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Pheochromocytoma-induced acute pancreatitis: A rare presentation
Pancreatitis aguda inducida por feocromocitoma: una presentación poco frecuente
Ignacio Jiménez Hernandoa,
Corresponding author
nachojimenezhernando@gmail.com

Corresponding author.
, Laura González Fernándeza, Juan Carlos Percovich Hualpaa,b
a Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain
b Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Hospital Ruber Internacional, Madrid, Spain
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          "en" => "<p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">CT scan of abdomen and pelvis&#46; Left adrenal nodule measuring 36<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#215;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>38<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm with regular contours&#44; showing an average density of 43<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>HU&#46;</p>"
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    "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0005">Introduction</span><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Acute pancreatitis&#44; characterised by pancreatic inflammation&#44; usually stems from well-documented causes like gallstone disease&#44; excessive alcohol consumption&#44; and trauma&#46; However&#44; in rare cases&#44; it can be the initial manifestation of a pheochromocytoma&#44; an adrenal tumour releasing excessive catecholamines&#46; This unexpected link can puzzle clinicians due to the absence of typical pheochromocytoma symptoms&#46; Recognising this interplay and understanding the complex pathophysiological mechanisms is challenging&#46; Pheochromocytomas often mimic other conditions&#44; but there are few reports of pheochromocytoma-induced pancreatitis in the medical literature&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0055"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> The absence of usual pheochromocytoma symptoms&#44; such as sustained hypertension&#44; complicates timely diagnosis when presenting as acute pancreatitis&#46; This case report highlights a unique scenario where acute pancreatitis was the first sign of an underlying pheochromocytoma&#44; underlining the importance of early identification and accurate diagnosis in managing this uncommon but potentially life-threatening association&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0010">Case report</span><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">This was a 51-year-old male referred to the Endocrinology Department after the incidental discovery of a left adrenal mass on a CT scan performed for acute pancreatitis&#46; His previous medical history included a history of hypomania&#44; renal microlithiasis and cholecystectomy&#46; He was not on any regular medication&#46; He had been admitted two days prior to the Endocrinology consultation due to acute pancreatitis&#44; diagnosed by typical abdominal pain with amylase and lipase levels three times above the upper limit of normal &#40;amylase 1184<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>IU&#47;l&#44; lipase 936<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>IU&#47;l&#41;&#44; with a CT scan revealing a 38-mm lesion in his left adrenal gland &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig&#46; 1</a>&#41;&#46; Once in hospital&#44; potential triggers such us gallstones&#44; alcohol intake&#44; other toxins or drugs&#44; hyperlipidaemia and hypercalcaemia were ruled out&#46; Additionally&#44; the patient had no history of recent surgery&#44; ERCP&#44; trauma&#44; anatomical abnormalities in the pancreas or gastrointestinal tract or infectious symptoms&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">During the initial examination&#44; he reported colicky abdominal pain for weeks&#44; as well as palpitations occurring once or twice a month&#46; A pre-admission episode of elevated blood pressure and glucose levels was noted&#46; However&#44; 24-h ambulatory blood pressure monitoring &#40;ABPM&#41; did not show sustained hypertension&#46; He had no associated headache or diaphoresis&#46;</p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Analysis carried out after the acute episode of pancreatitis revealed plasma metanephrines of 582<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;dl &#40;normal &#60;90&#41; and 24-h urine metanephrines of 1820<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#956;g&#47;24<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h &#40;normal &#60;341&#41;&#46; Plasma cortisol&#44; aldosterone and renin were within normal limits&#46; Electrocardiogram and transthoracic echocardiography ruled out the presence of heart disease&#46;</p><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Given the probable diagnosis of pheochromocytoma&#44; the patient was started on medical treatment&#44; the alpha-blocker doxazosin 1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg per day&#44; with a progressive increase to 2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg per day&#44; for the two weeks prior to surgery&#46; During follow-up&#44; the patient responded well to doxazosin treatment&#44; maintaining blood pressure at 115&#8211;125<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mmHg systolic and 80&#8211;85<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mmHg diastolic&#44; with heart rate in the range of 65&#8211;75 beats per minute&#46; Notably&#44; beta-blockers were not added due to the patient&#39;s tendency to hypotension with low doses of doxazosin and to maintain heart rate within the target control range&#46; Finally&#44; a laparoscopic total left adrenalectomy was performed with no postoperative complications&#46;</p><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Pathology examination confirmed a pheochromocytoma&#46; There was no infiltration of capsular venous spaces and no infiltration of the capsule&#46; The Ki67 staining index was 5&#37;&#46; Post-surgery&#44; the patient&#39;s abdominal pain resolved and his urine metanephrine