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Original article
A review of systemic infiltrative diseases and associated endocrine diseases
Revisión sobre enfermedades infiltrativas sistémicas y patología endocrinológica asociada
Diego Muñoz Moreno
Corresponding author
diego.munozm93@gmail.com

Corresponding author.
, María Miguélez González, Laura González Fernández, Juan Carlos Percovich Hualpa
Servicio de Endocrinología y Nutrición, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain
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    "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0025">Introduction</span><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Systemic infiltrative diseases are a group of relatively rare diseases consisting of cell infiltration or substance deposition in multiple organs and systems&#44; including endocrine glands&#46;</p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Many texts on endocrinology discuss the group of infiltrative diseases as a cause of hormone deficiencies in each of the glands separately&#46; However&#44; addressing these diseases jointly is a complex undertaking&#44; as there are no publications in the literature dealing with them as a group&#44; and there are no clear protocols for either hormone testing or management in these patients&#46;</p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Although these are low-prevalence diseases&#44; the diagnostic and therapeutic approach to these patients is not uncommon and represents a challenge for endocrinologists in clinical practice&#46; This is more obvious when a patient is being assessed for various hormone deficiencies and the systemic disease that is causing them has yet to be diagnosed&#46;</p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">We present below a narrative review of the available literature on the most common endocrine abnormalities associated with infiltrative diseases&#46; We conducted a literature search in various databases&#44; such as Pubmed&#44; Embase and Scopus&#44; for the most significant related diseases&#58; sarcoidosis&#44; Langerhans cell histiocytosis&#44; hereditary haemochromatosis and systemic amyloidosis&#46; We did not include infectious or metastatic disease&#46; We did include review articles&#44; observational studies&#44; case reports and case series that particularly focused on the endocrine abnormalities in the four diseases listed above&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0030">Sarcoidosis</span><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Sarcoidosis is a multisystem disease characterised by the presence of non-caseating granulomas in the tissues&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> Its aetiology is not fully understood&#44; but activated T lymphocytes are known to be involved&#46; The disease usually appears between 20 and 40 years of age&#46; It has an estimated prevalence of 10 cases per 100&#44;000 population&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> Although in some individuals it may be transient&#44; in others it becomes a chronic disease&#46; Sarcoidosis most often affects the lungs in the form of bilateral hilar lymphadenopathy and interstitial lung disease&#44; but 30&#37; of individuals with this disease develop extrapulmonary manifestations&#46; In addition to endocrine disorders&#44; skin and eye lesions are also typical&#46; Other organs&#44; including the liver&#44; spleen&#44; lymph nodes&#44; heart&#44; bones and organs of the nervous system&#44; may also be affected&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a></p><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0035">Calcium and phosphorus metabolism</span><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Hypercalcaemia is associated with sarcoidosis in 5&#37;&#8211;10&#37; of cases&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0020"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a> It is caused by an increase in the concentration of 1&#44;25&#40;OH&#41;<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>-vitamin D<span class="elsevierStyleInf">3</span> due to extrarenal 1&#945; hydroxylation of vitamin D in granulomas&#44; although excessive production of parathyroid hormone-related protein &#40;PTHrP&#41; and cytokines that resorb bone may play a role in some patients&#46; Local synthesis of 1&#44;25&#40;OH&#41;<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>-vitamin D<span class="elsevierStyleInf">3</span> by macrophages activated by interferon gamma and the activation of the vitamin D receptor &#40;VDR&#41; in these cells constitutes a paracrine system that activates antibacterial mechanisms as part of the normal action of the macrophages&#46; The 1&#44;25&#40;OH&#41;<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>-vitamin D<span class="elsevierStyleInf">3</span> is responsible for increasing intestinal absorption of calcium and phosphate&#44; increasing osteoclastic recruitment and bone resorption&#44; and modulating the increase in bone formation by osteoblasts&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a></p><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Hypercalciuria is even more common than hypercalcaemia as it occurs in 40&#37;&#8211;50&#37; of patients with sarcoidosis&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0025"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a> The mechanism by which hypercalciuria occurs is multifactorial&#44; although it is probably due to increased calcium absorption&#44; plus increased bone resorption&#46;</p><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Hypercalcaemia suppresses the PTH secreted by the parathyroid glands&#46; Primary hyperparathyroidism associated with sarcoidosis is very rare&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0030"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a></p><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Elevated serum calcium can lead to complications such as pancreatitis&#44; nephrocalcinosis&#44; nephrolithiasis&#44; kidney failure and even death&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0035"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a> Symptomatic hypercalcaemia in the form of dehydration&#44; nephrogenic diabetes insipidus or altered level of consciousness is rare but can occur without treatment&#46;</p><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Abnormal calcium and phosphorus metabolism can also lead to osteopenia and osteoporosis&#44; to which is added the effect of corticosteroids&#44; the treatment of choice in this disease&#46; For that reason&#44; antiresorptive therapy is essential in these patients&#59; bisphosphonates are the first choice for the primary and secondary prevention of glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis&#46;</p><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Patients should be advised of the need to minimise exposure to sunlight&#44; limit intake of foods rich in vitamin D and drink plenty of fluids&#46; Prednisolone at a dose of 20&#8722;40&#160;mg a day is the drug of choice and is highly effective in restoring normal serum calcium levels&#46; Corticosteroids reduce gastrointestinal calcium absorption and inhibit osteoclastic activity&#46; If hypercalcaemia does not resolve with steroid therapy&#44; primary hyperparathyroidism should be ruled out&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a></p><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Ketoconazole is a second-line treatment for hypercalcaemia and is indicated when steroid treatment is ineffective or contraindicated&#46; It is an imidazole antifungal that inhibits cytochrome P450 related to vitamin D hydroxylation&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0040"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a></p></span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0040">Hypothalamic&#8211;pituitary axis</span><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Around 5&#37; of patients with sarcoidosis show signs and symptoms of nervous system involvement&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0045"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a> However&#44; subclinical and undiagnosed neurosarcoidosis appears to be far more common&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a></p><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Neurosarcoidosis in the sellar region is rare&#44; accounting for only 1&#37; of sellar tumours&#46; Sarcoidosis has a predilection for the cranial nerves&#44; the hypothalamus&#44; the pituitary gland and the pituitary stalk&#59; involvement of the hypothalamus is the most common&#46; These patients experience varying degrees of anterior pituitary dysfunction&#44; associated or not with diabetes insipidus &#40;DI&#41;&#46; The most common hormonal abnormalities are hypogonadotropic hypogonadism &#40;89&#37;&#41;&#44; DI &#40;65&#37;&#41; and