereas hematogenous metastases are more common in follicular carcinoma.</p><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">As far as LTC diagnosis is concerned, clinical signs include the evidence of an oral mass with or without aspecific symptoms (hoarseness, dyspnea, the perception that a foreign body is present, dysphagia and/or hemoptysis). The differential diagnosis includes all lesions potentially arising in the region<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0200"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a> (lingual tonsil hypertrophy, mucous and dermoid cysts, squamous cell carcinoma and lymphoma, among others), and <span class="elsevierStyleSup">99</span>Tc or <span class="elsevierStyleSup">123</span>I scintiscan may be helpful to assess the thyroid origin of the tissue, although some false negative cases were reported.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0360"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">35</span></a></p><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Although there are several limitations due to the fact that LT tissue characteristically has an incomplete or poorly defined capsule, biopsy of the lesion can be helpful for distinguishing LTC from normal LT tissue.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0220"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7,24</span></a></p><p id="par0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Concerning LTC management, preoperative neck ultrasound and ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspiration of sonographically suspicious lymph nodes, if any, should be performed in order to plan the most appropriate therapeutic approach. Routine preoperative use of computed tomography (CT) and especially magnetic resonance (MR) is also recommended, as they are helpful in differentiating thyroid tissue from tongue muscle.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0305"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">24</span></a> When diagnosis is confirmed, the first approach may be surgical or by means of radioiodine treatment, the choice mostly depending on the extension of the lesion. Indeed, to be successful, the surgical approach should be performed with wide margins of excision and followed by complementary <span class="elsevierStyleSup">131</span>I treatment. The latter may also be used as a first-line approach in cases of large cancers in which surgery would be highly invalidating. Finally, neck dissection is indicated in the presence of additional suspected lesions or metastatic disease.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0220"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a></p><p id="par0085" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In conclusion, dysembryogenetic thyroid lesions, although rare, are at risk of harboring cancers, with a seemingly higher frequency than that observed in eutopic thyroids. Concerning thyroid cancer in the TGDCs, in most cases the diagnosis of these tumors is made when the disease is no longer limited to the thyroglossal duct cyst. In particular, the coexistence of thyroid cancer in the TGDC and in the thyroid has been reported with high frequency. This observation raises the question of whether the primary lesion originates in the ectopic rather than in the orthotopic thyroid tissue, with the other being a metastatic localization. In favor of a primary origin of tumors in the TGDC is the evidence of a usually larger size of tumor in the ectopic localization, the frequent involvement of the highest lymph node stations (I, II, III and IV) with the central compartment being less frequently involved, and finally the more frequent extension to adjacent soft tissue of TGDC cancer.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0270"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">17</span></a> In this view, a close monitoring of TGDCs would be recommended, with a preventive surgical removal of the lesion to be seriously considered in patients with an increased risk of thyroid malignancies (family history of thyroid cancer or history of neck/chest radiation).