levels returned to normal&#44; with no recurrence of hypertension or hyperglycaemia&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0015">Discussion</span><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Acute pancreatitis as a form of presentation of pheochromocytoma&#44; although uncommon&#44; has been described in several previous cases in the literature&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0060"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2&#8211;5</span></a> In these cases&#44; the main challenge is to recognise the relationship between two apparently unrelated diseases in order to avoid misdiagnosis or delayed diagnosis&#46; These cases often have common features&#46; Patients usually present with the clinical features of acute pancreatitis&#44; such as severe abdominal pain&#44; nausea&#44; vomiting and elevated pancreatic enzymes&#46; A thorough evaluation&#44; including imaging studies&#44; is then performed to determine the aetiology of the pancreatitis&#44; leading to the incidental discovery of a pheochromocytoma&#46;</p><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The precise pathophysiological mechanisms underlying pheochromocytoma-induced pancreatitis are not fully understood&#44; but have been the subject of debate&#46; It is known that pheochromocytomas release excess catecholamines&#44; in particular epinephrine and norepinephrine&#44; which can cause a range of cardiovascular and systemic effects&#46; One proposed mechanism is the vasoconstrictive action of catecholamines on the splanchnic arteries&#44; reducing blood flow to the pancreas&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0065"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a> This can lead to pancreatic ischaemia&#44; cell injury and ultimately acute pancreatitis&#46; In addition&#44; catecholamines can stimulate the release of inflammatory mediators&#44; such as cytokines and chemokines&#44; which can further aggravate pancreatic injury&#46; This combination of processes results in a vasoconstriction&#47;inflammation syndrome&#44; which is the most recognised pathophysiological explanation in the literature&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0070"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a></p><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Another plausible explanation revolves around a mechanical cause&#44; specifically a dysfunction of the sphincter of Oddi&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0065"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3&#44;6</span></a> In this hypothesis&#44; the adrenergic action of catecholamines triggers the contraction of the sphincter of Oddi&#44; leading to increased resistance in both the biliary and pancreatic ducts&#46; This can result in elevated intrapancreatic pressure&#44; causing biliary reflux into the pancreatic duct and&#44; ultimately&#44; pancreatitis&#46; Sphincter of Oddi dysfunction can disrupt the normal flow of pancreatic juices and bile&#44; contributing to tissue damage and inflammation&#46; These diverse mechanisms highlight the complexity of this presentation&#46;</p><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In fact&#44; cases of pheochromocytoma associated with hyperamylasaemia have been described without evidence of pancreatic involvement&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0060"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2&#44;7&#44;8</span></a> In general&#44; it is thought that the origin of hyperamylasaemia in these cases may be pulmonary&#46; Ischaemic damage to amylase-containing tissues can lead to release of the enzyme&#46; Amylase is present in both diseased lung tissue and normal tissue&#46; Thus&#44; when pulmonary endothelial cells are subjected to hypoxia due to the potent vasoconstrictor action of circulating catecholamines&#44; amylase levels may increase in the absence of pancreatitis or salivary disease&#46; In the cases described&#44; most patients had associated cardiomyopathy and acute pulmonary oedema&#44; explaining the pulmonary hypoxia&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0090"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8&#44;9</span></a> Therefore&#44; in a patient with pheochromocytoma and hyperamylasaemia&#44; not only acute pancreatitis should be considered as a differential diagnosis&#46; This suggests the need to perform amylase isoenzyme analysis to differentiate its origin&#44; and to add the determination of serum lipase to guide the diagnosis&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0100"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a></p><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In conclusion&#44; acute pancreatitis as a presentation of pheochromocytoma is an uncommon but important phenomenon to consider in clinical practice&#46; Patients with acute pancreatitis of unclear aetiology should undergo a thorough evaluation&#44; including imaging studies&#44; to detect the presence of a pheochromocytoma&#46; Pathophysiological mechanisms underlying this unusual presentation include catecholamine-induced vasoconstriction and possible sphincter of Oddi dysfunction&#46; In addition&#44; cases of hyperamylasaemia have been documented in patients with pheochromocytoma&#44; underscoring the importance of differentiating the origin of the amylase for accurate diagnosis&#46; Early diagnosis and treatment can lead to successful recovery and avoid serious complications in these cases&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0020">Patient consent</span><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Written consent was obtained from the patient after full explanation of the purpose and nature of all procedures used&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0025">Funding</span><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">None declared&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0030">Conflicts of interest</span><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">None declared&#46;</p></span></span>"
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