hyperprolactinaemia &#40;49&#37;&#41;&#46; The onset of DI without obvious features of pituitary disorder should alert the endocrinologist to the need to rule out hypothalamic sarcoid deposits&#44; especially when magnetic resonance imaging &#40;MRI&#41; shows stalk thickening&#46; Sarcoidosis can also cause secondary hypothyroidism&#44; secondary adrenal insufficiency and growth hormone deficiency&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0050"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10&#44;11</span></a></p><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Contrast-enhanced hypothalamic&#8211;pituitary MRI can aid in assessing treatment response&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a> In some cases of uncertain diagnosis&#44; biopsy of the lesion is required&#44; as neurosarcoidosis may even mimic pituitary tumours and present with bitemporal hemianopia&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0060"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12</span></a> A characteristic finding is a favourable response to corticosteroid therapy&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0045">Thyroid gland</span><p id="par0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The thyroid gland is an uncommon site of the disease&#46; The approximate incidence in autopsy series is 4&#37;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0065"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13</span></a> It is most common in middle-aged women and particularly associated with peripheral and intrathoracic lymphadenopathy&#46; Hypothyroidism resulting from extensive infiltration by granulomas has been reported&#46; There have also been accounts of cases of transient hyperthyroidism due to inflammation of the thyroid gland&#46; There seems to be an association between sarcoidosis and thyroid autoimmune disease&#44; with a reported frequency of 17&#37;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0070"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">14</span></a></p><p id="par0085" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The most significant ultrasound findings in patients with sarcoidosis include scattered nodules &#40;1&#8722;3&#160;cm&#41;&#44; with irregular hypoechoic areas reflecting the formation of granulomas&#46; While 4&#37; of thyroid cancers can induce a sarcoid reaction in the thyroid gland&#44; sarcoidosis as a disease can coexist with papillary thyroid cancer&#44; although the causal relationship remains unclear&#46; Being aware of this association is important in the differential diagnosis of a thyroid nodule associated with lymphadenopathy in a patient with sarcoidosis&#46; Patients with known sarcoidosis who have cervical lymphadenopathy or thyroid nodules should therefore undergo fine needle aspiration &#40;FNA&#41; biopsy for cytology&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0075"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">15</span></a></p><p id="par0090" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Usually&#44; no treatment is required&#44; unless the patient presents compressive symptoms&#44; in which case surgery may be needed&#44; or hypothyroidism&#44; in which case replacement therapy is indicated&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0050">Adrenal glands</span><p id="par0095" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Involvement of the adrenal glands is rare in sarcoidosis&#46; Adrenal function is usually normal in an adrenocorticotropic hormone &#40;ACTH&#41; stimulation test&#44; with the exception of patients with secondary adrenal insufficiency due to pituitary infiltration&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0080"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">16</span></a> In the case of abundant granulomatous infiltration and replacement of glandular tissue by fibrosis&#44; the patient may develop adrenal insufficiency or even adrenal crisis&#46; Addison&#8217;s disease associated with sarcoidosis is also unusual but has been reported in the literature&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0085"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">17</span></a></p></span><span id="sec0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0055">Genitourinary system</span><p id="par0100" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The rate of involvement of the male genitourinary system is &#60;0&#46;2&#37; in diagnosed patients&#44; but 5&#37; in post-mortem examinations of these patients&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0090"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span></a> Non-caseating granulomas appear mainly in the epididymis&#44; testes and prostate gland&#59; they almost always are asymptomatic or cause a painless increase in testicle size&#44; acute epididymo-orchitis or testicular swelling&#46; Ultrasound images show hypoechoic lesions that can be mistaken for tumours&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0095"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">19</span></a> Glucocorticoid therapy can reduce testicular lesions and improve gonadal function&#46;</p><p id="par0105" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The most common site of involvement in the female genitourinary system is the uterus&#59; signs include menstrual abnormalities&#44; menstrual bleeding in postmenopausal women and bleeding associated with cervical ectropion&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0100"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">20</span></a> Women with sarcoidosis usually do not have difficulty getting pregnant or carrying a pregnancy to term&#46; Uterine sarcoidosis improves with glucocorticoid therapy &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a>&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia></span></span><span id="sec0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0060">Langerhans cell histiocytosis</span><p id="par0110" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Langerhans cell histiocytosis &#40;LCH&#41; is a disease characterised by a proliferation of dendritic &#40;Langerhans&#41; cells belonging to the reticuloendothelial system&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0105"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">21</span></a> These are mature cells of monoclonal origin capable of infiltrating one or more organs&#44; giving rise to a systemic disease&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0110"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">22</span></a></p><p id="par0115" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The estimated prevalence of this disease is one to two cases per million population&#46; It can affect all age groups&#44; from neonates to adults&#46; Patients may be asymptomatic or present interstitial lung disease&#44; skin rash&#44; bone infiltration or lymphadenopathy&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0115"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">23</span></a></p><span id="sec0045" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0065">Hypothalamic&#8211;pituitary axis</span><p id="par0120" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">One of the most typical locations is the hypothalamic&#8211;pituitary axis&#46; Diabetes insipidus is the most common endocrine disorder in LCH&#44; occurring in 15&#37;&#8211;50&#37; of cases&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0110"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">22</span></a></p><p id="par0125" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In a study by Kaltsas et al&#46;&#44; 12 patients with a histological diagnosis of LCH&#44; were followed up for a mean of 11&#46;5 years after being diagnosed with DI&#46; The mean age at diagnosis of DI was 34&#46; In four of the 12 patients&#44; DI was the initial presenting symptom of the disease&#59; in the other eight&#44; DI appeared between one and 20 years LCH was diagnosed&#44; with a median of two years&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0120"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">24</span></a></p><p id="par0130" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Anterior pituitary gland involvement has also been reported and can occur in 5&#37;&#8211;20&#37; of cases&#44; usually associated with the development of DI and prior radiotherapy&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0110"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">22</span></a> The most common hormone deficiency after antidiuretic hormone &#40;ADH&#41; deficiency is growth hormone &#40;GH&#41; deficiency&#44; with a mean latency of one year from diagnosis&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0125"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">25</span></a> Cases of secondary hypogonadism have also been