Differences in clinical and biological characteristics and prevalence of chronic complications related to aging in patients with type 2 diabetes | Endocrinología y Nutrición (English Edition)

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In Spain, the Di@bet.es study estimated that over one half of the population with T2DM was over 65 years of age. In that study, its prevalence in people over 75 years old was 30.7% in males and 33.4% in females, with diagnosis unknown in 10% of cases.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0105">1</a> In our autonomous community, the overall prevalence of diabetes is 14.1%. It is more common in males at all ages, and its prevalence clearly increases with age, reaching 43.7% in people over 80 years of age.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0110">2</a>The increased prevalence and incidence of T2DM with age tends to have a greater social and personal impact on this group of subjects due to chronic complications.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0115">3,4</a> In addition, 75% of worldwide healthcare expense for diabetes in 2013 was incurred for patients aged 50–79 years.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0125">5</a> Moreover, age is a strong predictor of cardiovascular disease in this group of subjects with diabetes.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0120">4–6</a>The elderly population with T2DM has a marked clinical heterogeneity in terms of diabetes presentation and duration, chronic complications, associated comorbidities, functional status, and life expectancy. Thus, it is well known that clinical expressivity in patients with T2DM is low, which makes diagnosis difficult.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0135">7,8</a> Moreover, elderly patients with T2DM without obesity have no increase in glucose production in the liver, and their predominant pathophysiological change is impaired insulin secretion.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0135">7,8</a>On the other hand, elderly subjects with diabetes have a very high risk of hypoglycemia, due in many cases to kidney function impairment and malnutrition, along with many other factors, such as decreased glucagon secretion and an impaired perception of warning symptoms of hypoglycemia.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0145">9,10</a>For these reasons, our hypothesis was that from a clinical and biological viewpoint, disease expression should be different in older diabetic patients as compared to younger subjects. The primary objective of our study was therefore to characterize the clinical and biological phenotype of patients with T2DM over 70 years of age.There is no agreement as to whether the prevalence of chronic microvascular or macrovascular complications is different in subjects with T2DM over 70 years of age as compared to younger subjects.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0155">11</a> It has been clearly shown, however, that age is a determinant factor in the incidence of chronic complications.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0155">11,12</a> It is also known that cardiovascular mortality is twofold greater in subjects with T2DM >75 years as compared to younger subjects.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0130">6,11,12</a> The available data on the prevalence of chronic microvascular complications are conflicting.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0160">12</a> We therefore thought that it would be interesting to find out whether the prevalence of chronic complications varies with and is related to age. This was the secondary objective of our study.Subjects and methodsSubjectsOur study sample consisted of 405 patients with T2DM randomly selected among those attending the outpatient clinics of the Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition of Hospital Clínico Universitario in Valencia (Diabetes Unit) and two healthcare centers of our regional Department of Health (60% of the selected subjects). Patient recruitment started in 2009 and ended in 2012. Subjects signed an informed consent to participate in the study which was approved by the ethics committee of our hospital.All the patients met the inclusion criteria: age over 18 years and diagnosis of T2DM based on basal blood glucose levels ≥126mg/dL (measured twice) or glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) levels ≥6.5%. In addition, they had none of the exclusion criteria: cancer, liver cirrhosis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, hypothyroidism, severe heart failure (NYHA>III), systemic diseases, pregnancy, or type 1 diabetes mellitus.DesignThis was a cross-sectional study of a large population with T2DM to ascertain the impact of age on the clinical and biological phenotype of patients with T2DM, and thus discover whether the clinical and biological phenotype is different in older patients with T2DM as compared to younger subjects with the disease.MethodsClinical and biological parametersThe clinical parameters were collected by two researchers during visits of patients with T2DM to the outpatient clinics of the hospital (Diabetes Unit) and two primary care centers of our healthcare area.The variables collected included age, sex, time since disease onset, chronic complications of diabetes, dyslipidemia, high blood pressure, metabolic syndrome, diabetes treatment, smoking, weekly physical activity, the body mass index (BMI), and blood pressure. Metabolic syndrome was defined following the NCEPIII criteria.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0165">13</a>The presence of chronic complications of diabetes was assessed as follows: distal symmetrical polyneuropathy using the Neurological Disability Score (NDS); diabetic retinopathy by eye fundus examination by an ophthalmologist; and nephropathy by three measurements of microalbuminuria. Macroangiopathy was assessed based on a history of acute myocardial infarction, acute coronary syndrome, or stroke, or ankle/brachial index (peripheral vascular disease).Variables based on physical examination included the BMI, waist circumference, blood pressure, the NDS, and the ankle-brachial index, and were collected by two trained researchers using standardized procedures.Biochemical variables were measured in peripheral blood (plasma or serum), drawn after a 10-h fast, at the central laboratory of our hospital, and included glucose, HbA1c, total cholesterol, LDL-C, HDL-C, triglycerides, creatinine, urea, albuminuria (to assess diabetic nephropathy), and creatinine clearance with Modification of Diet in Renal Disease (MDRD). Biochemical variables were measured using standardized procedures.Statistical analysisThe sample was selected by simple randomized sampling. The sample size was estimated assuming differences between subjects <60 years and >70 years greater than 25% for an alpha error of 5% and a beta error of 20%. The estimated sample was at least 110 subjects by group.A Student's t test for unpaired data was used to compare quantitative variables between the groups (subjects <60 years versus subjects >70 years), while contingency tables and a Chi-square test were used for qualitative variables.To ascertain the relations between variables with age, a simple regression study was used, and an exploratory factorial analysis was performed.Results<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a> shows the main clinical and biological variables of the 405 subjects with T2DM studied.<elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia>To ascertain the impact of age on the different variables, subjects with T2DM <60 years (n=110) were compared to those >70 years of age (n=112). No analysis was made of subjects aged 60–70 years.A comparison of clinical and anthropometric variables (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">Table 2</a>) in subjects aged <60 years versus patients over 70 years of age showed significant differences in sex distribution (68 vs 53 females), diastolic blood pressure (80.11±12.72mmHg vs 86.77±11.62mmHg), diabetes duration (10.07±8.36 years vs 13.96±10.1 years), the BMI (31.93±5.62kg/m2 vs 29.17±4.98kg/m2), waist circumference (106.39±12.96cm vs 101.83±10.62cm), smoking (45 vs 88 non-smokers), the prevalence of high blood pressure (59 vs 75 subjects), and dyslipidemia (72 vs 51 subjects).<elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0010"></elsevierMultimedia>The prevalence of chronic complications of diabetes was significantly different (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">Table 2</a>): subjects >70 years showed a greater prevalence of stroke (6.36% vs 27.68%) and severe distal symmetrical polyneuropathy (18.18% vs 29.46%).A comparison of biological variables between the two groups (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0015">Table 3</a>) showed statistically significant differences in basal blood glucose (173.09±60.54mg/dL vs 148.79±51mg/dL), creatinine (0.86±0.33mg/dL vs 1.11±0.57mg/dL), triglycerides (169.72±110.21mg/dL vs 134.72±76.24mg/dL), LDL-C (122.24±42.35mg/dL vs 111.31±34.21mg/dL), HbA1c (8.03±1.78% vs 7.32±1.27%), albuminuria (52.87±125mg/24h vs 91.37±214mg/24h), and creatinine clearance (MDRD: 122.4±41.89mL/min/1.73m2 vs 55.5±14.83mL/min/1.73m2).<elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0015"></elsevierMultimedia>As regards the treatments used to control diabetes (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0015">Table 3</a>), statistically significant differences were found in the use of statins (greater in subjects <60 years) despite the fact that LDL-C goals were not reached, and no differences were seen in antihypertensive or hypoglycemic treatment.In the whole group of study subjects with T2DM (n=405), age was statistically related (p<0.05) to diastolic blood pressure (r=0.225), BMI (r=−0.178), diabetes duration (r=0.195), creatinine (r=0.191), total cholesterol (r=−0.101), triglycerides (r=−0.136), HbA1c (−0.154), creatinine clearance (kidney function (r=−0.683), HBP (r=0.106), and distal symmetrical polyneuropathy (NDS criteria, r=0.194).An exploratory factorial analysis (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0020">Table 4</a> and <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0025">Table 5</a>) was conducted to see whether the variables which characterize the person with diabetes are grouped in different components in the study sample of 405 patients with T2DM. The KMO measure of sampling adequacy was 0.536, with a significance of p<0.001. The total variance explained was significantly explained by four components, as shown in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0020">Table 4</a>. <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0025">Table 5</a> shows the matrix of such components. In component 1, subjects with high blood pressure, obesity, and elevated cholesterol and triglyceride levels predominate. In component 2, subjects with longer disease duration and lower HbAc, BMI, and renal clearance predominate. Component 3 consists of patients with low systolic blood pressure and elevated triglyceride levels, and component 4 consists of subjects with no macroangiopathy as assessed through the ankle/brachial index.<elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0020"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0025"></elsevierMultimedia>A simple correlation found age to be significantly related to all four components. The relationship was negative with components 1 and 3 (r=−0.330; p<0.001; r=−0.348; p<0.001 respectively) and positive with component 2 (r=0.265; p<0.001) and, to a lesser extent, with component 4 (r=−0.110; p<0.04).Thus, in the study sample with T2DM, patients with T2DM at an older age have higher blood pressure at the expense of diastolic blood pressure, a lower BMI, and lower total cholesterol and triglyceride levels. For this reason, the prevalence of metabolic syndrome was significantly lower in the group of subjects >70 years as compared to those <60 years (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">Table 2</a>). In group 1 (<60 years), 90 out of the 110 subjects had metabolic syndrome. In group 2 (>70 years), 74 out of 112 subjects had metabolic syndrome (p=0.017).DiscussionElderly patients with T2DM have a marked clinical heterogeneity. Understanding the clinical and biological characteristics of this group of patients is therefore necessary if they are to be adequately characterized.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0135">7,8</a> These patients are also affected by factors that modulate the disease, including comorbidities, geriatric syndromes, treatment with multiple drugs, situations of dependence and social isolation, a high risk of hypoglycemia, and nutritional problems.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0135">7,8</a> Consequently, it is necessary to conduct an integral clinical, biological, functional, and cognitive assessment in elderly patients with T2DM both to improve their care and to establish individualized therapeutic goals.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0145">9,10</a> The results of our study show that patients with T2DM >70 years of age have clinical and biological characteristics and prevalence rates of chronic complications different from those of diabetic patients <60 years.Thus, diabetic patients over 70 years have a lower prevalence of metabolic syndrome. In addition, they show a significantly lower BMI, waist circumference, and triglyceride, LDL-C, and HbA1c levels. Data similar to those collected in our study have been reported by other authors, who found that patients with T2DM over 80 years of age had lower waist circumference and HbA1c, triglyceride, and LDL-C levels as compared to patients who were younger, but over 60.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0170">14</a>These results may be explained by the distinction made in our study between elderly patients with T2DM recently diagnosed (with disease starting after 65 years of age) and those with long-standing diabetes starting at or before middle age. Elderly subjects with longer disease duration, such as our study patients, have a decreased function of the pancreatic islets.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0175">15</a> Age contributes to pancreatic beta cell dysfunction. Insulin secretion decreases with age, even in people with normal glucose tolerance, probably because of the decrease in pancreatic beta mass and the proliferation capacity of beta cells.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0180">16,17</a> The longer disease duration in patients >70 years of age in our study could explain the greater contribution of insulin secretion as compared to insulin resistance. This factor would partly account for the clinical and biological differences found. Unfortunately, insulin levels were not measured, and the HOMA index could not be calculated in our study in support of this hypothesis. It would also explain the lower prevalence of severe obesity and metabolic syndrome in older subjects with T2DM. Moreover, age-related insulin resistance is associated with greater adiposity, sarcopenia, and physical inactivity.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0180">16</a> Study patients >70 years had the same physical inactivity as those <60 years and a lower BMI and waist circumference, which suggests that impaired insulin secretion is more important in them.On the other hand, our study showed no differences in the prevalence of chronic complications. Thus, subjects with T2DM >70 years showed a higher prevalence of distal symmetrical polyneuropathy, as measured by NDS, and stroke. A higher prevalence of polyneuropathy may be related to the associated deficiency of nutritional factors in this group of elderly subjects. An additional reason could be that exploratory NDS criteria used in the diagnosis of polyneuropathy may be altered by age, not only by diabetes. Increased stroke prevalence may be explained by the greater prevalence of high blood pressure in the group of subjects >70 years. However, other studies found no difference in the prevalence of chronic microvascular complications in elderly patients with T2DM as compared to younger subjects.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0160">12,18</a>Kidney function impairment is more likely with age, as was shown in our study.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0195">19</a> This accounts for the significant differences in renal clearance found in subjects >70 years as compared to younger patients (<60 years). Interestingly, however, glucose lowering treatment was not significantly different in subjects >70 years, in whom the use of oral antidiabetic drugs was very similar. A trend in insulin use similar to that reported in another study was seen.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0200">20</a> Our results support the need for the different management of blood pressure and glucose control because of the risk of hypoglycemia in elderly subjects with diabetes, as has been shown in different studies and recommendations.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0145">9,10</a> However, this was not shown in our study.Female prevalence was significantly greater in patients >70 years. In the Valencian Autonomous Community, diabetes has been shown to be more common in males in all age groups, except in subjects over 70 years of age, in whom no sex differences are found, coinciding with an increased prevalence in females.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0110">2</a> These data agree with our analysis.The main limitation of our study was the survival bias inherent to a cross-sectional study in this population with high cardiovascular risk. An additional limitation is that patient selection was not representative of the population with T2DM, because it was made among subjects diagnosed with the disease who attended healthcare centers, instead of a general population with T2DM. This meant that subjects with unknown diabetes, or elderly subjects with significant geriatric syndromes who were not attending healthcare centers because they were institutionalized or receiving home care were excluded. But even recognizing these limitations, the study provides a lot of significant data collected in standard clinical practice from subjects with T2DM >70 years attending healthcare centers and with no advanced comorbidities.In conclusion, patients with T2DM >70 have clinical and biological characteristics different from those of subjects with T2DM <60 years. They have a lower BMI and waist circumference, a greater prevalence of high blood pressure, less prevalence of metabolic syndrome, and lower levels of metabolic factors (HbA1c, LDL-C, and triglycerides). These results were also supported by the factorial study, as age was significantly associated with component.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0110">2</a> On the other hand, the prevalence of chronic complications was different, with a greater prevalence of stroke, distal symmetrical polyneuropathy and diabetic nephropathy, with the decrease in kidney function characteristic of their age. It should be noted that, despite this, glucose lowering treatment is not different in subjects with T2DM <60 years as compared to those >70 years.We think that our findings should have a clinical impact, because they objectively indicate that patients with T2DM >70 years have clinical and biological characteristics different from those of younger patients with the disease. This could imply changes in the management of these subjects, regardless of factors associated with age such as geriatric syndromes, multiple drug use, and dependency found in elderly subjects. Prospective studies are however needed to support our data.FundingThis study was funded by projects AP-04/06 and AP 068/08 of the Department of Health of the Valencian Government and by CIBERDEM (ISCIII). CIBER of diabetes and associated metabolic diseases (CIBERDEM) is an initiative of Instituto de Salud Carlos III.Conflicts of interestThere are no conflicts of interest." "textoCompletoSecciones" => array:1 [ "secciones" => array:12 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "xres618605" "titulo" => "Abstract" "secciones" => array:4 [ 0 => array:1 [ "identificador" => "abst0005" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0010" "titulo" => "Material and methods" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0015" "titulo" => "Results" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0020" "titulo" => "Conclusions" ] ] ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xpalclavsec632627" "titulo" => "Keywords" ] 2 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "xres618606" "titulo" => "Resumen" "secciones" => array:4 [ 0 => array:1 [ "identificador" => "abst0025" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0030" "titulo" => "Material y métodos" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0035" "titulo" => "Resultados" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0040" "titulo" => "Conclusiones" ] ] ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xpalclavsec632628" "titulo" => "Palabras clave" ] 4 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0005" "titulo" => "Introduction" ] 5 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "sec0010" "titulo" => "Subjects and