Leptin drives fat distribution during diet-induced obesity in mice | Endocrinología y Nutrición (English Edition)

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i.p.) on STAT phosphorylation (pSTAT3) in liver from mice treated during 8 weeks (a), 14 weeks (b) or 32 weeks (c) with high-fat diet. Upper panels: Immunodetection of STAT3 and pSTAT3 in left ventricle of mice receiving either saline or 1mg/kg leptin. Lower panels: Effect of leptin on STAT3 phosphorylation as the mean±S.E.M. of the ratio pSTAT3/STAT3 (n=5–6 animals) (*p<0.05 compared to their respective saline groups. Newman–Keuls’ test)." ] ] ] "textoCompleto" => "IntroductionDietary triglycerides are the main source of fatty acids (FAs) to fulfil energy needs of heart and skeletal muscle. The unconsumed fraction of these nutrients is stored in adipocytes to retrieve energetic deficit during fasting periods. The adipose tissue acts as a trap for the excess of FA liberated from plasma triglycerides<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0005">1</a> and when this buffering action is impaired, non-adipose tissues can accumulate FA in the form of triacylglycerol, a condition related with the development of lipotoxicity and metabolic syndrome.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0010">2</a>Regulatory circuits aimed at maintaining energy homeostasis can be experimentally disrupted in rodents by means of high-fat (HF) dietary treatments.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0015">3–5</a> Thus, feeding mice with chow enriched with saturated fat gradually leads to overweight, hyperleptinemia, hypothalamic resistance to leptin and obesity. In a previous work we have observed that mice submitted to 32-week HF treatment exhibit larger WAT deposits than controls together with hyperleptinemia and desensitization of the signal-transducer and activator of transcriprion 3 (STAT3) pathway coupled to leptin receptors.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0030">6</a> Therefore, the possibility of a gradual, time-dependent, desensitization of leptin receptors triggered by HF has focussed our attention. We hypothesize that time-course of leptin resistance during diet-induced obesity (DIO) development might occur differently depending on tissues/organs and we wonder if ectopic accumulation of lipids in a particular tissue/organ would parallel the development of leptin resistance in this tissue/organ.In order to establish an eventual relationship between leptin resistance and deposition of lipids, we have characterized the evolution of (i) body weight, (ii) weight of different white adipose pads and liver, (iii) lipid content in adipose tissue and liver, and (iv) responsiveness to acute leptin in these tissues, measured in terms of STAT3 phosphorylation. The study has been carried out in C57BL6J mice undergoing a dietary treatment with HF either during 8, 14 and 32 weeks.Materials and methodsAnimals and dietary treatmentFour-week-old male C57BL/6J mice (CRIFA, Spain) weighing 16–18g were housed under controlled light (12-h light/dark cycles from 8am to 8pm) and temperature (22–24°C) conditions with standard food and water ad libitum. After one week, animals with similar average body weight (BW) were divided into two groups and housed 8–10 per cage and assigned either to a low-fat or to a high-fat diet. Low-fat (10kcal% fat, 70kcal% carbohydrates and 20kcal% protein; 3.85kcal/g) or high-fat (45kcal% fat, 35kcal% carbohydrates, 20kcal% protein; 4.73kcal/g) diets were supplied by Research Diets (USA) and will be referred to as LF and HF, respectively. HF and their respective LF control mice had free access to food either during 8, 14 or 32 weeks. Diet composition (provided by the manufacturer) appears summarized in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a>. BW and food intake were monitored twice per week. On the last day, mice were weighed and killed by decapitation between 8am and 9am. Blood was collected in chilled EDTA-coated polypropylene tubes and organs immediately dissected and weighed. Plasma samples were frozen for biochemical determinations. The investigation conforms to the Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals published by the US National Institute of Health (NIH publication no. 85-23, revised 1996).<elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia>Assessment of leptin resistanceRecombinant murine leptin (1mg/kg) or saline was administered at 9am. After 90min, mice were killed by decapitation and liver, and lumbar and mesenteric adipose tissues were dissected and stored at −80°C until assay.Plasma measurementsPlasma leptin concentration was analysed using a specific radioimmunoassay (RIA) kit for murine leptin (Linco Research, USA) (4.9% intra-assay variation, 3.3% inter-assay variation). Insulin was determined by means of a specific EIA kit for mouse insulin (Mercodia, Denmark) (2.2% intra-assay variation, 4.9% inter-assay variation). Glucose was measured by a spectrophotometric method (Glucose Trinder Method, Roche, Spain). Triglycerides and free fatty acids were determined using the GPO (Biolabo, France) and ACS-ACOD (Wako, Germany) methods, respectively.Measurement of total lipid contentLipids were extracted from liver and mesenteric adipose tissue in chloroform/methanol (2/1) following the method of Folch<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0035">7</a> with modifications.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0040">8</a>Western blot for phosphorylated signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (pSTAT3)pSTAT3 was measured in liver and lumbar adipose tissue. Briefly, tissues were homogenized in ice-cold buffer containing 0.42M NaCl, 20mM Hepes (pH 7.9), 1mM Na4P2O7, 1mM EDTA, 1mM EGTA, 1mM dithiothreitol, 20% glycerol, 1μg/ml aprotinin, 1μg/ml leupeptin, 20mM sodium fluoride, 1mM trisodium orthovanadate and 2mM phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride. Tubes containing homogenates were frozen at −80°C and thawed at 37°C three consecutive times, then centrifuged for 10min at 4°C. Equivalent amounts of proteins (50μg) present in the supernatant were loaded in Laemli buffer (50mM Tris pH=6.8, 10% SDS, 10% glycerol, 5% mercaptoethanol and 2mg/ml blue bromophenol) and size-separated in 15% SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Proteins were transferred to PVDF membranes (Amersham Pharmacia, Spain) using a transblot apparatus (Bio-Rad, Spain). For immunoblotting, membranes were blocked with 5% non-fat dried milk in Tween-PBS (TPBS) for 1h. A primary antibody against pSTAT3 (Tyr705) (Cell Signaling Technology, USA; 1/100 final dilution) or STAT3 (Santa Cruz Biotechnology, USA; 1/1000 final dilution) was applied at the convenient dilution overnight at 4°C. After washing, appropriate secondary antibodies (anti-rabbit IgG-peroxidase conjugated) were applied for 1h at a dilution of 1/5000. Blots were washed, incubated in commercial enhanced chemiluminescence reagents (ECL, Amersham Bioscence, UK) and exposed to autoradiographic film. Films were scanned using a GS-800 Calibrated Densitometer (Bio-Rad, Spain) and blots were quantified using Quantity One software (Bio-Rad, Spain). Values for pSTAT3 were normalized with STAT3.StatisticsAll variables analysed in this study had a normal distribution. Variations were analysed by a one-way ANOVA, followed by Newman–Keuls’ post hoc test. Statistical significance was set at p<0.05.ResultsEffect of diet-induced obesity on tissues and body weightObesity was induced in C57BL/6J mice by exposure to a diet in which 45% cal derived from fat. A control group was fed with LF chow, which only yielded 10% cal from fat. As appears illustrated in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig. 1</a>, animals on HF did not exhibit hyperphagia throughout the treatment.<elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia>As summarized in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">Table 2</a>, mice on HF diet exhibited a significant increase of BW after 8 (1-ANOVA F(1,39)=67,653; p<0.001), 14 (F(1,49)=372,907; p<0.001) and 32 weeks (F(1,32)=131,326; p<0.001) on dietary treatment. The HF diet induced a gain of white adipose tissue (WAT), illustrated by the significant increase of lumbar and mesenteric adipose pads. The size of lumbar WAT, compared to the size in the corresponding matched LF groups, increased approximately 24%, 42% and 60% after 8 (1-ANOVA F(1,17)=15,572; p<0.001), 14 (F(1,25)=94,322; p<0.001) and 32 weeks (F(1,32)=13,204; p<0.001) on treatment, respectively. In the case of mesenteric WAT, the increase was 41% (F(1,17)=36,261; p<0.01), 89% (F(1,19)=8731; p<0.01) and 51% (F(1,18)=50,696; p<0.01) at identical time points.<elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0010"></elsevierMultimedia>We have used the weight of a tissue divided by BW (g) as an index to estimate the influence of dietary treatment on weight accumulation in a particular organ/tissue. Thus, if the index remains unchanged during treatment, one can assume that organ/tissue size progresses in a similar extent than BW does. Our current data show that relative weights of lumbar and mesenteric WAT are increased in HF animals, independently of treatment duration (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">Table 2</a>), indicating that these tissues gain proportionally more weight than overall BW. Comparison of relative weights between LF and HF groups revealed that the HF diet induced a 66% increase of the relative weight of lumbar WAT after 8 weeks of treatment. Variations determined 14 and 32 weeks after treatment were 85% and 27%, respectively. In the case of mesenteric WAT, variations were 91%, 53% and 19% after 8, 14 or 32 weeks on treatment (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Fig. 2</a>). All these data show that the partial contribution of lumbar and mesenteric WAT to BW decreases during the development of DIO, suggesting the accumulation of fat in non-adipose organs.<elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0010"></elsevierMultimedia>In the liver, we detected an increase of weight after 14 (F(1,25)=41,597; p<0.001) and 32 weeks (F(1,32)=55,536; p<0.001) on dietary treatment. In this case relative weights exhibited a progressive 23% and 46% increase after 14 (F(1,24)=6287; p<0.05) and 32 weeks (F(1,32)=30,538; p<0.001), respectively. <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Fig. 2</a>a (% variation of absolute tissue weight) and b (% variation of relative tissue weight) illustrate the magnitude of body mass flux from WAT deposits toward the liver.Effect of diet-induced obesity on plasma parametersAs summarized in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0015">Table 3</a>, plasma analysis revealed that HF induced significant hyperleptinemia regardless of the duration of dietary treatment. Maximal levels were detected after 14-week HF, and the concentration of the hormone declined from this time point. After 32 weeks of treatment, animals also exhibited hyperleptinemia, but leptin concentration was reduced almost 50%, compared to the maximal level after 14-week HF. Plasma insulin concentration remained unchanged after 8 weeks of treatment but marked hyperinsulinemia was observed both after 14- (p<0.001) and 32-week (p<0.001) HF. Plasma concentration of glucose and free fatty acids (FAs) was also analyzed and we detected an increase of glucose levels after 14-week HF. Free FAs appeared to be decreased both after 14 (p<0.001) and 32 weeks (p<0.05) of dietary treatment. Adiponectin level was not modified by HF until 32 weeks of treatment (p<0.001).<elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0015"></elsevierMultimedia>Lipid content in liver and adipose tissueAs appears summarized in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0020">Table 4</a>, hepatic lipid remained unmodified after 8-week dietary treatment but one-way ANOVA revealed an effect of diet both after 14- (F(1,15)=7873; p<0.05) and 32-week HF (F(1,13)=13,871; p<0.01). In mesenteric adipose tissue total lipid content remained unmodified in lean mice and a significant increase of lipids was detected only after 8-week HF.<elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0020"></elsevierMultimedia>Phosphorylation of signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (pSTAT3) in response to acute leptinTo assess the functionality of leptin receptors in different tissues at different time points of dietary treatment, we analyzed the responsiveness to acute leptin both in lumbar WAT and hepatic tissues. Recombinant murine leptin (1mg/kg) was administered i.p. to LF and HF-fed mice and phosphorylated STAT3 (pSTAT3) measured 90min after leptin administration by means of Western blot. <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#fig0015">Figs. 3 and 4</a> illustrate the effect of leptin on STAT3 phosphorylation on the above-mentioned tissues at different time points of HF treatment (8, 14 and 32 weeks).<elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0015"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0020"></elsevierMultimedia>LiverTwo-way ANOVA revealed that, after 8 weeks on dietary treatment, leptin elicited a significant effect on STAT3 phosphorylation (F(1,14)=8708; p<0.05) which was independent of the type of diet (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0015">Fig. 3</a>a). In contrast, in animals undergoing a 14-week treatment schedule, the effect of leptin was dependent on the type of diet (2-ANOVA F(1,12)=4730; p<0.05 for the interaction between treatment with leptin and type of dietary treatment). In this case, one-way ANOVA indicated that the effect of leptin was only significant in LF mice (p<0.05) (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0015">Fig. 3</a>b). Finally, after 32-week HF, two-way ANOVA revealed a lack of effect of leptin both in HF and LF mice (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0015">Fig. 3</a>c).Lumbar WATThe effect of leptin on STAT3 phosphorylation in lumbar WAT appears illustrated in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0020">Fig. 4</a>a–c. We observed that leptin increased pSTAT3 levels both in LF and HF mice (2-ANOVA F(1,14)=10,612; p<0.01 for leptin treatment; p>0.05, for the interaction between leptin and dietary treatment) after 8-week dietary treatment. Nevertheless no effect of leptin was detected after longer treatments, neither in LF nor in HF animals.DiscussionThe main result of the current research concerns the gradual uncoupling between leptin receptors and the STAT3 signalling pathway, which suggests that leptin resistance develops differently depending on the type of tissue. In contrast to the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus, which displays leptin resistance after short-term HF treatment,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0025">5</a> none of the tissues studied by us (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#fig0015">Figs. 3a and 4a</a>) exhibited leptin resistance after 8-week HF. From this time point, we observed that desensitization develops both in liver (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0015">Fig. 3</a>b) and lumbar WAT (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0020">Fig. 4</a>b) but not in cardiac tissue,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0020">4</a> which preserves leptin responsiveness even after 32-week HF treatment.