</p><p id="par0090" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">As far as lingual thyroid cancer is concerned, common diagnostic strategy also includes magentic resonance imaging in the preoperative work-up to define morphological features, and the therapeutic approach involves the use of <span class="elsevierStyleSup">131</span>I to complete surgical excision, or as a first line treatment whenever the lesion is either unresectable or in patients refusing surgery.</p></span><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0045">Ethical approval</span><p id="par0095" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.</p></span><span id="sec0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0050">Informed consent</span><p id="par0100" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">No informed consent is required.</p></span><span id="sec0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0055">Conflict of interest</span><p id="par0105" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.</p></span></span>" "textoCompletoSecciones" => array:1 [ "secciones" => array:12 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "xres815737" "titulo" => "Abstract" "secciones" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "identificador" => "abst0005" ] ] ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xpalclavsec813037" "titulo" => "Keywords" ] 2 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "xres815736" "titulo" => "Resumen" "secciones" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "identificador" => "abst0010" ] ] ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xpalclavsec813038" "titulo" => "Palabras clave" ] 4 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0005" "titulo" => "Introduction" ] 5 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0010" "titulo" => "Data acquisition" ] 6 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0015" "titulo" => "Thyroglossal duct cyst carcinoma (TGDCC)" ] 7 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0020" "titulo" => "Lingual thyroid cancer (LTC)" ] 8 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0025" "titulo" => "Ethical approval" ] 9 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0030" "titulo" => "Informed consent" ] 10 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0035" "titulo" => "Conflict of interest" ] 11 => array:1 [ "titulo" => "References" ] ] ] "pdfFichero" => "main.pdf" "tienePdf" => true "fechaRecibido" => "2016-04-27" "fechaAceptado" => "2016-07-26" "PalabrasClave" => array:2 [ "en" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "clase" => "keyword" "titulo" => "Keywords" "identificador" => "xpalclavsec813037" "palabras" => array:5 [ 0 => "Dysembriogenetic thyroid defects" 1 => "Thyroglossal duct cysts" 2 => "Lingual thyroid" 3 => "Ectopic thyroid" 4 => "Differentiated thyroid cancer" ] ] ] "es" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "clase" => "keyword" "titulo" => "Palabras clave" "identificador" => "xpalclavsec813038" "palabras" => array:5 [ 0 => "Defectos embrionarios del tiroides" 1 => "Quiste tirogloso" 2 => "Tiroides lingual" 3 => "Tiroides ectópico" 4 => "Cáncer diferenciado de tiroides" ] ] ] ] "tieneResumen" => true "resumen" => array:2 [ "en" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Abstract" "resumen" => "<span id="abst0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Ectopy is the most common embryogenetic defect of the thyroid gland, representing between 48 and 61% of all thyroid dysgeneses. Persistence of thyroid tissue in the context of a thyroglossal duct remnant and lingual thyroid tissue are the most common defects. Although most cases of ectopic thyroid are asymptomatic, any disease affecting the thyroid may potentially involve the ectopic tissue, including malignancies. The prevalence of differentiated thyroid carcinoma in lingual thyroid and thyroglossal duct cyst is around 1% of patients affected with the above thyroid ectopies. We here review the current literature concerning primary thyroid carcinomas originating from thyroid tissue on thyroglossal duct cysts and lingual thyroid.