methods" "secciones" => array:2 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0015" "titulo" => "Subjects" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0020" "titulo" => "Design" ] ] ] 6 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "sec0025" "titulo" => "Methods" "secciones" => array:2 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0030" "titulo" => "Clinical and biological parameters" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0035" "titulo" => "Statistical analysis" ] ] ] 7 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0040" "titulo" => "Results" ] 8 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0045" "titulo" => "Discussion" ] 9 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0050" "titulo" => "Funding" ] 10 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0055" "titulo" => "Conflicts of interest" ] 11 => array:1 [ "titulo" => "References" ] ] ] "pdfFichero" => "main.pdf" "tienePdf" => true "fechaRecibido" => "2015-06-28" "fechaAceptado" => "2015-10-05" "PalabrasClave" => array:2 [ "en" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "clase" => "keyword" "titulo" => "Keywords" "identificador" => "xpalclavsec632627" "palabras" => array:5 [ 0 => "Type 2 diabetes mellitus" 1 => "Elderly" 2 => "Clinical and biochemical profile" 3 => "Metabolic syndrome" 4 => "Chronic diabetic complications" ] ] ] "es" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "clase" => "keyword" "titulo" => "Palabras clave" "identificador" => "xpalclavsec632628" "palabras" => array:5 [ 0 => "Diabetes tipo 2" 1 => "Anciano" 2 => "Perfil clínico biológico" 3 => "Síndrome metabólico" 4 => "Complicaciones crónicas de la diabetes" ] ] ] ] "tieneResumen" => true "resumen" => array:2 [ "en" => array:3 [ "titulo" => "Abstract" "resumen" => "Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a chronic, highly prevalent disease that increases with age. Because of this, and due to its chronic complications, T2DM causes high human, social, and financial costs. In addition, the elderly population with T2DM has a marked clinical heterogeneity. Therefore, our main objective was to analyze the relationship of age with the clinical and biological manifestations of the disease and the prevalence of chronic complications in patients with T2DM. Material and methodsA cross-sectional study of a large population with T2DM (n=405) randomly selected from a Diabetes Unit and 2 health care centers (60%). The clinical, anthropometric, and biochemical variables of the subjects were collected using standard methods to assess the effect of age on the clinical and biochemical phenotype of patients with T2DM. ResultsWe have noted that patients with T2DM >70 years old have a clinical and biochemical phenotype different from younger subjects (<60 years) including longer times since diabetes onset, higher diastolic blood pressure levels, and lower body mass index (BMI) values. As regards to biological variables, these patients have lower triglyceride levels, impaired kidney function, and lower HbA1c values. Prevalence of metabolic syndrome is lower in patients with T2DM >70 years of age. Age was inversely related to parameters associated to metabolic syndrome (BMI, waist circumference, blood pressure, and triglyceride levels). ConclusionsWe have defined the clinical and biochemical profile of patients with T2DM >70 years attending health care centers. In addition, the prevalence of stroke, kidney disease, and distal symmetrical polyneuropathy is higher in patients with T2DM >70 years as compared to younger patients (<60 years)." "secciones" => array:4 [ 0 => array:1 [ "identificador" => "abst0005" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0010" "titulo" => "Material and methods" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0015" "titulo" => "Results" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0020" "titulo" => "Conclusions" ] ] ] "es" => array:3 [ "titulo" => "Resumen" "resumen" => "La diabetes tipo 2 (DMT2) es una enfermedad con elevada prevalencia que aumenta con la edad. Por este motivo y por sus complicaciones crónicas genera elevado coste humano, social y económico en la población mayor. Además, la población mayor con DMT2 presenta una marcada heterogeneidad clínica. Por lo que nuestro objetivo principal es conocer cómo se relaciona la edad con el fenotipo clínico-biológico y cuál es la prevalencia de complicaciones crónicas en el paciente con DMT2. Material y métodosEstudio transversal de una amplia población de DMT2 (n=405) seleccionada de forma aleatoria de una Unidad de Diabetes y 2 centros de salud (60%). En estos sujetos se recogieron variables clínicas, antropométricas y bioquímicas para conocer el efecto de la edad en el fenotipo clínico-biológico de los pacientes con DMT2. ResultadosHemos observado que los pacientes con DMT2 >70 años presentan un fenotipo clínico y bioquímico diferente al de los sujetos más jóvenes. Se trata de sujetos con mayor tiempo de evolución de la diabetes, mayor valor de la presión arterial diastólica y menor índice de masa corporal (IMC). Con respecto a las variables biológicas, estos sujetos presentan menor valor de triglicéridos, empeoramiento de la función renal y menor valor de HbA1c. La prevalencia de síndrome metabólico es menor en los sujetos con DMT2 >70 años. La edad se relacionó de forma inversa con parámetros relacionados con el síndrome metabólico (IMC, perímetro de cintura, presión arterial y triglicéridos).La prevalencia de las complicaciones crónicas fue diferente. Así, la prevalencia de accidente cerebrovascular, nefropatía diabética y polineuropatía distal simétrica en la población con DMT2 >70 años fue mayor. ConclusionesHemos definido el perfil clínico-biológico del paciente con DMT2 > 70 años que acude a centros sanitarios. Los sujetos con diabetes tipo 2 >70 años no presentan el fenotipo de síndrome metabólico observado en los que tienen DMT2 más jóvenes. Además, la prevalencia de accidente cerebrovascular, nefropatía y de polineuropatía distal simétrica es mayor en los pacientes con DMT2 > 70 años." "secciones" => array:4 [ 0 => array:1 [ "identificador" => "abst0025" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0030" "titulo" => "Material y métodos" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0035" "titulo" => "Resultados" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0040" "titulo" => "Conclusiones" ] ] ] ] "NotaPie" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "☆" "nota" => "Please cite this article as: Basanta-Alario ML, Ferri J, Civera M, Martínez-Hervás S, Ascaso JF, Real JT. Diferencias en las características clínico-biológicas y prevalencia de complicaciones crónicas en relación con el envejecimiento de pacientes con diabetes tipo 2. Endocrinol Nutr. 2016;63:79–86." ] ] "multimedia" => array:5 [ 0 => array:8 [ "identificador" => "tbl0005" "etiqueta" => "Table 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "detalles" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "at1" "detalle" => "Table " "rol" => "short" ] ] "tabla" => array:2 [ "leyenda" => "Creatinine cl.: creatinine clearance; SD: standard deviation; HbA1c: glycosylated hemoglobin; HDL: high density lipoprotein cholesterol; BMI: body mass index; ABI: ankle/brachial index; LDL: low density lipoprotein cholesterol; WC: waist circumference; DBP: diastolic blood pressure; SBP: systolic blood pressure." "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "tabla" => array:1 [ 0 => """ <table border="0" frame="\n \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">(No.=405) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Mean \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">SD \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Age (years) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">65.97 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">10.43 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">SBP (mmHg) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">153.71 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">23.01 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">DBP (mmHg) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">83.51 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">11.93 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Disease duration (years) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">12.67 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">9.67 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">BMI (kg/m2) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">30.5 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">5.22 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">WC (cm) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">104.79 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">11.54 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">ABI \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.96 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.22 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Glucose (mg/dL) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">157.58 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">52.24 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Creatinine (mg/(dL) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">1.02 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.64 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Cholesterol (mg/dL) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">186.96 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">44.51 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Triglycerides (mg/dL) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">148.11 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">90.25 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">HDL-C (mg/dL) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">47.57 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">13.79 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">LDL-C (mg/dL) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">114.96 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">39.26 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">HbA1c (%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">7.69 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">1.53 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Creatinine cl. (mL/min/1.73m2) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">87.90 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">39.09 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Albuminuria (mg/24h) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">78.26 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">181.71 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table> """ ] "imagenFichero" => array:1 [ 0 => "xTab1012700.png" ] ] ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Clinical and biological characteristics of subjects with type 2 diabetes studied." ] ] 1 => array:8 [ "identificador" => "tbl0010" "etiqueta" => "Table 2" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "detalles" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "at2" "detalle" => "Table " "rol" => "short" ] ] "tabla" => array:3 [ "leyenda" => "Creatinine cl.: creatinine clearance; BMI: body mass index; ABI: ankle/brachial index; WC: waist circumference; SBP: systolic blood pressure; DBP: diastolic blood pressure; NDS: neurological disability score." "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "tabla" => array:1 [ 0 => """ <table border="0" frame="\n \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head " align="" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Group 1 (<60 years) n=110 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Group 2 (>70 years) n=112 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Age (years) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">53.05 (6.11) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">78.49<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005">*</a> (4.21) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Sex distribution (male/female) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">42/68<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005">*</a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">59/53 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">SBP (mmHg) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">149.98 (22.1) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">155.20 (21.52 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">DBP (mmHg) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">80.11 (12.72) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">86.77<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005">*</a> (11.62) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Disease duration (years) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">10.07 (8.36) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">13.96<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005">*</a> (10.1) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">BMI (kg/m2) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">31.93<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005">*</a> (5.6) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">29.17 (4.98) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">WC (cm) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">106.39<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005">*</a> (12.96) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">101.83 (10.62) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">ABI \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">0.98 (0.22) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">0.94 (0.23) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " colspan="3" align="left" valign="top"></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " colspan="3" align="left" valign="top">Smoking n (%)</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Non-smoker \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">45 (40.91) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">88<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0010">**</a> (78.57) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Active smoker \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">40 (36.36) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">4 (3.57) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Ex-smoker \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">25 (22.73) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">20 (17.86) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " colspan="3" align="left" valign="top"></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " colspan="3" align="left" valign="top">Physical activity n (%)</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Yes \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">54 (49.09) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">49 (43.75) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">No \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">56 (50.91) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">63(56.25) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">High blood pressure n (%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">59 (53.64) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">75<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0010">**</a> (66.96) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Dyslipidemia n (%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">72<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0010">**</a> (65.45) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">51 (45.54) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Metabolic syndrome+n (%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">90 (81.82) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">74<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0010">**</a> (66.07) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " colspan="3" align="left" valign="top"></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " colspan="3" align="left" valign="top">NDS criteria (degree of polyneuropathy) n (%)</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">No \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">47 (42.73) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">22 (19.64) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Mild \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">26 (23.64) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">29 (25.89) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Moderate \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">17 (15.45) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">28 (25) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Severe \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">20 (18.18) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">33<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0010">**</a> (29.46) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " colspan="3" align="left" valign="top"></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " colspan="3" align="left" valign="top">Diabetic retinopathy n (%)</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Yes \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">34 (30.91) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">38 (33.93) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">No \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">70 (63.64) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">57 (50.89) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Ischemic heart disease n (%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">16 (14.55) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">13 (11.61) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Stroke n (%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">7 (6.36) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">31<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0010">**</a> (27.68) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table> """ ] "imagenFichero" => array:1 [ 0 => "xTab1012702.png" ] ] ] "notaPie" => array:2 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "tblfn0005" "etiqueta" => "*" "nota" => "p<0.05 (Student's t)." ] 1 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "tblfn0010" "etiqueta" => "**" "nota" => "p<0.05 (contingency tables, Chi-square)." ] ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "A comparison of clinical characteristics, anthropometric parameters, and the prevalence of chronic complications in the group of subjects with T2DM under 60 years of age (group 1) and over 70 years of age (group 2)." ] ] 2 => array:8 [ "identificador" => "tbl0015" "etiqueta" => "Table 3" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "detalles" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "at3" "detalle" => "Table " "rol" => "short" ] ] "tabla" => array:3 [ "leyenda" => "Creatinine cl.: creatinine clearance; HbA1c: glycosylated hemoglobin; HDL: high density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL: low density lipoprotein cholesterol." "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "tabla" => array:1 [ 0 => """ <table border="0" frame="\n \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head " align="" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Group 1 (<60 years) n=110 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Group 2 (>70 years) n=112 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Glucose (mg/dL) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">173.09<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0015">*</a> (60.54) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">148.79 (51.0) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Creatinine (mg/(dL) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.86 (0.33) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">1.11<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0015">*</a> (0.57) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">LDL cholesterol (mg/dL) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">197.94 (43.91) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">187.55 (39.45) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Triglycerides (mg/dL) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">169.72<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0015">*</a> (110.21) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">134.77 (76.24) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">HDL-C (mg/dL) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">47.96 (17.74) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">49.56 (13.4) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">LDL-C (mg/dL) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">122.24<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0015">*</a> (42.35) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">111.31 (34.21) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">HbA1c (%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">8.03<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0020">**</a> (1.78) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">7.32 (1.27) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Albuminuria (mg/24h) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">52.87 (125) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">91.37<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0015">*</a> (214) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Creatinine cl. (MDRD) (mL/min/1.73m2) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">122.46 (41.89) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">55.48<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0015">*</a> (14.83) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " colspan="3" align="left" valign="top"></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " colspan="3" align="char" valign="top">Treatments Hypoglycemic drugs n (%)</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Diet \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">7 (6.36) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">6 (5.36) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Oral antidiabetic drugs \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">54 (49.09) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">53 (47.32) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Insulin \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">22 (20) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">35 (31.25) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Oral antidiabetic drugs+insulin \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">27 (24.55) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">18 (16.07) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Statins n (%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">68 (61.81) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">48 (42.86)<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0020">**</a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Antihypertensive treatment n (%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">61 (55.45) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">75 (66.96) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table> """ ] "imagenFichero" => array:1 [ 0 => "xTab1012704.png" ] ] ] "notaPie" => array:2 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "tblfn0015" "etiqueta" => "*" "nota" => "p<0.05." ] 1 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "tblfn0020" "etiqueta" => "**" "nota" => "p<0.01." ] ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "A comparison of biochemical parameters and treatments between subjects with T2DM under 60 years of age (group 1) and over 70 years of age (group 2)." ] ] 3 => array:8 [ "identificador" => "tbl0020" "etiqueta" => "Table 4" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "detalles" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "at4" "detalle" => "Table " "rol" => "short" ] ] "tabla" => array:1 [ "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "tabla" => array:1 [ 0 => """ <table border="0" frame="\n \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td-with-role" title="table-head ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top" scope="col">Component \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " colspan="3" align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Initial self-values</th></tr><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head " align="" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Total \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">% variance \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Cumulative % \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">1.891 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">18.913 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">18.913 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">2 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">1.607 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">16.068 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">34.981 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">3 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">1.352 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">13.522 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">48.503 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">4 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">1.070 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">10.701 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">59.204 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">5 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.899 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">8.992 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">68.196 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">6 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.868 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">8.684 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">76.879 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">7 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.768 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">7.682 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">84.561 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">8 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.629 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">6.288 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">90.849 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">9 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.520 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">5.204 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">96.053 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">10 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.395 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">3.947 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">100.000 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table> """ ] "imagenFichero" => array:1 [ 0 => "xTab1012701.png" ] ] ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Exploratory factorial analysis of the study sample of subjects with T2DM (n=405). Total variance explained." ] ] 4 => array:8 [ "identificador" => "tbl0025" "etiqueta" => "Table 5" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "detalles" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "at5" "detalle" => "Table " "rol" => "short" ] ] "tabla" => array:2 [ "leyenda" => "Creatinine cl.: creatinine clearance; BMI: body mass index; ABI: ankle/brachial index; DBP: diastolic blood pressure; SBP: systolic blood pressure." "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "tabla" => array:1 [ 0 => """ <table border="0" frame="\n \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head " align="" valign="top" scope="col"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " colspan="4" align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Components</th></tr><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head " align="" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">2 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">3 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">4 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">SBP (mmHg) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.609 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.114 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">−0.617 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.011 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">DBP (mmHg) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.716 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">−0.214 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">−0.396 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.023 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Disease duration (years) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">−0.093 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.640 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">−0.011 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.315 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">BMI (kg/m2) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.457 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">−0.478 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.279 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.252 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">ABI \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">−0.004 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.147 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.188 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.837 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Cholesterol (mg/dL) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.545 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.318 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.220 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">−0.186 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Triglycerides (mg/dL) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.365 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.282 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.554 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">−0.303 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Albuminuria (mcg/L/24h) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.303 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.377 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">−0.232 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.207 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Creatinine cl. (MDRD) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.382 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">−0.544 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.411 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.179 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">HbA1c (%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.348 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.518 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.352 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">−0.071 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table> """ ] "imagenFichero" => array:1 [ 0 => "xTab1012703.png" ] ] ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Main components of the factorial analysis of study subjects with T2DM (n=405). 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Original article

Differences in clinical and biological characteristics and prevalence of chronic complications related to aging in patients with type 2 diabetes

Diferencias en las características clínico-biológicas y prevalencia de complicaciones crónicas en relación con el envejecimiento de pacientes con diabetes tipo 2

María Luisa Basanta-Alarioa, Jordi Ferrib,

Corresponding author

ferrisss@hotmail.com

Corresponding author.