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0030">6</a> Our results do not imply necessarily that HF induces a complete loss of functionality of leptin receptors, because they are also coupled to other signalling pathways such as Akt, which has been shown to preserve its functionality under conditions leading to desensitization of the STAT3 pathway.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0030">6,9</a>The influence of HF diets on leptin resistance has been the issue of recent research. In addition to the effect of HF-evoked hyperleptinemia, a direct effect of saturated fatty acids cannot be discarded. In fact, partial substitution of the fatty acid component of HF (saturated) diet by unsaturated fatty acids has been shown to trigger antiinflammatory effects, to reduce body mass and to increase leptin responsiveness.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0050">10</a> It has to be noted that the effect of HF diets is not a matter of caloric intake because we have previously shown that mice on HF diet consume the same amount of energy/calories than their LF counterparts.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0055">11</a>The contribution of leptin resistance to the increase of adipose pads during DIO is consistent with the loss of the auto-/paracrine effect of leptin, which has been shown to limit the size of adipose pads by inhibiting lipogenesis and activating lipolysis.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0060">12,13</a> Nevertheless we observed that the evolution of the relative size of lumbar WAT, as also occurs with mesenteric WAT, slightly declined during dietary treatment (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Fig. 2</a>). This could be due to an insulin resistance state and argues against the relevance of leptin resistance on WAT pads enlargement in obesity. It also indicates that an eventual auto-/paracrine effect of leptin would be less relevant than generally assumed in basis to the effect elicited by elevated pharmacological concentrations of the hormone.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0060">12,13</a> As illustrated in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Fig. 2</a>, the evolution of the relative size of both lumbar and mesenteric WAT during HF treatment suggests that the ability of WAT to buffer the excess of lipids is limited and could be only functional during relatively short periods of dietary lipid overload. In the opposite, hepatic resistance to leptin was accompanied by an increase of the relative hepatic mass (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Fig. 2</a>) together with a raise of TG content. This suggests that, in our model, the liver behaves as a TG trap when WAT fails to buffer the excess of dietary fat. This result leads to speculate about the existence of an adipo-hepatic flux of TGs in advanced steps of DIO, which could account for the development of steatotic liver. This is a very relevant issue because it suggests that ectopic accumulation of fat in liver is the result of the inability of the liver to regulate FA catabolism together with an impaired ability of WAT to store TGs. Although both insulin and leptin action has been implicated in the pathogenesis of steatotic liver, it has been recently reported that failure of leptin action is the major mechanism for hepatic steatosis.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0070">14</a> In addition, hepatic insulin resistance has been shown to develop early after HF treatment in C57BL mice.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0075">15</a> Thus the onset of leptin resistance seems to coincide with TG accumulation. Whether leptin resistance accounts for TGs accumulation in liver is an issue that needs further characterization, but it is striking that the onset of hepatic TG increase is coincident with the disruption of hepatic STAT3 pathway, as previously suggested by us.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0030">6</a>We have observed that HF-evoked leptin resistance does not involve simultaneously all tissues. In addition leptin resistance develops differently depending on the signalling pathway studied. Our study also shows that leptin resistance within the adipose tissue is not accompanied by an increase of adiposity. In contrast hepatic leptin resistance deals with hepatic steatosis. Our results also suggest that this kind of dietary treatments would trigger fat liver without hindering the functionality of the Akt pathway (a signalling pathway also coupled to insulin receptors).<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0030">6</a> Whether this process is reversible or not would deserve further research and should alert against diets containing elevated content of fat even in non-diabetic/moderately overweight individuals.In summary, this study provides a longitudinal characterization of the evolution of some key metabolic parameters during the development of DIO. Our data show that the onset of leptin signalling disruption within the liver and WAT is coincident with the onset of hepatic steatosis and suggest that, in this model, the liver acts as a secondary TG trap which become operative when TG accumulation in WAT is impaired. This study further contributes to characterize metabolic changes occurring in DIO models, which is becoming one of the most widely used model to study metabolic alterations linked to obesity.Disclosure statementThe authors have nothing to disclose.FundingMinisterio de Ciencia e Innovación (SAF 2008-02703, SAF 2009-09714 and SAF 2010-19603), Fundación Universitaria San Pablo-CEU and Fundación Mutua Madrileña. RG-R is a fellow from Ceu-Universidad San Pablo. MG-O is supported by a grant of Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación.Conflict of interestThe authors have no conflict of interest to declare." "textoCompletoSecciones" => array:1 [ "secciones" => array:13 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xres148791" "titulo" => array:5 [ 0 => "Abstract" 1 => "Objective" 2 => "Methods" 3 => "Results" 4 => "Conclusion" ] ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xpalclavsec136692" "titulo" => "Keywords" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xres148790" "titulo" => array:5 [ 0 => "Resumen" 1 => "Objetivo" 2 => "Métodos" 3 => "Resultados" 4 => "Conclusión" ] ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xpalclavsec136693" "titulo" => "Palabras clave" ] 4 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0005" "titulo" => "Introduction" ] 5 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "sec0010" "titulo" => "Materials and methods" "secciones" => array:6 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0015" "titulo" => "Animals and dietary treatment" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0020" "titulo" => "Assessment of leptin resistance" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0025" "titulo" => "Plasma measurements" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0030" "titulo" => "Measurement of total lipid content" ] 4 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0035" "titulo" => "Western blot for phosphorylated signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (pSTAT3)" ] 5 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0040" "titulo" => "Statistics" ] ] ] 6 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "sec0045" "titulo" => "Results" "secciones" => array:4 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0050" "titulo" => "Effect of diet-induced obesity on tissues and body weight" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0055" "titulo" => "Effect of diet-induced obesity on plasma parameters" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0060" "titulo" => "Lipid content in liver and adipose tissue" ] 3 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "sec0065" "titulo" => "Phosphorylation of signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (pSTAT3) in response to acute leptin" "secciones" => array:2 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0070" "titulo" => "Liver" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0075" "titulo" => "Lumbar WAT" ] ] ] ] ] 7 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0080" "titulo" => "Discussion" ] 8 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0085" "titulo" => "Disclosure statement" ] 9 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0090" "titulo" => "Funding" ] 10 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0095" "titulo" => "Conflict of interest" ] 11 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xack41997" "titulo" => "Acknowledgements" ] 12 => array:1 [ "titulo" => "References" ] ] ] "pdfFichero" => "main.pdf" "tienePdf" => true "fechaRecibido" => "2011-12-09" "fechaAceptado" => "2012-04-12" "PalabrasClave" => array:2 [ "en" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "clase" => "keyword" "titulo" => "Keywords" "identificador" => "xpalclavsec136692" "palabras" => array:6 [ 0 => "STAT3" 1 => "Leptin receptors" 2 => "Obesity" 3 => "White adipose tissue" 4 => "Liver" 5 => "Ectopic deposition of lipids" ] ] ] "es" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "clase" => "keyword" "titulo" => "Palabras clave" "identificador" => "xpalclavsec136693" "palabras" => array:6 [ 0 => "STAT3" 1 => "Receptores de la leptina" 2 => "Obesidad" 3 => "Tejido adiposo blanco" 4 => "Hígado" 5 => "Deposición ectópica de lípidos" ] ] ] ] "tieneResumen" => true "resumen" => array:2 [ "en" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Abstract" "resumen" => "ObjectiveDesensitization of leptin receptors is a process that specifically occurs in some tissues. We have hypothesized that during the development of obesity tissue lipids would increase gradually in particular organs depending on leptin responsiveness. Our aim was to establish a relationship between leptin resistance and lipid deposition by using a model of diet-induced obesity (DIO) and we have characterized, in mice undergoing a dietary treatment with a high-fat (HF) diet, the evolution of lipid content and leptin responsiveness in white adipose tissue and liver. MethodsFour-week-old male C57BL/6J mice were divided into two groups and assigned either to a low-fat or to a high-fat diet. Dietary treatment lasted 8, 20 or 32 weeks. The last day animals received 1mg/kg leptin and then tissues were weighed and processed for Western-blotting and lipid determination. ResultsWe observed an initial increase of the relative weight of adipose pads that was blunted after 32-week HF. In contrast, liver size exhibited an initial decrease followed by a progressive increase, which was coincident with the increase of hepatic triglycerides and with the impairment of leptin receptor signalling. ConclusionOur data show that leptin resistance within white adipose tissue does not deal with an increase of the size of adipose pads and suggest that consequences of leptin resistance, in terms of fat accumulation, are tissue-dependent." ] "es" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Resumen" "resumen" => "ObjetivoLa desensibilización de los receptores de la leptina es un proceso que ocurre de forma específica en algunos tejidos. Comprobamos la hipótesis de si durante el desarrollo de la obesidad, aumentarían los lípidos en tejido de forma progresiva en órganos concretos y en función de la capacidad de respuesta a la leptina. Nuestro objetivo fue establecer una relación entre la resistencia a la leptina y la deposición de lípidos mediante el uso de un modelo de obesidad inducida por dieta (OID) y caracterizamos, en ratones sometidos a un tratamiento dietético con una dieta elevada en grasas (DEG), la evolución del contenido lipídico y la capacidad de respuesta a la leptina en tejido adiposo blanco y en el hígado. MétodosRatones C57BL/6J machos de cuatro semanas de edad fueron divididos en dos grupos y asignados a una dieta de bajo o de elevado contenido en grasas. El tratamiento dietético duró 8, 20 o 32 semanas. El último día, los animales recibieron 1mg / kg de leptina y luego se pesaron y se procesaron los tejidos para transferencia de tipo Western y la determinación de lípidos. ResultadosSe observó un aumento inicial en el peso relativo del tejido adiposo, que se redujo después de 32 semanas con DEG. Por otro lado, el tamaño del hígado mostró una descenso inicial, seguido de un aumento progresivo que coincidió con un aumento de los triglicéridos hepáticos y un deterioro en la señalización del receptor de la leptina. ConclusiónNuestros datos muestran que la resistencia a la leptina en el tejido adiposo blanco no aborda un aumento de tamaño del tejido adiposo y sugiere que las consecuencias de la resistencia a la leptina, en términos de acumulación de grasa, dependen del tejido." ] ] "NotaPie" => array:2 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "☆" "nota" => "Please cite this article as: Guzm´n-Ruiz R, et al. Leptin drives fat distribution during diet-induced obesity in mice. Endocrinol Nutr. 2012;59:354–61." ] 1 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "d" "nota" => "These authors contributed equally to this work." ] ] "multimedia" => array:8 [ 0 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0005" "etiqueta" => "Figure 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr1.jpeg" "Alto" => 1067 "Ancho" => 1425 "Tamanyo" => 72199 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Influence of HF on food intake. Data appear expressed in cal/day. (¿) High-fat diet; (¿) low-fat diet." ] ] 1 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0010" "etiqueta" => "Figure 2" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr2.jpeg" "Alto" => 883 "Ancho" => 2177 "Tamanyo" => 118120 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "(a) Percentage of variation of absolute weight of different organs/tissues induced by 8, 14 and 32 weeks HF diet (compared to low-fat matched controls). Percentages were calculated as [(tissue weight HF/tissue weight LF)−1]×100. (b) Percentage variation of relative weight of different organs/tissues induced by 8, 14 and 32 weeks HF diet. Percentages were calculated as [(relative tissue weight HF/relative tissue weight LF)−1]×100. (¿) Lumbar WAT; (▴) mesenteric WAT; (¿) liver." ] ] 2 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0015" "etiqueta" => "Figure 3" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr3.jpeg" "Alto" => 1134 "Ancho" => 2351 "Tamanyo" => 159793 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Effect of acute leptin (1mg/kg; i.p.) on STAT phosphorylation (pSTAT3) in liver from mice treated during 8 weeks (a), 14 weeks (b) or 32 weeks (c) with high-fat diet. Upper panels: Immunodetection of STAT3 and pSTAT3 in left ventricle of mice receiving either saline or 1mg/kg leptin. Lower panels: Effect of leptin on STAT3 phosphorylation as the mean±S.E.M. of the ratio pSTAT3/STAT3 (n=5–6 animals) (*p<0.05 compared to their respective saline groups. Newman–Keuls’ test)." ] ] 3 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0020" "etiqueta" => "Figure 4" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr4.jpeg" "Alto" => 1197 "Ancho" => 2458 "Tamanyo" => 162127 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Effect of acute leptin (1mg/kg; i.p.) on STAT phosphorylation (pSTAT3) in lumbar adipose tissue from mice treated during 8 weeks (a), 14 weeks (b) or 32 weeks (c) with high-fat diet. Upper panels: Immunodetection of STAT3 and pSTAT3 in left ventricle of mice receiving either saline or 1mg/kg leptin. Lower panels: Effect of leptin on STAT3 phosphorylation as the mean±S.E.M. of the ratio pSTAT3/STAT3 (n=5–6 animals) (*p<0.05 compared to their respective saline