reported&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0105"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">21</span></a></p><p id="par0135" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">LCH should be considered in the differential diagnosis of patients with apparently isolated DI&#44; and these cases should be monitored closely for symptoms consistent with LCH&#46; One study found that 15&#37; of patients with &#8220;isolated&#8221; DI had LCH&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0130"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">26</span></a></p><p id="par0140" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Patients with multisystem disease and craniofacial involvement&#44; particularly in the ear&#44; eye and mouth area&#44; are at increased risk of developing DI in the course of the disease&#46; This risk increases when the disease remains active for a long period of time or reactivates&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0135"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">27</span></a></p><p id="par0145" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Loss of the posterior pituitary bright spot may be seen on MRI&#44; but this finding is not diagnostic&#46; The gland is thickened in more than 70&#37; of patients with DI and remains thickened five years from diagnosis in 24&#37;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0140"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">28</span></a> The gland can be biopsied for a definitive diagnosis&#44; avoiding complete excision&#46;</p><p id="par0150" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">One special form of LCH is Hand-Sch&#252;ller-Christian disease&#44; which presents with the triad of central DI&#44; exophthalmos and osteolytic disease&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0145"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">29</span></a></p><p id="par0155" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Patients with LCH and DI are at increased risk of developing different forms of hypopituitarism&#44; so they benefit from close and prolonged follow-up for the detection and treatment thereof&#46;</p><p id="par0160" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Hormone abnormalities in LCH do not usually respond to systemic treatment of the disease and therefore tend to require replacement therapy&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0120"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">24</span></a></p></span><span id="sec0050" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0070">Thyroid gland</span><p id="par0165" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Infiltration of the thyroid gland can also occur&#46; It may present as a solitary nodule or an enlarged thyroid in a context of a multinodular goitre&#46; Most of these patients have normal thyroid function&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0150"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">30</span></a> A differential diagnosis should be made with thyroid cancer&#44; and therefore an FNA for cytology is indicated in these patients&#59; this usually shows infiltration by histiocytes with some follicular cells&#46; If involvement is limited to the thyroid gland&#44; thyroidectomy can cure the disease&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0155"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">31</span></a></p><p id="par0170" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">If there are compressive symptoms&#44; surgery is indicated&#46; In patients with systemic involvement&#44; including thyroid involvement&#44; different treatments such as surgery&#44; radiotherapy and chemotherapy will be considered&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0120"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">24</span></a> &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">Table 2</a>&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0010"></elsevierMultimedia></span></span><span id="sec0055" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0075">Hereditary haemochromatosis</span><p id="par0175" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Hereditary haemochromatosis &#40;HH&#41; is a genetic disorder characterised by an accumulation of iron that causes damage to multiple tissues&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0160"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">32</span></a> As many as five types have been reported&#44; all related to mutations in the hepcidin&#8211;ferroportin axis&#46; The most common is type 1&#44; caused by mutations in the HFE gene&#44; located on chromosome 6&#44; with an autosomal recessive inheritance pattern&#46; It most commonly affects people of European descent&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0165"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">33</span></a> Depending on the type of mutation&#44; signs range from laboratory abnormalities alone to multiple-organ disease in which liver damage&#44; arthritis&#44; cardiomyopathy and endocrine abnormalities may develop&#46; This review will focus on endocrine abnormalities&#46;</p><span id="sec0060" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0080">Pancreas</span><p id="par0180" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The earliest studies established the prevalence of diabetes in patients with HH at around 40&#37;&#8211;63&#37;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0170"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">34</span></a> The combination of diabetes and abnormalities in skin pigmentation led to this disease being classically referred to as &#8220;bronze diabetes&#8221;&#46; Later&#44; with the discovery of the genetic mutations associated with the disease&#44; it became possible to diagnose and treat this disorder at an earlier stage&#44; which helped reduce the complications thereof&#44; including diabetes mellitus&#46;</p><p id="par0185" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In a cross-sectional study conducted in patients with HH and a homozygous mutation of the HFE gene that estimated the prevalence of impaired glucose metabolism using oral and intravenous glucose tolerance tests&#44; the authors found prevalences of 23&#37; for diabetes and 30&#37; for carbohydrate intolerance&#46; This indicates a higher-than-expected rate of impaired glucose metabolism before the development of diabetes mellitus&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0175"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">35</span></a></p><p id="par0190" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The pathogenesis of diabetes in haemochromatosis is not fully understood&#44; but it is accepted that the most important mechanisms are&#44; on the one hand&#44; oxidative damage to pancreatic beta cells leading to a certain insulin deficiency and&#44; on the other&#44; insulin resistance due to the liver damage that develops over the course of the disease&#46; Added to all that is the presence of obesity and predisposition due to family history&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0180"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">36</span></a></p><p id="par0195" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Although HH is most often associated with type 2 diabetes&#44; there are rare cases of late development of type 1 diabetes<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0185"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">37</span></a> &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0015">Table 3</a>&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0015"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0200" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Phlebotomy is the gold standard for treating any form of HH&#44; but it has a variable impact on diabetes management&#46; In general&#44; individuals with HH who have not yet developed complications show improvement in their ability to secrete insulin and improvement in their glucose tolerance&#46; However&#44; no such improvement is seen in patients with advanced HH with cirrhosis and diabetes mellitus&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0190"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">38</span></a></p></span><span id="sec0065" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0085">Pituitary gland</span><p id="par0205" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The most common nondiabetic endocrine disorder in HH patients is hypogonadism&#46; The source of the problem is in the pituitary gland&#44; where iron deposits preferentially affect the anterior pituitary gonadotropic cells&#44; leading to their dysfunction and impaired hormone secretion&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0195"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">39</span></a> The oldest series&#44; predating