, Miguel Civerab, Sergio Martínez-Hervásb,c, Juan Francisco Ascasob,c, José Tomás Realb,c

a Departamento de Fisioterapia, Universitat de València, Valencia, Spain

b Servicio de Endocrinología y Nutrición, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valencia, Valencia, Spain

c Departamento de Medicina, Universitat de València, CIBERDEM e INCLIVA, Valencia, Spain

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    "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0055">Introduction</span><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Type 2 diabetes mellitus &#40;T2DM&#41; is a highly prevalent disease&#44; and its prevalence increases with age&#46; In Spain&#44; the Di&#64;bet&#46;es study estimated that over one half of the population with T2DM was over 65 years of age&#46; In that study&#44; its prevalence in people over 75 years old was 30&#46;7&#37; in males and 33&#46;4&#37; in females&#44; with diagnosis unknown in 10&#37; of cases&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0105"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> In our autonomous community&#44; the overall prevalence of diabetes is 14&#46;1&#37;&#46; It is more common in males at all ages&#44; and its prevalence clearly increases with age&#44; reaching 43&#46;7&#37; in people over 80 years of age&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0110"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a></p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The increased prevalence and incidence of T2DM with age tends to have a greater social and personal impact on this group of subjects due to chronic complications&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0115"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3&#44;4</span></a> In addition&#44; 75&#37; of worldwide healthcare expense for diabetes in 2013 was incurred for patients aged 50&#8211;79 years&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0125"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a> Moreover&#44; age is a strong predictor of cardiovascular disease in this group of subjects with diabetes&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0120"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4&#8211;6</span></a></p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The elderly population with T2DM has a marked clinical heterogeneity in terms of diabetes presentation and duration&#44; chronic complications&#44; associated comorbidities&#44; functional status&#44; and life expectancy&#46; Thus&#44; it is well known that clinical expressivity in patients with T2DM is low&#44; which makes diagnosis difficult&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0135"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7&#44;8</span></a> Moreover&#44; elderly patients with T2DM without obesity have no increase in glucose production in the liver&#44; and their predominant pathophysiological change is impaired insulin secretion&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0135"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7&#44;8</span></a></p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">On the other hand&#44; elderly subjects with diabetes have a very high risk of hypoglycemia&#44; due in many cases to kidney function impairment and malnutrition&#44; along with many other factors&#44; such as decreased glucagon secretion and an impaired perception of warning symptoms of hypoglycemia&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0145"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9&#44;10</span></a></p><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">For these reasons&#44; our hypothesis was that from a clinical and biological viewpoint&#44; disease expression should be different in older diabetic patients as compared to younger subjects&#46; The primary objective of our study was therefore to characterize the clinical and biological phenotype of patients with T2DM over 70 years of age&#46;</p><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">There is no agreement as to whether the prevalence of chronic microvascular or macrovascular complications is different in subjects with T2DM over 70 years of age as compared to younger subjects&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0155"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11</span></a> It has been clearly shown&#44; however&#44; that age is a determinant factor in the incidence of chronic complications&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0155"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11&#44;12</span></a> It is also known that cardiovascular mortality is twofold greater in subjects with T2DM &#62;75 years as compared to younger subjects&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0130"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6&#44;11&#44;12</span></a> The available data on the prevalence of chronic microvascular complications are conflicting&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0160"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12</span></a> We therefore thought that it would be interesting to find out whether the prevalence of chronic complications varies with and is related to age&#46; This was the secondary objective of our study&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0060">Subjects and methods</span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0065">Subjects</span><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Our study sample consisted of 405 patients with T2DM randomly selected among those attending the outpatient clinics of the Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition of Hospital Cl&#237;nico Universitario in Valencia &#40;Diabetes Unit&#41; and two healthcare centers of our regional Department of Health &#40;60&#37; of the selected subjects&#41;&#46; Patient recruitment started in 2009 and ended in 2012&#46; Subjects signed an informed consent to participate in the study which was approved by the ethics committee of our hospital&#46;</p><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">All the patients met the inclusion criteria&#58; age over 18 years and diagnosis of T2DM based on basal blood glucose levels &#8805;126<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;dL &#40;measured twice&#41; or glycosylated hemoglobin &#40;HbA1c&#41; levels &#8805;6&#46;5&#37;&#46; In addition&#44; they had none of the exclusion criteria&#58; cancer&#44; liver cirrhosis&#44; chronic obstructive pulmonary disease&#44; hypothyroidism&#44; severe heart failure &#40;NYHA<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#62;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>III&#41;&#44; systemic diseases&#44; pregnancy&#44; or type 1 diabetes mellitus&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0070">Design</span><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">This was a cross-sectional study of a large population with T2DM to ascertain the impact of age on the clinical and biological phenotype of patients with T2DM&#44; and thus discover whether the clinical and biological phenotype is different in older patients with T2DM as compared to younger subjects with the disease&#46;</p></span></span><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0075">Methods</span><span id="sec0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0080">Clinical and biological parameters</span><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The clinical parameters were collected by two researchers during visits of patients with T2DM to the outpatient clinics of the hospital &#40;Diabetes Unit&#41; and two primary care centers of our healthcare area&#46;</p><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The variables collected included age&#44; sex&#44; time since disease onset&#44; chronic complications of diabetes&#44; dyslipidemia&#44; high blood pressure&#44; metabolic syndrome&#44; diabetes treatment&#44; smoking&#44; weekly physical activity&#44; the body mass index &#40;BMI&#41;&#44; and blood pressure&#46; Metabolic syndrome was defined following the NCEPIII criteria&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0165"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13</span></a></p><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The presence of chronic complications of diabetes was assessed as follows&#58; distal symmetrical polyneuropathy using the Neurological Disability Score &#40;NDS&#41;&#59; diabetic retinopathy by eye fundus examination by an ophthalmologist&#59; and nephropathy by three measurements of microalbuminuria&#46; Macroangiopathy was assessed based on a history of acute myocardial infarction&#44; acute coronary syndrome&#44; or stroke&#44; or ankle&#47;brachial index &#40;peripheral vascular disease&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Variables based on physical examination included the BMI&#44; waist