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Scientific letter
Cushing’s disease due to pituitary oncocytoma: A case study and a review of the literature
Enfermedad de Cushing debida a un oncocitoma hipofisario: reporte de un caso y revisión de la literatura
Sílvia Ballestaa,
Corresponding author
silvia.ballesta@gmail.com

Corresponding author.
, Juan José Chillaróna, Francisco Alamedab, Jesús Lafuentec, María José Carreraa
a Departamento de Endocrinología y Nutrición, Hospital del Mar, Barcelona, Spain
b Departamento de Anatomía Patológica, Hospital del Mar, Barcelona, Spain
c Departamento de Neurocirugía, Hospital del Mar, Barcelona, Spain
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    "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Spindle cell oncocytoma &#40;SCO&#41; is a low-grade neoplasm in the sellar region originally described by Roncaroli y cols&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> in 2002&#46; SCO is a rare tumor that accounts for 0&#46;1&#37; to 0&#46;4&#37; of sellar tumors&#44; with a mean age at diagnosis of approximately 60&#8239;years and no sex differences&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2&#8211;4</span></a> The fourth edition of the World Health Organization classification of endocrine tumors &#40;EN-WHO2017&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> includes SCO as a non-neuroendocrine tumor of the pituitary gland within a rare group of tumors&#44; defined by positive immunohistochemical staining for thyroid transcription factor-1 &#40;TTF-1&#41;&#44; which also includes pituicytoma&#44; glandular cell tumor&#44; and sellar ependymoma&#46; The relevance of distinguishing between these tumor subtypes is currently questioned&#44; because they show histological heterogeneity and characteristics that frequently overlap&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> Constitutive TTF-1 expression in these tumors points toward a common pituitary origin&#44; ruling out the initial hypothesis that SCO originated from folliculostellate cells&#44; which are negative for TTF-1&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2&#44;3</span></a> SCO is now considered to originate from proliferation of oncocytic pituicytes in the adenohypophysis&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> although its origin in pluripotent cells has been suggested&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0020"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4&#44;5</span></a> To date&#44; less than 40&#8239;cases of pituitary SCO have been reported in the literature&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a> Despite its nature of non-endocrine tumors&#44; at least three cases of SCO with clinical signs of hormonal overproduction by the tumor have been reported&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0030"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6&#8211;8</span></a> A patient with Cushing&#8217;s disease caused by an adenohypophyseal oncocytoma is reported here&#46;</p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">This was a 69 year-old woman with no toxic habits&#44; a pathological history of hypertension with mild hypertensive heart disease treated with three antihypertensive drugs&#44; and osteoporosis with no previous pathological fractures&#46; In August 2017&#44; the patient was referred to the department of endocrinology and nutrition for screening for Cushing&#8217;s syndrome due to significant weight gain&#44; with worsening of blood pressure control and osteoporosis&#46; Use of exogenous corticosteroids was excluded&#46; Physical examination revealed body fat redistribution with central obesity and loss of muscle mass in the limbs&#44; proximal muscle weakness&#44; moon face and buffalo hump&#44; and hirsutism&#46; Body mass index &#40;BMI&#41; was 30&#46;9&#8239;kg&#47;m<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>&#46; She had a thin skin but no purple striae&#46; Basic biochemistry tests revealed moderate hypernatremia &#40;Na 148&#8211;151&#8239;mmol&#47;l&#41; with hypokalemia &#40;K 3&#46;25&#8239;mmol&#47;l&#41; and metabolic alkalosis &#40;pH&#8239;7&#46;48&#59; HCO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">3</span><span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#8213;</span> 31&#8239;mmol&#47;l&#41; as significant findings&#46; Hormone evaluation showed elevated cortisol levels in 24&#8239;h urine of 253&#8239;&#956;g&#47;24&#8239;h &#40;normal range&#44; 12&#46;8&#8211;82&#46;5&#8239;&#956;g&#47;24&#8239;h&#41;&#44; elevation of basal cortisol levels at 8&#8239;h to 25&#46;8&#8239;&#956;g&#47;dl &#40;normal range&#44; 4&#46;3&#8211;22&#46;4&#8239;&#956;g&#47;dl&#41;&#44; and two elevated nocturnal salivary cortisol measurements &#40;at 23&#8239;h&#41; of 7&#46;87 and 13&#46;93&#8239;ng&#47;ml respectively &#40;normal range &#60;1&#46;00&#8239;ng&#47;ml&#41;&#46; In this context of hypercortisolism&#44; an ACTH level of 31&#8239;pg&#47;ml &#40;normal range 5&#8722;46&#8239;pg&#47;ml&#41; was found&#44; confirming the diagnosis of ACTH-dependent hypercortisolism&#46; Magnetic resonance imaging revealed a 5&#8239;mm nodular image in the right posterior area of the adenohypophysis&#46; Catheterization of inferior petrosal sinuses with CRH stimulation showed lateralization to the right of ACTH secretion&#44; which confirmed the pituitary origin of Cushing&#8217;s syndrome &#40;ACTH in peripheral vein&#58; 7&#8239;pg&#47;ml at 0&#8239;min&#44; 22&#8239;pg&#47;ml at 3&#8239;min&#44; 27&#8239;pg&#47;ml at 5&#8239;min&#44; 