the discovery of the genetic diagnosis of HH&#44; reported a prevalence of hypogonadism ranging from 10&#37; to 100&#37; of cases&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0200"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">40</span></a></p><p id="par0210" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In the largest prospective study of hypogonadism in patients with HH&#44; McDermott et al&#46; followed up 191 patients with haemochromatosis &#40;144 men and 47 women&#41; from 1983 to 2005&#46; The study found a prevalence of hypogonadism of 6&#46;4&#37; in men and 5&#46;2&#37; in women&#46; When comparing patients with HH and hypogonadism to eugonadal individuals&#44; the former group showed a higher prevalence of siderosis and liver cirrhosis&#44; as well as ferritin levels &#62;1500&#160;ng&#47;mL and a trend towards a higher rate of diabetes&#46; This suggested that&#44; in patients with type 1 HH&#44; a hypogonadal state can be considered a sign of advanced disease&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0205"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">41</span></a></p><p id="par0215" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Although hypogonadism in women with HH has been less studied&#44; it seems that the prevalence is lower than in men&#44; probably due to a lower accumulation of iron resulting from menstrual blood loss&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0180"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">36</span></a></p><p id="par0220" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">With regard to treatment&#44; interestingly&#44; it has been reported that these patients&#8217; gonadal function can improve or normalise if therapy is started early&#46; Therefore&#44; after iron stores are normalised&#44; hormone replacement therapy should be given&#44; knowing that recovery of gonadotropic cell function can take several months&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0210"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">42</span></a></p><p id="par0225" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Iron deposition has also been reported in somatotropic&#44; lactotropic&#44; corticotropic and thyrotropic cells&#44; but iron accumulation seems to be more pronounced in gonadotropic cells than in these other types of cells&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0195"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">39</span></a> In general&#44; panhypopituitarism is relatively rare in these patients&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0210"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">42</span></a> Functional tests performed in various studies to assess hormone axes have been inconclusive&#44; especially those related to GH secretion&#46; Secretion of ACTH and thyroid-stimulating hormone &#40;TSH&#41; is usually well preserved&#46; However&#44; further studies are required to more accurately assess these hormone axes by means of functional tests in patients with HH&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0180"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">36</span></a></p></span><span id="sec0070" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0090">Thyroid gland</span><p id="par0230" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">It is well known that iron is also deposited in the thyroid gland in these patients&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0195"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">39</span></a> However&#44; thyroid abnormalities are very rare&#46; Some cases of both hypothyroidism and primary hyperthyroidism have been reported in patients with HH&#46; However&#44; they are rare and occur in patients with liver cirrhosis and&#47;or other endocrine abnormalities in the final stage of the disease&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0180"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">36</span></a></p></span><span id="sec0075" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0095">Adrenal glands</span><p id="par0235" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In the adrenal glands&#44; iron can accumulate predominantly in the zona glomerulosa&#44; where aldosterone is secreted&#44; while not generally affecting the zona fasciculata and the zona reticularis&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0195"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">39</span></a> Glucocorticoid function is preserved in practically all patients with HH&#44; and although there may be a significant accumulation of iron in the zona glomerulosa&#44; mineralocorticoid deficiency has only been reported very rarely in the literature&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0180"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">36</span></a></p></span><span id="sec0080" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0100">Calcium and phosphorus metabolism</span><p id="par0240" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Bone disorders are quite common in HH&#44; but their pathogenesis is not well understood&#46; Iron deposition has been reported in the parathyroid glands&#44; but PTH deficiency is quite rare&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0215"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">43</span></a></p><p id="par0245" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Several studies have shown a higher prevalence of osteoporosis in patients with HH&#44; estimated to be in the region of 25&#37;&#8211;34&#37;&#44; and osteopenia&#44; with a higher prevalence&#44; in the 40&#37;&#8211;79&#37; range&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0220"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">44</span></a> Bone mineral density seems to correlate with the degree of iron overload and also worsens if there is associated hypogonadism&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0180"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">36</span></a> In these cases&#44; the decrease in bone mineral density seems to be more pronounced in the femoral head than in the lumbar spine&#44; which may indicate greater involvement of cortical bone than trabecular bone&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0225"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">45</span></a></p><p id="par0250" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Studies <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">in vivo</span> and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">in vitro</span> have demonstrated that iron has a direct toxic effect on osteoblasts&#46; Moreover&#44; iron accumulation seems to inhibit the growth of hydroxyapatite crystals in bone&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0230"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">46</span></a> Added to this is the fact that hypogonadism also predisposes individuals to loss of bone mass&#46; These abnormalities can improve if therapeutic phlebotomy is started early&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0185"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">37</span></a></p></span></span><span id="sec0085" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0105">Systemic amyloidosis</span><p id="par0255" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Amyloidosis encompasses a group of diseases characterised by progressive deposition of an insoluble protein substance in the extracellular space of various organs and tissues&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0235"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">47</span></a> This process is associated with alteration of cell architecture and organ dysfunction&#44; leading to abnormalities ranging from asymptomatic to potentially fatal&#46; More than 25 types of proteins have been identified as causative agents of amyloid diseases&#46; They characteristically take up Congo red stain and have apple-green birefringence when viewed under a polarised light microscope&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0240"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">48</span></a></p><p id="par0260" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">There are two groups&#58; systemic amyloidosis&#44; in which amyloid protein is produced at a site distant from the deposit and the organ involvement&#59; and local amyloidosis&#44; in which the production and deposition of amyloid protein occurs in the same tissue&#46; The local amyloidosis group refers to generally age-related conditions&#44; such as Alzheimer&#8217;s disease and type 2 diabetes&#44; where deposits of amyloid protein are found in neurons and pancreatic beta cells&#44; respectively&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0245"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">49</span></a> AL &#40;primary&#41; amyloidosis&#44; which usually