groups. Newman–Keuls’ test)." ] ] 4 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "tbl0005" "etiqueta" => "Table 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "tabla" => array:2 [ "leyenda" => "Nutritional composition is expressed in % (W/W). Contribution of each component to energy content is expressed as percentage of total calories." "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "tabla" => array:1 [ 0 => """ <table border="0" frame="\n \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">LF \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">HF \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Total proteins (%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">17.3 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">21.3 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Total carbohydrates (%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">67.5 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">41.2 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " colspan="3" align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Total fat (%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">4.3 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">23.6 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Cholesterol (ppm) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">18 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">196 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Linoleic acid (%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">1.4 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">3.5 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Linolenic acid (%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.2 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.3 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Omega-3-fatty acids (%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.2 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.3 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Total saturated fatty acids (%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">1.4 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">9.1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Total monounsaturated fatty acids (%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">1.3 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">9.3 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " colspan="3" align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Fiber (%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">4.7 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">5.8 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " colspan="3" align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " colspan="3" align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Energetic profile</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Total energy (kcal/g) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">3.8 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">4.6 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Energy from proteins (% total) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">18.3 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">18.3 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Energy from carbohydrates (% total) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">71.4 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">35.4 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Energy from fat (% total) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">10.2 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">45.6 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table> """ ] "imagenFichero" => array:1 [ 0 => "xTab242835.png" ] ] ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Composition and energetic profile of low-fat (LF) and high-fat (HF) diets." ] ] 5 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "tbl0010" "etiqueta" => "Table 2" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "tabla" => array:1 [ "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "tabla" => array:1 [ 0 => """ <table border="0" frame="\n \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " colspan="2" align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">8 weeks on treatment</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " colspan="2" align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">14 weeks on treatment</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " colspan="2" align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">32 weeks on treatment</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">LF diet \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">HF diet \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">LF diet \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">HF diet \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">LF diet \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">HF diet \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">BW (g) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">25.9±0.7 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">36.6±0.8*** \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">30.3±0.4 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">42.1±0.5*** \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">36.9±0.7 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">47.2±1.4*** \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Liver (mg) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">901.1±19.8 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">895.3±41.1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">1010.8±75.2 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">1800.3±105.2*** \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">1620.5±74.1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">2976.4±95.9*** \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Lumbar WAT (mg) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">174.2±52.1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">381.4±30.2*** \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">215.4±9.9 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">477.8±15.4*** \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">529.9±35.8 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">945.7±80.2*** \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Mesenteric WAT (mg) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">375.6±28.9 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">825.9±71.8** \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">438.7±29. \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">914.8±123.3** \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">1002.5±95.8 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">1490.4±120.3** \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Liver/BW (mg/g) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">34.8±0.1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">25.1±0.1*** \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">33.3±2.2 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">42.3±2.1* \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">43.8±2.4 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">63.3±3.1*** \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Lumbar WAT/BW (mg/g) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">6.7±0.9 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">9.3±0.6** \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">7.1±0.4 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">11.1±0.3*** \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">14.3±0.5 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">20.1±1.6* \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Mesenteric WAT/BW (mg/g) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">14.5±1.1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">23.0±1.6*** \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">14.5±0.8 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">26.1±2.2** \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">27.1±1.5 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">31.7±1.9 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table> """ ] "imagenFichero" => array:1 [ 0 => "xTab242838.png" ] ] ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Effect of dietary treatment on body weight and weight of lumbar and mesenteric WAT and liver. Organs and tissues weight is presented both in absolute values and relative to body weight. *p<0.05, **p<0.01, ***p<0.001, compared to the corresponding matched control groups. Newman–Keuls’ test." ] ] 6 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "tbl0015" "etiqueta" => "Table 3" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "tabla" => array:1 [ "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "tabla" => array:1 [ 0 => """ <table border="0" frame="\n \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " colspan="2" align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">8 weeks</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " colspan="2" align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">14 weeks</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " colspan="2" align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">32 weeks</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">LF diet \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">HF diet \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">LF diet \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">HF diet \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">LF diet \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">HF diet \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Insulin (μg/l) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.65±0.10 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">1.01±0.10 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.72±0.05 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">4.80±0.60*** \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">2.6±0.2 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">5.7±0.5*** \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Leptin (ng/ml) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">4.9±0.2 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">16.0±1.7** \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">9.3±0.7 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">57.0±10.3*** \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">14.9±1.5 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">25.1±3.2* \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Adiponectin (μg/ml) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">18.5±2.1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">17.0±1.5 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">17.1±1.0 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">15.1±0.5 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">8.5±0.3 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">6.4±0.6** \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Glucose (mg/dl) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">135.8±13.2 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">154.8±9.4 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">155.0±7.5 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">171.8±4.7* \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">190.2±20.3 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">245.9±32.1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">TGs (mg/dl) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">60.9±7.2 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">69.5±3.6 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">58.8±3.9 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">62.9±7.9*** \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">82.7±4.8 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">79.8±4.5 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Free FAs (mM) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.69±0.08 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.64±0.10 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.54±0.02 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.33±0.03*** \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.58±0.03 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.54±0.01* \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table> """ ] "imagenFichero" => array:1 [ 0 => "xTab242836.png" ] ] ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Effect of dietary treatment on plasma biochemistry. *p<0.05, **p<0.01, ***p<0.001, compared to the corresponding matched control groups. Newman–Keuls’ test." ] ] 7 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "tbl0020" "etiqueta" => "Table 4" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "tabla" => array:1 [ "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "tabla" => array:1 [ 0 => """ <table border="0" frame="\n \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Weeks on treatment \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">LF \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">HF \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " colspan="3" align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Liver (mg lipids/g wet tissue)</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">8 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">72.6±1.5 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">56.9±11.3 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">14 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">83.8±5.7 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">180.4±20.2*** \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">32 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">79.7±4.9 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">264.8±11.6*** \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " colspan="3" align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " colspan="3" align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Mesenteric adipose tissue (mg lipid/g wet tissue)</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">8 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">449.5±44.1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">624.2±48.6* \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">14 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">558.3±134.0 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">738.4±56.3 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">32 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">575.1±95.6 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">604.1±29.7 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table> """ ] "imagenFichero" => array:1 [ 0 => "xTab242837.png" ] ] ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Effect of dietary treatment on lipid content in liver and mesenteric adipose tissue. *p<0.05, ***p<0.01 compared to the corresponding matched LF groups (Newman–Keuls’ tests)." ] ] ] "bibliografia" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "References" "seccion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "bibs0005" "bibliografiaReferencia" => array:15 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0005" "etiqueta" => "1" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Adipose tissues as a buffer for daily lipid flux" "autores" => 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Original article