24&#8239;pg&#47;ml at 10&#8239;min&#59; ACTH in right petrosal sinus&#58; 23&#8239;pg&#47;ml at 0&#8239;min&#44; 509&#8239;pg&#47;ml at 3&#8239;min&#44; 529&#8239;pg&#47;ml at 5&#8239;min&#44; 285&#8239;pg&#47;ml at 10&#8239;min&#59; ACTH in left petrosal sinus&#58; 9&#8239;pg&#47;ml at 0&#8239;min&#44; 458&#8239;pg&#47;ml at 3&#8239;min&#44; 295&#8239;pg&#47;ml at 5&#8239;min&#44; 128&#8239;pg&#47;ml at 10&#8239;min&#41;&#46; The pituitary tumor was resected using the transsphenoidal approach with no incidents&#46; The pathological study &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig&#46; 1</a>&#41; found oncocytic changes which were confirmed by electron microscopy&#46; Immunohistochemical stains were positive for ACTH and GH&#44; but not for FSH&#44; LH&#44; TSH&#44; or prolactin&#46; One year after surgical resection of the tumor&#44; the patient had central adrenal insufficiency &#40;ACTH 6&#8239;pg&#47;ml&#44; cortisol 0&#46;9&#8239;&#956;g&#47;dl&#41; that was treated with hydrocortisone at replacement doses&#46; There were no deficiencies in all other pituitary hormones&#46; The patient had a good clinical course&#44; with a weight loss of 68&#46;7&#8239;kg to 64&#8239; kg&#44; and improved blood pressure control&#46; One of the three&#8239;antihypertensive drugs could be discontinued&#46; Magnetic resonance imaging one year after surgery showed no evidence of pituitary lesions&#44; and postoperative changes in the sphenoid sinus were only reported&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Despite its definition as non-neuroendocrine tumors&#44; at least three&#8239;more cases of SCO associated with hormone overproduction have been reported in the literature&#46; One case of SCO diagnosed by electron microscopy was reported in a 19&#8239;year-old woman with hyperprolactinemia&#44; GH deficiency&#44; and clinical signs and symptoms of hypothyroidism that relapsed after surgery as Cushing&#8217;s disease&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0030"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a> Hormone immunohistochemical analysis of the surgical specimen was not available in this case&#46; An SCO was subsequently reported in a 24&#8239;year-old woman with clinical signs of amenorrhea and galactorrhea attributed to prolactin secretion by the tumor&#44; with positive staining for prolactin in the histopathological study&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0035"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a> More recently&#44; a 19&#8239;year-old woman was reported to have Cushing&#8217;s disease due to ACTH overproduction by an SCO&#44; also confirmed by an immunohistochemical study&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0040"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a> It should be noted that the first two cases cited were published in 1978 and 1980 respectively&#44; and the diagnostic and therapeutic approach&#44; as well as the pathological assessment techniques&#44; are therefore not comparable to current techniques&#46; In the case reported here&#44; immunohistochemical staining for TTF-1 could not be performed either due to a lack of archived tumor tissue&#46; In addition&#44; the potential coexistence of an ACTH-secreting pituitary microtumor that had not been diagnosed in the pathological analysis cannot be ruled out in any of the cases&#46;</p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Hormone overproduction in some of the cases of adenohypophyseal SCO supports the hypothesis pointing to its origin in pluripotent cells able to acquire a mesenchymal or neurosecretory phenotype during the differentiation process&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0025"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a> with the possibility that oncocytes acquire the ability to synthesize hormones&#46; The importance of reporting all cases of SCO with hormone overproduction and the need for targeted studies on the cellular origin of SCOs&#44; as yet unknown&#44; is therefore demonstrated&#46;</p></span>"
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        "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0005">Please cite this article as&#58; Ballesta S&#44; Chillar&#243;n JJ&#44; Alameda F&#44; Lafuente J&#44; Carrera MJ&#46; Enfermedad de Cushing debida a un oncocitoma hipofisario&#58; reporte de un caso y revisi&#243;n de la literatura&#46; Endocrinol Diabetes Nutr&#46; 2021&#59;68&#58;208&#8211;210&#46;</p>"
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          "en" => "<p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Histopathological and immunohistochemical study of the pituitary tumor &#40;consecutive sections&#41;&#46; &#40;a&#41; Microstructure of SCO based on cells with oncocytic changes with abundant eosinophilic cytoplasm &#40;HE&#44; &#215;29&#41;&#46; &#40;b&#8211;d&#41; Immunohistochemical stains&#58; b&#44; vimentin&#59; c&#44; protein S-100&#59; d&#44; EMA &#40;&#215;10&#41;&#46; Immunohistochemistry was negative for CD34&#44; glial protein&#44; desmin&#44; and C-kit &#40;not shown&#41;&#46; &#40;e&#8211;f&#41; Ultrastructural study by electron microscopy&#46; Oncocytic cells with abundant secretory granules and mitochondria are seen&#46; Magnification&#58; &#215;10&#44;500 &#40;f&#41;&#44; &#215;13&#44;500 &#40;e&#41;&#46; &#40;g&#8211;l&#41; Immunoprofile&#58; g&#44; ACTH&#59; h&#44; GH&#59; i&#44; FSH&#59; j&#44; LH&#59; k&#44; TSH&#59; l&#44; prolactin &#40;&#215;2&#46;5&#41;&#46;</p>"
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