occurs in association with any type of B-cell dyscrasia&#44; is the most common type of systemic amyloidosis&#44; with an approximate incidence of 0&#46;8 cases per 100&#44;000 person-years&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0250"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">50</span></a> The second most common type of systemic amyloidosis&#44; AA &#40;secondary&#41; amyloidosis&#44; is usually a complication of chronic inflammatory diseases such as tuberculosis&#44; chronic osteomyelitis&#44; bronchiectasis&#44; connective tissue diseases and some cancers&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0255"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">51</span></a> The other two forms of systemic amyloidosis are hereditary amyloidosis and dialysis-related amyloidosis&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0260"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">52</span></a></p><p id="par0265" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The organs most commonly affected in systemic amyloidosis are the liver&#44; kidneys&#44; spleen&#44; heart and gastrointestinal tract&#44; but other organs can also be affected&#46; Amyloid substance can also infiltrate the endocrine glands&#44; but this does not always cause endocrine gland dysfunction&#46;</p><span id="sec0090" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0110">Pituitary gland</span><p id="par0270" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Pituitary involvement in systemic amyloidosis is not well studied&#46; Amyloid deposition in the pituitary gland is age-related&#59; more than 80&#37; of patients over 80 years of age have amyloid deposits in their pituitary gland&#46; The gland&#8217;s hormonal function is normally intact in patients with systemic amyloidosis&#44; but there have been reports of cases of hypopituitarism&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0265"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">53&#44;54</span></a> Amyloid deposition also occurs in both functioning &#40;prolactin- and growth hormone-producing&#41; and non-functioning pituitary adenomas&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0275"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">55&#44;56</span></a> Pituitary MRI shows a hypointense gland in both T1- and T2-weighted images&#59; this is a typical characteristic of amyloid deposits in the gland&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0265"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">53&#44;54</span></a></p></span><span id="sec0095" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0115">Thyroid gland</span><p id="par0275" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Amyloid deposition in the thyroid gland is seen in 30&#37;&#8211;80&#37; of patients with systemic amyloidosis&#46; Amyloid goitre&#44; defined as infiltration of the thyroid gland in such an amount that it causes clinical enlargement of the gland&#44; is much rarer&#46;</p><p id="par0280" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Amyloid goitre is characterised by progressive&#44; firm&#44; nontender&#44; diffuse growth of the thyroid gland&#46; It can cause compressive symptoms such as dysphagia&#44; dyspnoea and dysphonia&#46; Its firm consistency and rapid growth mean that it can be mistaken for a malignant lesion&#46; There may also be local or regional lymphadenopathy&#44; which could increase suspicion of malignancy&#46; FNA should be performed if a malignant lesion is suspected&#46; In rare cases&#44; thyroid infiltration may be the first sign of systemic amyloidosis&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0285"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">57&#44;58</span></a></p><p id="par0285" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Ozdemir et al&#46; compiled data on thyroid function from a total of 149 cases of patients with amyloid goitre published in the literature&#46; Thyroid function was abnormal in 34&#37; of the cases&#59; the most common abnormality was hypothyroidism &#40;14&#46;8&#37;&#41;&#44; followed by hyperthyroidism &#40;4&#46;7&#37;&#41;&#44; subacute thyroiditis &#40;4&#37;&#41; and euthyroid sick syndrome &#40;11&#46;4&#37;&#41;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0245"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">49</span></a></p><p id="par0290" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Several ultrasound patterns have been reported in patients with impairment of the thyroid gland due to amyloidosis&#46; The most common finding is unilateral or bilateral enlargement of the thyroid gland along with increased echogenicity&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0295"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">59</span></a> The amyloid deposit may also be visualised as multiple solid hyperechoic or hypoechoic lesions&#44; cysts or nodules&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0300"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">60</span></a> Echogenicity may be homogeneous or heterogeneous&#46; Findings on computed tomography &#40;CT&#41; and MRI are not well defined&#46; Both a decrease and an increase in attenuation on CT&#44; as well as a low intensity on MRI&#44; have been reported&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0305"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">61</span></a></p><p id="par0295" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">FNA is a safe method for diagnosis of amyloid infiltration of the thyroid gland&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0310"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">62</span></a> However&#44; it is not always possible to demonstrate amyloid material because the deposit can be focal inside the gland&#46; Cytological examination reveals thick&#44; waxy-looking extracellular material mixed with follicular cells with a benign appearance&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0315"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">63</span></a></p><p id="par0300" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Aetiological treatment of the associated disease can improve thyroid impairment&#46; Surgical treatment is of course unavoidable if compressive symptoms occur or if the patient prefers to undergo surgery for cosmetic reasons&#46; The increased risk of bleeding in surgery due to deposition in small veins and the coagulation disorders which can affect in these patients must be taken into account&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0100" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0120">Adrenal glands</span><p id="par0305" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The adrenal glands can also become infiltrated in systemic amyloidosis&#46; However&#44; usually&#44; there are no symptoms consistent with cortisol deficiency as this would require extensive destruction of the adrenal cortex&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0320"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">64</span></a> Nevertheless although it does not cause symptoms&#44; a poor cortisol response to stimulation with adrenocorticotropic hormone &#40;ACTH&#41; has been reported&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0325"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">65</span></a> Several studies on the function of the adrenal axis in these patients have shown that half of the patients without symptoms consistent with adrenal insufficiency had a poorer response to stimulation tests&#46; There are even four reported cases of death from Addisonian crises&#44; in which post-mortem examinations showed amyloid deposition in the adrenal glands&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0330"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">66</span></a> Based on the studies published&#44; the importance of evaluating this hormone axis is obvious&#46; It is advisable to perform an ACTH stimulation test to determine adrenal reserve&#44; bearing in mind that a suboptimal cortisol response to ACTH stimulation may be secondary to a low level of cortisol-binding globulin caused by strong proteinuria&#46; In such cases&#44; ACTH and renin levels must be determined to rule out primary adrenal insufficiency&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0105" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0125">Gonads</span><p id="par0310" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In women&#44; reported cases of amyloid deposition in the ovaries are extremely rare&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0335"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">67</span></a> However&#44; there have been reports of amyloid deposition in the testes&#44; associated in some cases with azoospermia and hypergonadotropic hypogonadism&#44; in both AA and AL