Leptin drives fat distribution during diet-induced obesity in mice

La leptina conduce la distribución de la grasa durante la obesidad inducida por dieta en ratones

Rocío Guzmán-Ruiza,d, Paula Stucchib,d, Ma Pilar Ramosc, Julio Sevillanoc, Beatriz Somozaa, Marisol Fernández-Alfonsob, Mariano Ruiz-Gayoa,

Corresponding author

ruigayo@ceu.es

Corresponding author.

a Departamento de Ciencias Farmacéuticas y de la Alimentación, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad CEU-San Pablo, Madrid, Spain

b Instituto Pluridisciplinar and Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain

c Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Ceu-San Pablo, Madrid, Spain

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          "en" => "<p id="spar0055" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Effect of acute leptin &#40;1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;kg&#59; i&#46;p&#46;&#41; on STAT phosphorylation &#40;pSTAT3&#41; in liver from mice treated during 8 weeks &#40;a&#41;&#44; 14 weeks &#40;b&#41; or 32 weeks &#40;c&#41; with high-fat diet&#46; Upper panels&#58; Immunodetection of STAT3 and pSTAT3 in left ventricle of mice receiving either saline or 1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;kg leptin&#46; Lower panels&#58; Effect of leptin on STAT3 phosphorylation as the mean<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>S&#46;E&#46;M&#46; of the ratio pSTAT3&#47;STAT3 &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>5&#8211;6 animals&#41; &#40;&#42;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;05 compared to their respective saline groups&#46; Newman&#8211;Keuls&#8217; test&#41;&#46;</p>"
        ]
      ]
    ]
    "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Introduction</span><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Dietary triglycerides are the main source of fatty acids &#40;FAs&#41; to fulfil energy needs of heart and skeletal muscle&#46; The unconsumed fraction of these nutrients is stored in adipocytes to retrieve energetic deficit during fasting periods&#46; The adipose tissue acts as a trap for the excess of FA liberated from plasma triglycerides<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> and when this buffering action is impaired&#44; non-adipose tissues can accumulate FA in the form of triacylglycerol&#44; a condition related with the development of lipotoxicity and metabolic syndrome&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a></p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Regulatory circuits aimed at maintaining energy homeostasis can be experimentally disrupted in rodents by means of high-fat &#40;HF&#41; dietary treatments&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3&#8211;5</span></a> Thus&#44; feeding mice with chow enriched with saturated fat gradually leads to overweight&#44; hyperleptinemia&#44; hypothalamic resistance to leptin and obesity&#46; In a previous work we have observed that mice submitted to 32-week HF treatment exhibit larger WAT deposits than controls together with hyperleptinemia and desensitization of the signal-transducer and activator of transcriprion 3 &#40;STAT3&#41; pathway coupled to leptin receptors&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0030"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a> Therefore&#44; the possibility of a gradual&#44; time-dependent&#44; desensitization of leptin receptors triggered by HF has focussed our attention&#46; We hypothesize that time-course of leptin resistance during diet-induced obesity &#40;DIO&#41; development might occur differently depending on tissues&#47;organs and we wonder if ectopic accumulation of lipids in a particular tissue&#47;organ would parallel the development of leptin resistance in this tissue&#47;organ&#46;</p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In order to establish an eventual relationship between leptin resistance and deposition of lipids&#44; we have characterized the evolution of &#40;i&#41; body weight&#44; &#40;ii&#41; weight of different white adipose pads and liver&#44; &#40;iii&#41; lipid content in adipose tissue and liver&#44; and &#40;iv&#41; responsiveness to acute leptin in these tissues&#44; measured in terms of STAT3 phosphorylation&#46; The study has been carried out in C57BL6J mice undergoing a dietary treatment with HF either during 8&#44; 14 and 32 weeks&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Materials and methods</span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Animals and dietary treatment</span><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Four-week-old male C57BL&#47;6J mice &#40;CRIFA&#44; Spain&#41; weighing 16&#8211;18<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>g were housed under controlled light &#40;12-h light&#47;dark cycles from 8<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>am to 8<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>pm&#41; and temperature &#40;22&#8211;24<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#176;C&#41; conditions with standard food and water ad libitum&#46; After one week&#44; animals with similar average body weight &#40;BW&#41; were divided into two groups and housed 8&#8211;10 per cage and assigned either to a low-fat or to a high-fat diet&#46; Low-fat &#40;10<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>kcal&#37; fat&#44; 70<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>kcal&#37; carbohydrates and 20<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>kcal&#37; protein&#59; 3&#46;85<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>kcal&#47;g&#41; or high-fat &#40;45<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>kcal&#37; fat&#44; 35<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>kcal&#37; carbohydrates&#44; 20<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>kcal&#37; protein&#59; 4&#46;73<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>kcal&#47;g&#41; diets were supplied by Research Diets &#40;USA&#41; and will be referred to as LF and HF&#44; respectively&#46; HF and their respective LF control mice had free access to food either during 8&#44; 14 or 32 weeks&#46; Diet composition &#40;provided by the manufacturer&#41; appears summarized in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a>&#46; BW and food intake were monitored twice per week&#46; On the last day&#44; mice were weighed and killed by decapitation between 8<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>am and 9<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>am&#46; Blood was collected in chilled EDTA-coated polypropylene tubes and organs immediately dissected and weighed&#46; Plasma samples were frozen for biochemical determinations&#46; The investigation conforms to the <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals</span> published by the US National Institute of Health &#40;NIH publication no&#46; 85-23&#44; revised 1996&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Assessment of leptin resistance</span><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Recombinant murine leptin &#40;1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;kg&#41; or saline was administered at 9<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>am&#46; After 90<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>min&#44; mice were killed by decapitation and liver&#44; and lumbar and mesenteric adipose tissues were dissected and stored at &#8722;80<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#176;C until assay&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Plasma measurements</span><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Plasma leptin concentration was analysed using a specific radioimmunoassay &#40;RIA&#41; kit for murine leptin &#40;Linco Research&#44; USA&#41; &#40;4&#46;9&#37; intra-assay variation&#44; 3&#46;3&#37; inter-assay variation&#41;&#46; Insulin was determined by means of a specific EIA kit for mouse insulin &#40;Mercodia&#44; Denmark&#41; &#40;2&#46;2&#37; intra-assay variation&#44; 4&#46;9&#37; inter-assay variation&#41;&#46; Glucose was measured by a spectrophotometric method &#40;Glucose Trinder Method&#44; Roche&#44; Spain&#41;&#46; Triglycerides and free fatty acids were determined using the GPO &#40;Biolabo&#44; France&#41; and ACS-ACOD &#40;Wako&#44; Germany&#41; methods&#44; respectively&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Measurement of total lipid content</span><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Lipids were extracted from liver and mesenteric adipose tissue in chloroform&#47;methanol &#40;2&#47;1&#41; following the method of Folch<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0035"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a> with modifications&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0040"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a></p></span><span id="sec0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Western blot for phosphorylated signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 &#40;pSTAT3&#41;</span><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">pSTAT3 was measured in liver and lumbar adipose tissue&#46; Briefly&#44; tissues were homogenized in ice-cold buffer containing 0&#46;42<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>M NaCl&#44; 20<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mM Hepes &#40;pH 7&#46;9&#41;&#44; 1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mM Na<span class="elsevierStyleInf">4</span>P<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>O<span class="elsevierStyleInf">7</span>&#44; 1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mM EDTA&#44; 1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mM EGTA&#44; 1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mM dithiothreitol&#44; 20&#37; glycerol&#44; 1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#956;g&#47;ml aprotinin&#44; 1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#956;g&#47;ml leupeptin&#44; 20<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mM sodium fluoride&#44; 1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mM trisodium orthovanadate and 2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mM phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride&#46; Tubes containing homogenates were frozen at &#8722;80<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#176;C and thawed at 37<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#176;C three consecutive times&#44; then centrifuged for 10<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>min at 4<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#176;C&#46; Equivalent amounts of proteins &#40;50<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#956;g&#41; present in the supernatant were loaded in Laemli buffer &#40;50<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mM Tris pH<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>6&#46;8&#44; 10&#37; SDS&#44; 10&#37; glycerol&#44; 5&#37; mercaptoethanol and 2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;ml blue bromophenol&#41; and size-separated in 15&#37; SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis&#46; Proteins were transferred to PVDF membranes &#40;Amersham Pharmacia&#44; Spain&#41; using a transblot apparatus &#40;Bio-Rad&#44; Spain&#41;&#46; For immunoblotting&#44; membranes were blocked with 5&#37; non-fat dried milk in Tween-PBS &#40;TPBS&#41; for 1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h&#46; A primary antibody against pSTAT3 &#40;Tyr<span class="elsevierStyleSup">705</span>&#41; &#40;Cell Signaling Technology&#44; USA&#59; 1&#47;100 final dilution&#41; or STAT3 &#40;Santa Cruz Biotechnology&#44; USA&#59; 1&#47;1000 final dilution&#41; was applied at the convenient dilution overnight at 4<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#176;C&#46; After washing&#44; appropriate secondary antibodies &#40;anti-rabbit IgG-peroxidase conjugated&#41; were applied for 1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h at a dilution of 1&#47;5000&#46; Blots were washed&#44; incubated in commercial enhanced chemiluminescence reagents &#40;ECL&#44; Amersham Bioscence&#44; UK&#41; and exposed to autoradiographic film&#46; Films were scanned using a GS-800 Calibrated Densitometer &#40;Bio-Rad&#44; Spain&#41; and blots were quantified using Quantity One software &#40;Bio-Rad&#44; Spain&#41;&#46; Values for pSTAT3 were normalized with STAT3&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Statistics</span><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">All variables analysed in this study had a normal distribution&#46; Variations were analysed by a one-way ANOVA&#44; followed by Newman&#8211;Keuls&#8217; post hoc test&#46; Statistical significance was set at <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;05&#46;</p></span></span><span id="sec0045" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Results</span><span id="sec0050" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Effect of diet-induced obesity on tissues and body weight</span><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Obesity was induced in C57BL&#47;6J mice by exposure to a diet in which 45&#37; cal derived from fat&#46; A control group was fed with LF chow&#44; which only yielded 10&#37; cal from fat&#46; As appears illustrated in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig&#46; 1</a>&#44; animals on HF did not exhibit