</p></span>" ] "es" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Resumen" "resumen" => "<span id="abst0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">La ectopia es el defecto embriogenético más frecuente de la glándula tiroides, responsable de entre el 48 y el 61% de todas las disgenesias tiroideas. La persistencia de tejido tiroideo en el contexto de un resto de conducto tirogloso y el tejido tiroideo lingual son los defectos más comunes. Aunque la mayoría de los casos de tiroides ectópico son asintomáticos, cualquier proceso que afecte al tiroides puede afectar potencialmente al tejido ectópico, incluidos los tumores malignos. La prevalencia de carcinoma tiroideo diferenciado en tiroides lingual y quiste del conducto tirogloso es de alrededor del 1% en los pacientes con las ectopias tiroideas antes citadas. Revisamos aquí la bibliografía actual sobre los carcinomas tiroideos primarios originados a partir de tejido tiroideo de quistes del conducto tirogloso y tiroides lingual.</p></span>" ] ] "bibliografia" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "References" "seccion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "bibs0005" "bibliografiaReferencia" => array:35 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0190" "etiqueta" => "1" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Thyroid development and disorders of thyroid function in the newborn" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:2 [ 0 => "D.A. Fisher" 1 => "A. 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| Year/Month | Html | Total | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2024 October | 33 | 2 | 35 |
| 2024 September | 61 | 12 | 73 |
| 2024 August | 55 | 7 | 62 |
| 2024 July | 71 | 6 | 77 |
| 2024 June | 54 | 3 | 57 |
| 2024 May | 66 | 6 | 72 |
| 2024 April | 41 | 6 | 47 |
| 2024 March | 64 | 5 | 69 |
| 2024 February | 84 | 2 | 86 |
| 2024 January | 113 | 5 | 118 |
| 2023 December | 78 | 5 | 83 |
| 2023 November | 64 | 6 | 70 |
| 2023 October | 95 | 9 | 104 |
| 2023 September | 54 | 3 | 57 |
| 2023 August | 57 | 1 | 58 |
| 2023 July | 42 | 3 | 45 |
| 2023 June | 45 | 3 | 48 |
| 2023 May | 87 | 5 | 92 |
| 2023 April | 59 | 5 | 64 |
| 2023 March | 63 | 4 | 67 |
| 2023 February | 47 | 8 | 55 |
| 2023 January | 42 | 1 | 43 |
| 2022 December | 38 | 5 | 43 |
| 2022 November | 51 | 5 | 56 |
| 2022 October | 39 | 6 | 45 |
| 2022 September | 38 | 5 | 43 |
| 2022 August | 38 | 7 | 45 |
| 2022 July | 38 | 10 | 48 |
| 2022 June | 40 | 6 | 46 |
| 2022 May | 36 | 8 | 44 |
| 2022 April | 66 | 9 | 75 |
| 2022 March | 107 | 5 | 112 |
| 2022 February | 138 | 5 | 143 |
| 2022 January | 113 | 4 | 117 |
| 2021 December | 71 | 11 | 82 |
| 2021 November | 72 | 13 | 85 |
| 2021 October | 34 | 20 | 54 |
| 2021 September | 39 | 13 | 52 |
| 2021 August | 54 | 9 | 63 |
| 2021 July | 27 | 13 | 40 |
| 2021 June | 12 | 6 | 18 |
| 2021 May | 24 | 13 | 37 |
| 2021 April | 99 | 10 | 109 |
| 2021 March | 57 | 5 | 62 |
| 2021 February | 45 | 10 | 55 |
| 2021 January | 59 | 16 | 75 |
| 2020 December | 33 | 5 | 38 |
| 2020 November | 54 | 12 | 66 |
| 2020 October | 29 | 9 | 38 |
| 2020 September | 36 | 6 | 42 |
| 2020 August | 53 | 9 | 62 |
| 2020 July | 27 | 5 | 32 |
| 2020 June | 20 | 8 | 28 |
| 2020 May | 37 | 11 | 48 |
| 2020 April | 25 | 13 | 38 |
| 2020 March | 42 | 5 | 47 |
| 2020 February | 41 | 4 | 45 |
| 2020 January | 42 | 1 | 43 |
| 2019 December | 25 | 10 | 35 |
| 2019 November | 28 | 4 | 32 |
| 2019 October | 26 | 6 | 32 |
| 2019 September | 32 | 7 | 39 |
| 2019 August | 10 | 4 | 14 |
| 2019 July | 23 | 9 | 32 |
| 2019 June | 45 | 14 | 59 |
| 2019 May | 109 | 43 | 152 |
| 2019 April | 35 | 4 | 39 |
| 2019 March | 11 | 3 | 14 |
| 2019 February | 14 | 5 | 19 |
| 2019 January | 5 | 4 | 9 |
| 2018 December | 7 | 2 | 9 |
| 2018 November | 10 | 6 | 16 |
| 2018 October | 13 | 9 | 22 |
| 2018 September | 17 | 7 | 24 |
| 2018 August | 6 | 6 | 12 |
| 2018 July | 17 | 4 | 21 |
| 2018 June | 7 | 1 | 8 |
| 2018 May | 8 | 5 | 13 |
| 2018 April | 6 | 7 | 13 |
| 2018 March | 11 | 0 | 11 |
| 2018 February | 7 | 0 | 7 |
| 2018 January | 12 | 1 | 13 |
| 2017 December | 11 | 0 | 11 |
| 2017 November | 9 | 1 | 10 |
| 2017 October | 5 | 0 | 5 |
| 2017 September | 13 | 3 | 16 |
| 2017 August | 14 | 6 | 20 |
| 2017 July | 16 | 1 | 17 |
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