amyloidosis&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0340"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">68</span></a> One study even assessed testicular biopsy as a tool for the diagnosis of systemic amyloidosis in patients with confirmed renal amyloidosis and considered it a valid method more sensitive than rectal biopsy<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0345"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">69</span></a> &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0020">Table 4</a>&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0020"></elsevierMultimedia></span></span><span id="sec0110" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0130">Conclusions</span><p id="par0315" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">It is important to be aware of these conditions because&#44; although they are not very common&#44; they are associated with a large number of endocrine abnormalities&#46; In each of them&#44; early diagnosis and treatment of the most prevalent hormone deficiencies are essential&#46; Moreover&#44; it is always possible that the endocrine abnormality represents the onset of the disease&#44; representing a diagnostic challenge&#46; Endocrinologists must therefore position themselves as key to the multidisciplinary management of these patients&#46;</p><p id="par0320" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Some possible limitations of this review were that some of the articles cited were old and had few participants because of the low prevalence of these diseases&#46; Further research is needed to arrive at a more in-depth understanding of the pathogenic role of these and other infiltrative diseases in various endocrine disorders&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0115" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0135">Funding</span><p id="par0325" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">No sponsorship of any kind was received for producing this article&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0120" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0140">Conflicts of interest</span><p id="par0330" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest&#46;</p></span></span>"
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        1 => array:2 [
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          "titulo" => "Keywords"
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          "titulo" => "Resumen"
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          "titulo" => "Palabras clave"
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        4 => array:2 [
          "identificador" => "sec0005"
          "titulo" => "Introduction"
        ]
        5 => array:3 [
          "identificador" => "sec0010"
          "titulo" => "Sarcoidosis"
          "secciones" => array:5 [
            0 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "sec0015"
              "titulo" => "Calcium and phosphorus metabolism"
            ]
            1 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "sec0020"
              "titulo" => "Hypothalamic&#8211;pituitary axis"
            ]
            2 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "sec0025"
              "titulo" => "Thyroid gland"
            ]
            3 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "sec0030"
              "titulo" => "Adrenal glands"
            ]
            4 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "sec0035"
              "titulo" => "Genitourinary system"
            ]
          ]
        ]
        6 => array:3 [
          "identificador" => "sec0040"
          "titulo" => "Langerhans cell histiocytosis"
          "secciones" => array:2 [
            0 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "sec0045"
              "titulo" => "Hypothalamic&#8211;pituitary axis"
            ]
            1 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "sec0050"
              "titulo" => "Thyroid gland"
            ]
          ]
        ]
        7 => array:3 [
          "identificador" => "sec0055"
          "titulo" => "Hereditary haemochromatosis"
          "secciones" => array:5 [
            0 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "sec0060"
              "titulo" => "Pancreas"
            ]
            1 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "sec0065"
              "titulo" => "Pituitary gland"
            ]
            2 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "sec0070"
              "titulo" => "Thyroid gland"
            ]
            3 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "sec0075"
              "titulo" => "Adrenal glands"
            ]
            4 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "sec0080"
              "titulo" => "Calcium and phosphorus metabolism"
            ]
          ]
        ]
        8 => array:3 [
          "identificador" => "sec0085"
          "titulo" => "Systemic amyloidosis"
          "secciones" => array:4 [
            0 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "sec0090"
              "titulo" => "Pituitary gland"
            ]
            1 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "sec0095"
              "titulo" => "Thyroid gland"
            ]
            2 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "sec0100"
              "titulo" => "Adrenal glands"
            ]
            3 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "sec0105"
              "titulo" => "Gonads"
            ]
          ]
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          "identificador" => "sec0110"
          "titulo" => "Conclusions"
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        10 => array:2 [
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          "titulo" => "Funding"
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          "identificador" => "sec0120"
          "titulo" => "Conflicts of interest"
        ]
        12 => array:1 [
          "titulo" => "References"
        ]
      ]
    ]
    "pdfFichero" => "main.pdf"
    "tienePdf" => true
    "fechaRecibido" => "2020-03-07"
    "fechaAceptado" => "2020-06-06"
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          "clase" => "keyword"
          "titulo" => "Keywords"
          "identificador" => "xpalclavsec1464344"
          "palabras" => array:7 [
            0 => "Systemic infiltrative diseases"
            1 => "Sarcoidosis"
            2 => "Langerhans cell histiocytosis"
            3 => "Hereditary hemochromatosis"
            4 => "Systemic amyloidosis"
            5 => "Endocrine glands"
            6 => "Hormonal changes"
          ]
        ]
      ]
      "es" => array:1 [
        0 => array:4 [
          "clase" => "keyword"
          "titulo" => "Palabras clave"
          "identificador" => "xpalclavsec1464345"
          "palabras" => array:7 [
            0 => "Enfermedades infiltrativas sist&#233;micas"
            1 => "Sarcoidosis"
            2 => "Histiocitosis de c&#233;lulas de Langerhans"
            3 => "Hemocromatosis hereditaria"
            4 => "Amiloidosis sist&#233;mica"
            5 => "Gl&#225;ndulas endocrinas"
            6 => "Alteraciones hormonales"
          ]
        ]
      ]
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      "en" => array:2 [
        "titulo" => "Abstract"
        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><p id="spar0065" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Systemic infiltrative diseases are relatively rare conditions consisting of cell infiltration or substance deposition in multiple organs and systems&#44; including endocrine glands&#46; This article reviews endocrine changes in the main four diseases at epidemiological level&#58; sarcoidosis&#44; Langerhans cell histiocytosis&#44; hereditary hemochromatosis&#44; and systemic amyloidosis&#46; Recommendations to endocrinologists for hormone work-up and management of patients with each of these conditions are provided&#46;</p></span>"
      ]
      "es" => array:2 [
        "titulo" => "Resumen"
        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><p id="spar0070" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Las enfermedades infiltrativas sist&#233;micas son un grupo de enfermedades relativamente raras que consisten en la infiltraci&#243;n de c&#233;lulas o dep&#243;sito de sustancias en m&#250;ltiples &#243;rganos y sistemas&#44; entre los que se encuentran las gl&#225;ndulas endocrinas&#46; En este art&#237;culo se revisan las alteraciones endocrinol&#243;gicas de las cuatro m&#225;s importantes a nivel epidemiol&#243;gico&#44; como son la sarcoidosis&#44; la histiocitosis de c&#233;lulas de Langerhans&#44; la hemocromatosis hereditaria y la amiloidosis sist&#233;mica&#46; En cada una de ellas se aportar&#225;n recomendaciones al endocrin&#243;logo para el estudio hormonal de estos pacientes&#46;</p></span>"
      ]
    ]
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      0 => array:2 [