hyperphagia throughout the treatment&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">As summarized in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">Table 2</a>&#44; mice on HF diet exhibited a significant increase of BW after 8 &#40;1-ANOVA <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">F</span><span class="elsevierStyleInf">&#40;1&#44;39&#41;</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>67&#44;653&#59; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;001&#41;&#44; 14 &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">F</span><span class="elsevierStyleInf">&#40;1&#44;49&#41;</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>372&#44;907&#59; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;001&#41; and 32 weeks &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">F</span><span class="elsevierStyleInf">&#40;1&#44;32&#41;</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>131&#44;326&#59; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;001&#41; on dietary treatment&#46; The HF diet induced a gain of white adipose tissue &#40;WAT&#41;&#44; illustrated by the significant increase of lumbar and mesenteric adipose pads&#46; The size of lumbar WAT&#44; compared to the size in the corresponding matched LF groups&#44; increased approximately 24&#37;&#44; 42&#37; and 60&#37; after 8 &#40;1-ANOVA <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">F</span><span class="elsevierStyleInf">&#40;1&#44;17&#41;</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>15&#44;572&#59; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;001&#41;&#44; 14 &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">F</span><span class="elsevierStyleInf">&#40;1&#44;25&#41;</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>94&#44;322&#59; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;001&#41; and 32 weeks &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">F</span><span class="elsevierStyleInf">&#40;1&#44;32&#41;</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>13&#44;204&#59; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;001&#41; on treatment&#44; respectively&#46; In the case of mesenteric WAT&#44; the increase was 41&#37; &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">F</span><span class="elsevierStyleInf">&#40;1&#44;17&#41;</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>36&#44;261&#59; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;01&#41;&#44; 89&#37; &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">F</span><span class="elsevierStyleInf">&#40;1&#44;19&#41;</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>8731&#59; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;01&#41; and 51&#37; &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">F</span><span class="elsevierStyleInf">&#40;1&#44;18&#41;</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>50&#44;696&#59; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;01&#41; at identical time points&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0010"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">We have used the weight of a tissue divided by BW &#40;g&#41; as an index to estimate the influence of dietary treatment on weight accumulation in a particular organ&#47;tissue&#46; Thus&#44; if the index remains unchanged during treatment&#44; one can assume that organ&#47;tissue size progresses in a similar extent than BW does&#46; Our current data show that relative weights of lumbar and mesenteric WAT are increased in HF animals&#44; independently of treatment duration &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">Table 2</a>&#41;&#44; indicating that these tissues gain proportionally more weight than overall BW&#46; Comparison of relative weights between LF and HF groups revealed that the HF diet induced a 66&#37; increase of the relative weight of lumbar WAT after 8 weeks of treatment&#46; Variations determined 14 and 32 weeks after treatment were 85&#37; and 27&#37;&#44; respectively&#46; In the case of mesenteric WAT&#44; variations were 91&#37;&#44; 53&#37; and 19&#37; after 8&#44; 14 or 32 weeks on treatment &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Fig&#46; 2</a>&#41;&#46; All these data show that the partial contribution of lumbar and mesenteric WAT to BW decreases during the development of DIO&#44; suggesting the accumulation of fat in non-adipose organs&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0010"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In the liver&#44; we detected an increase of weight after 14 &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">F</span><span class="elsevierStyleInf">&#40;1&#44;25&#41;</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>41&#44;597&#59; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;001&#41; and 32 weeks &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">F</span><span class="elsevierStyleInf">&#40;1&#44;32&#41;</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>55&#44;536&#59; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;001&#41; on dietary treatment&#46; In this case relative weights exhibited a progressive 23&#37; and 46&#37; increase after 14 &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">F</span><span class="elsevierStyleInf">&#40;1&#44;24&#41;</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>6287&#59; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;05&#41; and 32 weeks &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">F</span><span class="elsevierStyleInf">&#40;1&#44;32&#41;</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>30&#44;538&#59; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;001&#41;&#44; respectively&#46; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Fig&#46; 2</a>a &#40;&#37; variation of absolute tissue weight&#41; and b &#40;&#37; variation of relative tissue weight&#41; illustrate the magnitude of body mass flux from WAT deposits toward the liver&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0055" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Effect of diet-induced obesity on plasma parameters</span><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">As summarized in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0015">Table 3</a>&#44; plasma analysis revealed that HF induced significant hyperleptinemia regardless of the duration of dietary treatment&#46; Maximal levels were detected after 14-week HF&#44; and the concentration of the hormone declined from this time point&#46; After 32 weeks of treatment&#44; animals also exhibited hyperleptinemia&#44; but leptin concentration was reduced almost 50&#37;&#44; compared to the maximal level after 14-week HF&#46; Plasma insulin concentration remained unchanged after 8 weeks of treatment but marked hyperinsulinemia was observed both after 14- &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;001&#41; and 32-week &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;001&#41; HF&#46; Plasma concentration of glucose and free fatty acids &#40;FAs&#41; was also analyzed and we detected an increase of glucose levels after 14-week HF&#46; Free FAs appeared to be decreased both after 14 &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;001&#41; and 32 weeks &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;05&#41; of dietary treatment&#46; Adiponectin level was not modified by HF until 32 weeks of treatment &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;001&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0015"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0060" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Lipid content in liver and adipose tissue</span><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">As appears summarized in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0020">Table 4</a>&#44; hepatic lipid remained unmodified after 8-week dietary treatment but one-way ANOVA revealed an effect of diet both after 14- &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">F</span><span class="elsevierStyleInf">&#40;1&#44;15&#41;</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>7873&#59; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;05&#41; and 32-week HF &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">F</span><span class="elsevierStyleInf">&#40;1&#44;13&#41;</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>13&#44;871&#59; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;01&#41;&#46; In mesenteric adipose tissue total lipid content remained unmodified in lean mice and a significant increase of lipids was detected only after 8-week HF&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0020"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0065" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Phosphorylation of signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 &#40;pSTAT3&#41; in response to acute leptin</span><p id="par0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">To assess the functionality of leptin receptors in different tissues at different time points of dietary treatment&#44; we analyzed the responsiveness to acute leptin both in lumbar WAT and hepatic tissues&#46; Recombinant murine leptin &#40;1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;kg&#41; was administered i&#46;p&#46; to LF and HF-fed mice and phosphorylated STAT3 &#40;pSTAT3&#41; measured 90<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>min after leptin administration by means of Western blot&#46; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#fig0015">Figs&#46; 3 and 4</a> illustrate the effect of leptin on STAT3 phosphorylation on the above-mentioned tissues at different time points of HF treatment &#40;8&#44; 14 and 32 weeks&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0015"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0020"></elsevierMultimedia><span id="sec0070" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Liver</span><p id="par0085" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Two-way ANOVA revealed that&#44; after 8 weeks on dietary treatment&#44; leptin elicited a significant effect on STAT3 phosphorylation &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">F</span><span class="elsevierStyleInf">&#40;1&#44;14&#41;</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>8708&#59; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;05&#41; which was independent of the type of diet &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0015">Fig&#46; 3</a>a&#41;&#46; In contrast&#44; in animals undergoing a 14-week treatment schedule&#44; the effect of leptin was dependent on the type of diet &#40;2-ANOVA <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">F</span><span class="elsevierStyleInf">&#40;1&#44;12&#41;</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>4730&#59; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;05 for the interaction between treatment with leptin and type of dietary treatment&#41;&#46; In this case&#44; one-way ANOVA indicated that the effect of leptin was only significant in LF mice &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;05&#41; &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0015">Fig&#46; 3</a>b&#41;&#46; Finally&#44; after 32-week HF&#44; two-way ANOVA revealed a lack of effect of leptin both in HF and LF mice &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0015">Fig&#46; 3</a>c&#41;&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0075" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Lumbar WAT</span><p id="par0090" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The effect of leptin on STAT3 phosphorylation in lumbar WAT appears illustrated in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0020">Fig&#46; 4</a>a&#8211;c&#46; We observed that leptin increased pSTAT3 levels both in LF and HF mice &#40;2-ANOVA <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">F</span><span class="elsevierStyleInf">&#40;1&#44;14&#41;</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>10&#44;612&#59; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;01 for leptin treatment&#59; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#62;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;05&#44; for the interaction between leptin and dietary treatment&#41; after 8-week dietary treatment&#46; Nevertheless no effect of leptin was detected after longer treatments&#44; neither in LF nor in HF animals&#46;</p></span></span></span><span id="sec0080" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Discussion</span><p id="par0095" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The main result of the current research concerns the gradual uncoupling between leptin receptors and the STAT3 signalling pathway&#44; which suggests that leptin resistance develops differently depending on the type of tissue&#46; In contrast to the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus&#44; which displays leptin resistance after short-term HF treatment&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0025"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a> none of the tissues studied by us &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#fig0015">Figs&#46; 3a and 4a</a>&#41; exhibited leptin resistance after 8-week HF&#46; From this time point&#44; we observed that desensitization develops both in liver &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0015">Fig&#46; 3</a>b&#41; and lumbar WAT &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0020">Fig&#46; 4</a>b&#41; but not in cardiac tissue&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0020"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a> which preserves leptin responsiveness even after 32-week HF treatment&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0030"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a> Our results do not imply necessarily that HF induces a complete loss of functionality of leptin receptors&#44; because they are also coupled to other signalling pathways such as Akt&#44; which has been shown to preserve its functionality under conditions leading to desensitization of the STAT3 pathway&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0030"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6&#44;9</span></a></p><p id="par0100" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The influence of HF diets on leptin resistance has been the issue of recent research&#46; In addition to the effect of HF-evoked hyperleptinemia&#44; a direct effect of saturated fatty acids cannot be discarded&#46; In fact&#44; partial substitution of the fatty acid component of HF &#40;saturated&#41; diet by unsaturated fatty acids has been shown to trigger antiinflammatory effects&#44; to reduce body mass and to increase leptin responsiveness&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0050"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a> It has to be noted that the effect of HF diets is not a matter of caloric intake because we have previously shown that mice on HF diet consume the same amount of energy&#47;calories than their LF counterparts&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0055"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11</span></a></p><p id="par0105" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The contribution of leptin resistance to the increase of adipose pads during DIO is consistent with the loss of the auto-&#47;paracrine effect of leptin&#44; which has been shown to limit the size of adipose pads by inhibiting lipogenesis and activating lipolysis&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0060"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12&#44;13</span></a> Nevertheless we observed that the evolution of the relative size of lumbar WAT&#44; as also occurs with mesenteric WAT&#44; slightly declined during dietary treatment &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Fig&#46; 2</a>&#41;&#46; This could be due to an insulin resistance state and argues against the relevance of leptin resistance on WAT pads enlargement in obesity&#46; It also indicates that an eventual auto-&#47;paracrine effect of leptin would be less relevant than generally assumed in basis to the effect elicited by elevated pharmacological concentrations of the hormone&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0060"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12&#44;13</span></a> As illustrated in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Fig&#46; 2</a>&#44; the evolution of the relative size of both lumbar and mesenteric WAT during HF treatment suggests that the ability of WAT to buffer the excess of lipids is limited and could be only functional during relatively short periods of dietary lipid overload&#46; In the opposite&#44; hepatic resistance to leptin was accompanied by an increase of the relative hepatic mass &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Fig&#46; 2</a>&#41; together with a raise of TG content&#46; This suggests that&#44; in our model&#44; the liver behaves as a TG trap when WAT fails to buffer the excess of dietary fat&#46; This result leads to speculate about the existence of an adipo-hepatic flux of TGs in advanced steps of DIO&#44; which could account for the development of steatotic liver&#46; This is a very relevant issue because it suggests that ectopic accumulation of fat in liver is the result of the inability of the liver to regulate FA catabolism together with an impaired ability of WAT to store TGs&#46; Although both insulin and leptin action has been implicated in the pathogenesis of steatotic liver&#44; it has been recently reported that failure of leptin action is the major mechanism for hepatic steatosis&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0070"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">14</span></a> In addition&#44; hepatic insulin resistance has been shown to develop early after HF treatment in C57BL mice&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0075"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">15</span></a> Thus the onset of leptin resistance seems to coincide with TG accumulation&#46; Whether leptin resistance accounts for TGs accumulation in liver is an issue that needs further characterization&#44; but it is striking that the onset of hepatic TG increase is coincident with the disruption of hepatic STAT3 pathway&#44; as previously suggested by us&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0030"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a></p><p id="par0110" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">We have observed that HF-evoked leptin resistance does not involve simultaneously all tissues&#46; In addition leptin resistance develops differently depending on the signalling pathway studied&#46; Our study also shows that leptin resistance within the adipose tissue is not accompanied by an increase of adiposity&#46; In contrast hepatic leptin resistance deals with hepatic steatosis&#46; Our results also suggest that this kind of dietary treatments would trigger fat liver without hindering the functionality of the Akt pathway &#40;a signalling pathway also coupled to insulin receptors&#41;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0030"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a> Whether this process is reversible or not would deserve further research and should alert against diets containing elevated content of fat even in non-diabetic&#47;moderately overweight individuals&#46;</p><p id="par0115" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In summary&#44; this study provides a longitudinal characterization of the evolution of some key metabolic parameters during the development of DIO&#46; Our data show that the onset of leptin signalling disruption within the liver and WAT is coincident with the onset of hepatic steatosis and suggest that&#44; in this model&#44; the liver acts as a secondary TG trap which become operative when TG accumulation in WAT is impaired&#46; This study further contributes to characterize metabolic changes occurring in DIO models&#44; which is becoming one of the most widely used model to study metabolic alterations linked to obesity&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0085" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Disclosure statement</span><p id="par0120" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors have nothing to disclose&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0090" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Funding</span><p id="par0125" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleGrantSponsor" id="gs0005">Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovaci&#243;n</span> &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleGrantNumber" refid="gs0005">SAF 2008-02703</span>&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleGrantSponsor" id="gs0010">SAF 2009-09714</span> and <span class="elsevierStyleGrantNumber" refid="gs0010">SAF 2010-19603</span>&#41;&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleGrantSponsor">Fundaci&#243;n Universitaria San Pablo-CEU</span> and <span class="elsevierStyleGrantSponsor">Fundaci&#243;n Mutua Madrile&#241;a</span>&#46; RG-R is a fellow from Ceu-Universidad San Pablo&#46; MG-O is supported by a grant of <span class="elsevierStyleGrantSponsor">Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovaci&#243;n</span>&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0095" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Conflict of interest</span><p id="par0130" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors have no conflict of interest to declare&#46;</p></span></span>"
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          "titulo" => "Introduction"
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          "titulo" => "Materials and methods"
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              "titulo" => "Animals and dietary treatment"
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              "titulo" => "Assessment of leptin resistance"
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              "identificador" => "sec0025"
              "titulo" => "Plasma measurements"
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              "titulo" => "Measurement of total lipid content"
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              "identificador" => "sec0035"
              "titulo" => "Western blot for phosphorylated signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 &#40;pSTAT3&#41;"
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          "titulo" => "Results"
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            0 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "sec0050"
              "titulo" => "Effect of diet-induced obesity on tissues and body weight"
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              "titulo" => "Effect of diet-induced obesity on plasma parameters"
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              "titulo" => "Lipid content in liver and adipose tissue"
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              "identificador" => "sec0065"
              "titulo" => "Phosphorylation of signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 &#40;pSTAT3&#41; in response to acute leptin"
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                0 => array:2 [
                  "identificador" => "sec0070"
                  "titulo" => "Liver"
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                  "identificador" => "sec0075"
                  "titulo" => "Lumbar WAT"
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          "titulo" => "Discussion"
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          "identificador" => "xack41997"
          "titulo" => "Acknowledgements"
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          "titulo" => "References"
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    "fechaRecibido" => "2011-12-09"
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          "palabras" => array:6 [
            0 => "STAT3"
            1 => "Leptin receptors"
            2 => "Obesity"
            3 => "White adipose tissue"
            4 => "Liver"
            5 => "Ectopic deposition of lipids"
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            0 => "STAT3"
            1 => "Receptores de la leptina"
            2 => "Obesidad"
            3 => "Tejido adiposo blanco"
            4 => "H&#237;gado"
            5 => "Deposici&#243;n ect&#243;pica de l&#237;pidos"
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        "titulo" => "Abstract"
        "resumen" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Objective</span><p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Desensitization of leptin receptors is a process that specifically occurs in some tissues&#46; We have hypothesized that during the development of obesity tissue lipids would increase gradually in particular organs depending on leptin responsiveness&#46; Our aim was to establish a relationship between leptin resistance and lipid deposition by using a model of diet-induced obesity &#40;DIO&#41; and we have characterized&#44; in mice undergoing a dietary treatment with a high-fat &#40;HF&#41; diet&#44; the evolution of lipid content and leptin responsiveness in white adipose tissue and liver&#46;</p> <span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Methods</span><p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Four-week-old male C57BL&#47;6J mice were divided into two groups and assigned either to a low-fat or to a high-fat diet&#46; Dietary treatment lasted 8&#44; 20 or 32 weeks&#46; The last day animals received 1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;kg leptin and then tissues were weighed and processed for Western-blotting and lipid determination&#46;</p> <span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Results</span><p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">We observed an initial increase of the relative weight of adipose pads that was blunted after 32-week HF&#46; In contrast&#44; liver size exhibited an initial decrease followed by a progressive increase&#44; which was coincident with the increase of hepatic triglycerides and with the impairment of leptin receptor signalling&#46;</p> <span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Conclusion</span><p id="spar0020" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Our data show that leptin resistance within white adipose tissue does not deal with an increase of the size of adipose pads and suggest that consequences of leptin resistance&#44; in terms of fat accumulation&#44; are tissue-dependent&#46;</p>"