circumference&#44; blood pressure&#44; the NDS&#44; and the ankle-brachial index&#44; and were collected by two trained researchers using standardized procedures&#46;</p><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Biochemical variables were measured in peripheral blood &#40;plasma or serum&#41;&#44; drawn after a 10-h fast&#44; at the central laboratory of our hospital&#44; and included glucose&#44; HbA1c&#44; total cholesterol&#44; LDL-C&#44; HDL-C&#44; triglycerides&#44; creatinine&#44; urea&#44; albuminuria &#40;to assess diabetic nephropathy&#41;&#44; and creatinine clearance with Modification of Diet in Renal Disease &#40;MDRD&#41;&#46; Biochemical variables were measured using standardized procedures&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0085">Statistical analysis</span><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The sample was selected by simple randomized sampling&#46; The sample size was estimated assuming differences between subjects &#60;60 years and &#62;70 years greater than 25&#37; for an alpha error of 5&#37; and a beta error of 20&#37;&#46; The estimated sample was at least 110 subjects by group&#46;</p><p id="par0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A Student&#39;s t test for unpaired data was used to compare quantitative variables between the groups &#40;subjects &#60;60 years versus subjects &#62;70 years&#41;&#44; while contingency tables and a Chi-square test were used for qualitative variables&#46;</p><p id="par0085" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">To ascertain the relations between variables with age&#44; a simple regression study was used&#44; and an exploratory factorial analysis was performed&#46;</p></span></span><span id="sec0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0090">Results</span><p id="par0090" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a> shows the main clinical and biological variables of the 405 subjects with T2DM studied&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0095" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">To ascertain the impact of age on the different variables&#44; subjects with T2DM &#60;60 years &#40;n<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>110&#41; were compared to those &#62;70 years of age &#40;n<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>112&#41;&#46; No analysis was made of subjects aged 60&#8211;70 years&#46;</p><p id="par0100" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A comparison of clinical and anthropometric variables &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">Table 2</a>&#41; in subjects aged &#60;60 years versus patients over 70 years of age showed significant differences in sex distribution &#40;68 vs 53 females&#41;&#44; diastolic blood pressure &#40;80&#46;11<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>12&#46;72<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mmHg vs 86&#46;77<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>11&#46;62<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mmHg&#41;&#44; diabetes duration &#40;10&#46;07<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>8&#46;36 years vs 13&#46;96<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>10&#46;1 years&#41;&#44; the BMI &#40;31&#46;93<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>5&#46;62<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>kg&#47;m<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span> vs 29&#46;17<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>4&#46;98<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>kg&#47;m<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>&#41;&#44; waist circumference &#40;106&#46;39<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>12&#46;96<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>cm vs 101&#46;83<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>10&#46;62<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>cm&#41;&#44; smoking &#40;45 vs 88 non-smokers&#41;&#44; the prevalence of high blood pressure &#40;59 vs 75 subjects&#41;&#44; and dyslipidemia &#40;72 vs 51 subjects&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0010"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0105" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The prevalence of chronic complications of diabetes was significantly different &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">Table 2</a>&#41;&#58; subjects &#62;70 years showed a greater prevalence of stroke &#40;6&#46;36&#37; vs 27&#46;68&#37;&#41; and severe distal symmetrical polyneuropathy &#40;18&#46;18&#37; vs 29&#46;46&#37;&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0110" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A comparison of biological variables between the two groups &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0015">Table 3</a>&#41; showed statistically significant differences in basal blood glucose &#40;173&#46;09<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>60&#46;54<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;dL vs 148&#46;79<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>51<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;dL&#41;&#44; creatinine &#40;0&#46;86<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;33<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;dL vs 1&#46;11<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;57<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;dL&#41;&#44; triglycerides &#40;169&#46;72<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>110&#46;21<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;dL vs 134&#46;72<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>76&#46;24<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;dL&#41;&#44; LDL-C &#40;122&#46;24<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>42&#46;35<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;dL vs 111&#46;31<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>34&#46;21<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;dL&#41;&#44; HbA1c &#40;8&#46;03<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#46;78&#37; vs 7&#46;32<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#46;27&#37;&#41;&#44; albuminuria &#40;52&#46;87<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>125<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;24<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h vs 91&#46;37<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>214<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;24<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h&#41;&#44; and creatinine clearance &#40;MDRD&#58; 122&#46;4<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>41&#46;89<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mL&#47;min&#47;1&#46;73<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>m<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span> vs 55&#46;5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>14&#46;83<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mL&#47;min&#47;1&#46;73<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>m<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0015"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0115" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">As regards the treatments used to control diabetes &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0015">Table 3</a>&#41;&#44; statistically significant differences were found in the use of statins &#40;greater in subjects &#60;60 years&#41; despite the fact that LDL-C goals were not reached&#44; and no differences were seen in antihypertensive or hypoglycemic treatment&#46;</p><p id="par0120" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In the whole group of study subjects with T2DM &#40;n<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>405&#41;&#44; age was statistically related &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;05&#41; to diastolic blood pressure &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">r</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;225&#41;&#44; BMI &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">r</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#8722;0&#46;178&#41;&#44; diabetes duration &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">r</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;195&#41;&#44; creatinine &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">r</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;191&#41;&#44; total cholesterol &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">r</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#8722;0&#46;101&#41;&#44; triglycerides &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">r</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#8722;0&#46;136&#41;&#44; HbA1c &#40;&#8722;0&#46;154&#41;&#44; creatinine clearance &#40;kidney