        "etiqueta" => "&#9734;"
        "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0005">Please cite this article as&#58; Mu&#241;oz Moreno D&#44; Migu&#233;lez Gonz&#225;lez M&#44; Gonz&#225;lez Fern&#225;ndez L&#44; Percovich Hualpa JC&#46; Revisi&#243;n sobre enfermedades infiltrativas sist&#233;micas y patolog&#237;a endocrinol&#243;gica asociada&#46; Endocrinol Diabetes Nutr&#46; 2021&#59;68&#58;312&#8211;320&#46;</p>"
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          "leyenda" => "<p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">ACTH&#58; adrenocorticotropic hormone&#59; CT&#58; computed tomography&#59; DI&#58; diabetes insipidus&#59; FNA&#58; fine needle aspiration&#59; FSH&#58; follicle-stimulating hormone&#59; GH&#58; growth hormone&#59; IGF-1&#58; insulin-like growth factor 1&#59; LH&#58; luteinising hormone&#59; MRI&#58; magnetic resonance imaging&#59; PTH&#58; parathyroid hormone&#59; TSH&#58; thyroid-stimulating hormone&#46;</p><p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Note&#58; prioritise serum calcium and pituitary tests if symptoms are consistent with hormone deficiency&#46; Depending on results&#44; determine follow-up interval according to routine clinical practice&#46;</p>"
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                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Calcium and phosphorus metabolism&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Calcium&#44; phosphorus&#44; albumin&#44; creatinine&#44; PTH&#44; 25-OH-vitamin D&#44; 24-h urine with calcium excretion and creatinine clearance&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead rowgroup " rowspan="2" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Hypothalamic&#8211;pituitary axis</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">GH&#44; FSH&#44; LH&#44; TSH&#44; ACTH&#44; prolactin&#44; IGF-1&#44; testosterone&#44; oestradiol&#44; free T4&#44; plasma cortisol&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">If DI is suspected&#58; electrolytes in plasma and urine&#44; osmolarity in plasma and urine&#44; fluid balance&#44; dehydration test&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead rowgroup " rowspan="5" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Imaging tests</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Bone densitometry&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">If pituitary hormone deficiency&#58; hypothalamic&#8211;pituitary MRI&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">If symptoms consistent with lithiasis&#47;pancreatitis&#58; abdominal ultrasound&#47;CT&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">If thyroid nodule&#47;goitre&#58; ultrasound&#47;FNA&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">If testicular mass&#47;growth&#58; ultrasound&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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          "en" => "<p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Additional tests to be ordered for the diagnosis of sarcoidosis&#46;</p>"
        ]
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        "etiqueta" => "Table 2"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA"
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            "identificador" => "at0010"
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          "leyenda" => "<p id="spar0025" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">ACTH&#58; adrenocorticotropic hormone&#59; DI&#58; diabetes insipidus&#59; FNA&#58; fine needle aspiration&#59; FSH&#58; follicle-stimulating hormone&#59; GH&#58; growth hormone&#59; IGF-1&#58; insulin-like growth factor 1&#59; LH&#58; luteinising hormone&#59; MRI&#58; magnetic resonance imaging&#59; T4&#58; tetraiodothyronine&#59; TSH&#58; thyroid-stimulating hormone&#46;</p><p id="spar0030" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Note&#58; prioritise DI tests if clinical suspicion&#46; If confirmed&#44; a pituitary profile must be ordered&#46; Depending on results&#44; determine follow-up interval according to routine clinical practice&#46;</p>"
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                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Hypothalamic&#8211;pituitary axis&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">GH&#44; FSH&#44; LH&#44; TSH&#44; ACTH&#44; IGF-1&#44; testosterone&#44; oestradiol&#44; T4&#44; plasma cortisol&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">If DI suspected&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Electrolytes in plasma and urine&#44; osmolarity in plasma and urine&#46; Fluid balance&#46; Perform dehydration test&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Imaging tests&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">If pituitary hormone deficiency&#58; pituitary MRI&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">If thyroid nodule&#47;goitre&#58; ultrasound&#47;FNA&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
                  """
              ]
              "imagenFichero" => array:1 [
                0 => "xTab2798200.png"
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          "en" => "<p id="spar0020" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Additional tests to be ordered for the diagnosis of Langerhans cell histiocytosis&#46;</p>"
        ]
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      2 => array:8 [
        "identificador" => "tbl0015"
        "etiqueta" => "Table 3"
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            "identificador" => "at0015"
            "detalle" => "Table "
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          "leyenda" => "<p id="spar0040" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">FSH&#58; follicle-stimulating hormone&#59; LH&#58; luteinising hormone&#59; PTH&#58; parathyroid hormone&#59; T4&#58; tetraiodothyronine&#59; TSH&#58; thyroid-stimulating hormone&#46;</p><p id="spar0045" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Note&#58; Prioritise glucose metabolism and gonadal axis tests&#46; Depending on results&#44; determine follow-up interval according to routine clinical practice&#46;</p>"
          "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [
            0 => array:2 [
              "tabla" => array:1 [
                0 => """
                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">Glucose metabolism&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Baseline blood glucose&#44; insulin&#44; C-peptide and glycosylated haemoglobin&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Hypothalamic&#8211;pituitary axis&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Thyroid gland&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">TSH and free T4&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Calcium and phosphorus metabolism&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">Calcium&#44; phosphorus&#44; albumin&#44; creatinine&#44; PTH&#44; alkaline phosphatase&#44; 25-OH vitamin D&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Imaging tests&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Bone densitometry&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  """
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        ]
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          "en" => "<p id="spar0035" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Additional tests to be ordered for the diagnosis of haemochromatosis&#46;</p>"
        ]
      ]
      3 => array:8 [
        "identificador" => "tbl0020"
        "etiqueta" => "Table 4"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA"
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            "identificador" => "at0020"
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          "leyenda" => "<p id="spar0055" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">ACTH&#58; adrenocorticotropic hormone&#59; CT&#58; computed tomography&#59; FNA&#58; fine needle aspiration&#59; FSH&#58; follicle-stimulating hormone&#59; LH&#58; luteinising hormone&#59; MRI&#58; magnetic resonance imaging&#59; T4&#58; tetraiodothyronine&#59; TSH&#58; thyroid-stimulating hormone&#46;</p><p id="spar0060" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Note&#58; prioritise adrenal axis tests&#46; Depending on results&#44; determine follow-up interval according to routine clinical practice&#46;</p>"
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              "tabla" => array:1 [
                0 => """