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        "resumen" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Objetivo</span><p id="spar0025" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">La desensibilizaci&#243;n de los receptores de la leptina es un proceso que ocurre de forma espec&#237;fica en algunos tejidos&#46; Comprobamos la hip&#243;tesis de si durante el desarrollo de la obesidad&#44; aumentar&#237;an los l&#237;pidos en tejido de forma progresiva en &#243;rganos concretos y en funci&#243;n de la capacidad de respuesta a la leptina&#46; Nuestro objetivo fue establecer una relaci&#243;n entre la resistencia a la leptina y la deposici&#243;n de l&#237;pidos mediante el uso de un modelo de obesidad inducida por dieta &#40;OID&#41; y caracterizamos&#44; en ratones sometidos a un tratamiento diet&#233;tico con una dieta elevada en grasas &#40;DEG&#41;&#44; la evoluci&#243;n del contenido lip&#237;dico y la capacidad de respuesta a la leptina en tejido adiposo blanco y en el h&#237;gado&#46;</p> <span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">M&#233;todos</span><p id="spar0030" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Ratones C57BL&#47;6J machos de cuatro semanas de edad fueron divididos en dos grupos y asignados a una dieta de bajo o de elevado contenido en grasas&#46; El tratamiento diet&#233;tico dur&#243; 8&#44; 20 o 32 semanas&#46; El &#250;ltimo d&#237;a&#44; los animales recibieron 1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg &#47; kg de leptina y luego se pesaron y se procesaron los tejidos para transferencia de tipo Western y la determinaci&#243;n de l&#237;pidos&#46;</p> <span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Resultados</span><p id="spar0035" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Se observ&#243; un aumento inicial en el peso relativo del tejido adiposo&#44; que se redujo despu&#233;s de 32 semanas con DEG&#46; Por otro lado&#44; el tama&#241;o del h&#237;gado mostr&#243; una descenso inicial&#44; seguido de un aumento progresivo que coincidi&#243; con un aumento de los triglic&#233;ridos hep&#225;ticos y un deterioro en la se&#241;alizaci&#243;n del receptor de la leptina&#46;</p> <span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Conclusi&#243;n</span><p id="spar0040" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Nuestros datos muestran que la resistencia a la leptina en el tejido adiposo blanco no aborda un aumento de tama&#241;o del tejido adiposo y sugiere que las consecuencias de la resistencia a la leptina&#44; en t&#233;rminos de acumulaci&#243;n de grasa&#44; dependen del tejido&#46;</p>"
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        "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara">Please cite this article as&#58; Guzm&#180;n-Ruiz R&#44; et al&#46; Leptin drives fat distribution during diet-induced obesity in mice&#46; Endocrinol Nutr&#46; 2012&#59;59&#58;354&#8211;61&#46;</p>"
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          "en" => "<p id="spar0045" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Influence of HF on food intake&#46; Data appear expressed in cal&#47;day&#46; &#40;¿&#41; High-fat diet&#59; &#40;¿&#41; low-fat diet&#46;</p>"
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          "en" => "<p id="spar0050" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">&#40;a&#41; Percentage of variation of absolute weight of different organs&#47;tissues induced by 8&#44; 14 and 32 weeks HF diet &#40;compared to low-fat matched controls&#41;&#46; Percentages were calculated as &#91;&#40;tissue weight HF&#47;tissue weight LF&#41;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#8722;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#93;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#215;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>100&#46; &#40;b&#41; Percentage variation of relative weight of different organs&#47;tissues induced by 8&#44; 14 and 32 weeks HF diet&#46; Percentages were calculated as &#91;&#40;relative tissue weight HF&#47;relative tissue weight LF&#41;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#8722;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#93;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#215;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>100&#46; &#40;¿&#41; Lumbar WAT&#59; &#40;&#9652;&#41; mesenteric WAT&#59; &#40;¿&#41; liver&#46;</p>"
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          "en" => "<p id="spar0055" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Effect of acute leptin &#40;1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;kg&#59; i&#46;p&#46;&#41; on STAT phosphorylation &#40;pSTAT3&#41; in liver from mice treated during 8 weeks &#40;a&#41;&#44; 14 weeks &#40;b&#41; or 32 weeks &#40;c&#41; with high-fat diet&#46; Upper panels&#58; Immunodetection of STAT3 and pSTAT3 in left ventricle of mice receiving either saline or 1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;kg leptin&#46; Lower panels&#58; Effect of leptin on STAT3 phosphorylation as the mean<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>S&#46;E&#46;M&#46; of the ratio pSTAT3&#47;STAT3 &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>5&#8211;6 animals&#41; &#40;&#42;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;05 compared to their respective saline groups&#46; Newman&#8211;Keuls&#8217; test&#41;&#46;</p>"
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          "en" => "<p id="spar0060" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Effect of acute leptin &#40;1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;kg&#59; i&#46;p&#46;&#41; on STAT phosphorylation &#40;pSTAT3&#41; in lumbar adipose tissue from mice treated during 8 weeks &#40;a&#41;&#44; 14 weeks &#40;b&#41; or 32 weeks &#40;c&#41; with high-fat diet&#46; Upper panels&#58; Immunodetection of STAT3 and pSTAT3 in left ventricle of mice receiving either saline or 1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;kg leptin&#46; Lower panels&#58; Effect of leptin on STAT3 phosphorylation as the mean<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>S&#46;E&#46;M&#46; of the ratio pSTAT3&#47;STAT3 &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>5&#8211;6 animals&#41; &#40;&#42;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;05 compared to their respective saline groups&#46; Newman&#8211;Keuls&#8217; test&#41;&#46;</p>"
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        "tabla" => array:2 [
          "leyenda" => "<p id="spar0085" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Nutritional composition is expressed in &#37; &#40;W&#47;W&#41;&#46; Contribution of each component to energy content is expressed as percentage of total calories&#46;</p>"
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                0 => """
                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
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                  \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">LF&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">HF&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Total proteins &#40;&#37;&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">17&#46;3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">21&#46;3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Total carbohydrates &#40;&#37;&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">67&#46;5&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">41&#46;2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Total fat &#40;&#37;&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">4&#46;3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">23&#46;6&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Cholesterol &#40;ppm&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">18&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">196&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Linoleic acid &#40;&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1&#46;4&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">3&#46;5&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Linolenic acid &#40;&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Omega-3-fatty acids &#40;&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Total saturated fatty acids &#40;&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1&#46;4&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">9&#46;1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Total monounsaturated fatty acids &#40;&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1&#46;3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">9&#46;3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="3" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Fiber &#40;&#37;&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">4&#46;7&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">5&#46;8&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="3" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="3" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Energetic profile</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Total energy &#40;kcal&#47;g&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">3&#46;8&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">4&#46;6&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Energy from proteins &#40;&#37; total&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">18&#46;3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">18&#46;3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Energy from carbohydrates &#40;&#37; total&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">71&#46;4&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">35&#46;4&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Energy from fat &#40;&#37; total&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">10&#46;2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">45&#46;6&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
                  """
              ]
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                0 => "xTab242835.png"
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        "descripcion" => array:1 [
          "en" => "<p id="spar0065" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Composition and energetic profile of low-fat &#40;LF&#41; and high-fat &#40;HF&#41; diets&#46;</p>"
        ]
      ]
      5 => array:7 [
        "identificador" => "tbl0010"
        "etiqueta" => "Table 2"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA"
        "mostrarFloat" => true
        "mostrarDisplay" => false
        "tabla" => array:1 [
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            0 => array:2 [
              "tabla" => array:1 [
                0 => """
                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="2" align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">8 weeks on treatment</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="2" align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">14 weeks on treatment</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="2" align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">32 weeks on treatment</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">LF diet&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">HF diet&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">LF diet&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">HF diet&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">LF diet&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">HF diet&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">BW &#40;g&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">HF diet&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">LF diet&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">HF diet&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">LF diet&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">HF diet&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">1&#46;01<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;10&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">4&#46;80<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;60&#42;&#42;&#42;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">2&#46;6<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">5&#46;7<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;5&#42;&#42;&#42;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Leptin &#40;ng&#47;ml&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">4&#46;9<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">14&#46;9<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#46;5&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">25&#46;1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>3&#46;2&#42;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">15&#46;1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;5&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">8&#46;5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">6&#46;4<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;6&#42;&#42;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">Glucose &#40;mg&#47;dl&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">245&#46;9<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>32&#46;1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">82&#46;7<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>4&#46;8&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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Article information