                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">Thyroid gland&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">TSH and free T4&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">Adrenal glands&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">ACTH&#44; baseline plasma cortisol&#44; 1-24 ACTH stimulation test&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Gonads&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">If symptoms of hypogonadism &#40;males&#41;&#58; FSH&#44; LH&#44; testosterone&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Imaging tests&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">If thyroid growth&#47;nodules&#58; ultrasound&#47;FNA&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">If abnormal adrenal function&#58; abdominal CT&#47;MRI&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
                  """
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          "en" => "<p id="spar0050" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Additional tests to be ordered for the diagnosis of amyloidosis&#46;</p>"
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      ]
    ]
    "bibliografia" => array:2 [
      "titulo" => "References"
      "seccion" => array:1 [
        0 => array:2 [
          "identificador" => "bibs0005"
          "bibliografiaReferencia" => array:69 [
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              "referencia" => array:1 [
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                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
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                            0 => "O&#46;P&#46; Sharma"
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                        ]
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                  "host" => array:2 [
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                    ]
                    1 => array:1 [
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                            0 => "P&#46; Ungprasert"
                            1 => "E&#46;M&#46; Carmona"
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                            4 => "C&#46;S&#46; Crowson"
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                  "host" => array:1 [
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                      "doi" => "10.1016/j.mayocp.2015.10.024"
                      "Revista" => array:7 [
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            2 => array:3 [
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                            1 => "H&#46;L&#46; Beynon"
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                  "host" => array:1 [
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            3 => array:3 [
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              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
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                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
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                            1 => "E&#46;G&#46; Lufkin"
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                          ]
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                      ]
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                  "host" => array:1 [
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                      "Revista" => array:7 [
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            ]
            4 => array:3 [
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                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Vitamin D&#44; calcium&#44; and sarcoidosis"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
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                            0 => "O&#46;P&#46; Sharma"
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                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1378/chest.109.2.535"
                      "Revista" => array:7 [
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            5 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0030"
              "etiqueta" => "6"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "&#91;Primary hyperparathyroidism associated with sarcoidosis&#93;"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
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                            0 => "A&#46; Tomita"
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                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:2 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:7 [
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                      ]
                    ]
                    1 => array:1 [
                      "WWW" => array:1 [
                        "link" => "http&#58;&#47;&#47;europepmc&#46;org&#47;abstract&#47;MED&#47;7752490"
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                ]
              ]
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            6 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0035"
              "etiqueta" => "7"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
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                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
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                            0 => "R&#46;N&#46; Sinha"
                            1 => "W&#46;D&#46; Fraser"
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                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1177/014107689709000311"
                      "Revista" => array:7 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "J R Soc Med&#46;"
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                        "volumen" => "90"
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                        "paginaInicial" => "156"
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                        "link" => array:1 [
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                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9135615"
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            7 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0040"
              "etiqueta" => "8"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Calcium metabolism in sarcoidosis and its clinical implications"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:3 [
                            0 => "M&#46; Conron"
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                            2 => "H&#46;L&#46;C&#46; Beynon"
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                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1093/rheumatology/39.7.707"
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                        "tituloSerie" => "Rheumatology&#46;"
                        "fecha" => "2000"
                        "volumen" => "39"
                        "numero" => "7"
                        "paginaInicial" => "707"
                        "paginaFinal" => "713"
                        "link" => array:1 [
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            8 => array:3 [
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              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
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                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:5 [
                            0 => "B&#46;J&#46; Stern"
                            1 => "A&#46; Krumholz"
                            2 => "C&#46; Johns"
                            3 => "P&#46; Scott"
                            4 => "J&#46; Nissim"
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                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1001/archneur.1985.04060080095022"
                      "Revista" => array:7 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Arch Neurol&#46;"
                        "fecha" => "1985"
                        "volumen" => "42"
                        "numero" => "9"
                        "paginaInicial" => "909"
                        "paginaFinal" => "917"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3896208"
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            9 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0050"
              "etiqueta" => "10"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Diagnosis of endocrine disease&#58; expanding the cause of hypopituitarism"
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                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:2 [
                            0 => "S&#46; Pekic"
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                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1530/EJE-16-1065"
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es en pt

¿Es usted profesional sanitario apto para prescribir o dispensar medicamentos?

Are you a health professional able to prescribe or dispense drugs?

Você é um profissional de saúde habilitado a prescrever ou dispensar medicamentos