ISSN: 21735093
Original language: English

DOI:10.1016/j.endoen.2012.04.014

The statistics are updated each day

Year/Month	Html	Pdf	Total

2024 November	5	2	7
2024 October	13	2	15
2024 September	17	4	21
2024 August	12	0	12
2024 July	16	3	19
2024 June	7	3	10
2024 May	14	4	18
2024 April	14	4	18
2024 March	29	4	33
2024 February	27	11	38
2024 January	25	5	30
2023 December	30	10	40
2023 November	26	13	39
2023 October	45	15	60
2023 September	16	2	18
2023 August	22	4	26
2023 July	19	6	25
2023 June	20	1	21
2023 May	7	8	15
2023 April	29	0	29
2023 March	24	1	25
2023 February	28	8	36
2023 January	29	3	32
2022 December	38	13	51
2022 November	37	9	46
2022 October	31	7	38
2022 September	36	20	56
2022 August	27	18	45
2022 July	22	7	29
2022 June	24	4	28
2022 May	26	13	39
2022 April	29	8	37
2022 March	24	3	27
2022 February	22	7	29
2022 January	22	5	27
2021 December	32	9	41
2021 November	33	6	39
2021 October	36	12	48
2021 September	42	10	52
2021 August	26	9	35
2021 July	22	15	37
2021 June	25	10	35
2021 May	34	11	45
2021 April	75	30	105
2021 March	64	6	70
2021 February	23	6	29
2021 January	38	9	47
2020 December	46	6	52
2020 November	47	12	59
2020 October	8	4	12
2020 September	24	7	31
2020 August	28	6	34
2020 July	24	4	28
2020 June	12	3	15
2020 May	25	8	33
2020 April	10	4	14
2020 March	23	6	29
2020 February	17	1	18
2020 January	18	5	23
2019 December	51	6	57
2019 November	25	7	32
2019 October	19	1	20
2019 September	36	3	39
2019 August	29	1	30
2019 July	20	13	33
2019 June	48	8	56
2019 May	124	28	152
2019 April	53	7	60
2019 March	13	4	17
2019 February	22	11	33
2019 January	13	10	23
2018 December	20	8	28
2018 November	30	6	36
2018 October	24	8	32
2018 September	26	7	33
2018 August	38	9	47
2018 July	18	5	23
2018 June	5	3	8
2018 May	13	5	18
2018 April	9	4	13
2018 March	6	0	6
2018 February	5	1	6
2018 January	6	0	6
2017 December	7	1	8
2017 November	13	2	15
2017 October	13	2	15
2017 September	13	1	14
2017 August	16	2	18
2017 July	29	3	32
2017 June	52	2	54
2017 May	28	3	31
2017 April	24	23	47
2017 March	29	11	40
2017 February	22	3	25
2017 January	5	0	5
2016 December	12	4	16
2016 November	7	8	15
2016 October	28	1	29
2016 September	15	3	18
2016 August	12	1	13
2016 July	8	0	8
2016 June	8	4	12
2016 May	12	2	14
2016 April	9	4	13
2016 March	12	3	15
2016 February	8	8	16
2016 January	8	3	11
2015 December	10	3	13
2015 November	12	4	16
2015 October	17	5	22
2015 September	17	3	20
2015 August	9	4	13
2015 July	10	3	13
2015 June	6	1	7
2015 May	8	3	11
2015 April	15	7	22
2015 March	20	3	23
2015 February	13	0	13
2015 January	24	4	28
2014 December	38	9	47
2014 November	20	0	20
2014 October	24	4	28
2014 September	13	0	13
2014 August	20	0	20
2014 July	32	3	35
2014 June	23	0	23
2014 May	5	0	5

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Now is Endocrinología, Diabetes y Nutrición (English ed.). More information

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