function &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">r</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#8722;0&#46;683&#41;&#44; HBP &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">r</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;106&#41;&#44; and distal symmetrical polyneuropathy &#40;NDS criteria&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">r</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;194&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0125" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">An exploratory factorial analysis &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0020">Table 4</a> and <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0025">Table 5</a>&#41; was conducted to see whether the variables which characterize the person with diabetes are grouped in different components in the study sample of 405 patients with T2DM&#46; The KMO measure of sampling adequacy was 0&#46;536&#44; with a significance of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;001&#46; The total variance explained was significantly explained by four components&#44; as shown in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0020">Table 4</a>&#46; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0025">Table 5</a> shows the matrix of such components&#46; In component 1&#44; subjects with high blood pressure&#44; obesity&#44; and elevated cholesterol and triglyceride levels predominate&#46; In component 2&#44; subjects with longer disease duration and lower HbAc&#44; BMI&#44; and renal clearance predominate&#46; Component 3 consists of patients with low systolic blood pressure and elevated triglyceride levels&#44; and component 4 consists of subjects with no macroangiopathy as assessed through the ankle&#47;brachial index&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0020"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0025"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0130" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A simple correlation found age to be significantly related to all four components&#46; The relationship was negative with components 1 and 3 &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">r</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#8722;0&#46;330&#59; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;001&#59; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">r</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#8722;0&#46;348&#59; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;001 respectively&#41; and positive with component 2 &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">r</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;265&#59; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;001&#41; and&#44; to a lesser extent&#44; with component 4 &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">r</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#8722;0&#46;110&#59; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;04&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0135" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Thus&#44; in the study sample with T2DM&#44; patients with T2DM at an older age have higher blood pressure at the expense of diastolic blood pressure&#44; a lower BMI&#44; and lower total cholesterol and triglyceride levels&#46; For this reason&#44; the prevalence of metabolic syndrome was significantly lower in the group of subjects &#62;70 years as compared to those &#60;60 years &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">Table 2</a>&#41;&#46; In group 1 &#40;&#60;60 years&#41;&#44; 90 out of the 110 subjects had metabolic syndrome&#46; In group 2 &#40;&#62;70 years&#41;&#44; 74 out of 112 subjects had metabolic syndrome &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;017&#41;&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0045" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0095">Discussion</span><p id="par0140" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Elderly patients with T2DM have a marked clinical heterogeneity&#46; Understanding the clinical and biological characteristics of this group of patients is therefore necessary if they are to be adequately characterized&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0135"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7&#44;8</span></a> These patients are also affected by factors that modulate the disease&#44; including comorbidities&#44; geriatric syndromes&#44; treatment with multiple drugs&#44; situations of dependence and social isolation&#44; a high risk of hypoglycemia&#44; and nutritional problems&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0135"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7&#44;8</span></a> Consequently&#44; it is necessary to conduct an integral clinical&#44; biological&#44; functional&#44; and cognitive assessment in elderly patients with T2DM both to improve their care and to establish individualized therapeutic goals&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0145"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9&#44;10</span></a> The results of our study show that patients with T2DM &#62;70 years of age have clinical and biological characteristics and prevalence rates of chronic complications different from those of diabetic patients &#60;60 years&#46;</p><p id="par0145" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Thus&#44; diabetic patients over 70 years have a lower prevalence of metabolic syndrome&#46; In addition&#44; they show a significantly lower BMI&#44; waist circumference&#44; and triglyceride&#44; LDL-C&#44; and HbA1c levels&#46; Data similar to those collected in our study have been reported by other authors&#44; who found that patients with T2DM over 80 years of age had lower waist circumference and HbA1c&#44; triglyceride&#44; and LDL-C levels as compared to patients who were younger&#44; but over 60&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0170"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">14</span></a></p><p id="par0150" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">These results may be explained by the distinction made in our study between elderly patients with T2DM recently diagnosed &#40;with disease starting after 65 years of age&#41; and those with long-standing diabetes starting at or before middle age&#46; Elderly subjects with longer disease duration&#44; such as our study patients&#44; have a decreased function of the pancreatic islets&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0175"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">15</span></a> Age contributes to pancreatic beta cell dysfunction&#46; Insulin secretion decreases with age&#44; even in people with normal glucose tolerance&#44; probably because of the decrease in pancreatic beta mass and the proliferation capacity of beta cells&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0180"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">16&#44;17</span></a> The longer disease duration in patients &#62;70 years of age in our study could explain the greater contribution of insulin secretion as compared to insulin resistance&#46; This factor would partly account for the clinical and biological differences found&#46; Unfortunately&#44; insulin levels were not measured&#44; and the HOMA index could not be calculated in our study in support of this hypothesis&#46; It would also explain the lower prevalence of severe obesity and metabolic syndrome in older subjects with T2DM&#46; Moreover&#44; age-related insulin resistance is associated with greater adiposity&#44; sarcopenia&#44; and physical inactivity&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0180"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">16</span></a> Study patients &#62;70 years had the same physical inactivity as those &#60;60 years and a lower BMI and waist circumference&#44; which suggests that impaired insulin secretion is more important in them&#46;</p><p id="par0155" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">On the other hand&#44; our study showed no differences in the prevalence of chronic complications&#46; Thus&#44; subjects with T2DM &#62;70 years showed a higher prevalence of distal symmetrical polyneuropathy&#44; as measured by NDS&#44; and stroke&#46; A higher prevalence of polyneuropathy may be related to the associated deficiency of nutritional factors in this group of elderly subjects&#46; An additional reason could be that exploratory NDS criteria used in the diagnosis of polyneuropathy may be altered by age&#44; not only by diabetes&#46; Increased stroke prevalence may be explained by the greater prevalence of high blood pressure in the group of subjects &#62;70 years&#46; However&#44; other studies found no difference in the prevalence of chronic microvascular complications in elderly patients with T2DM as compared to younger subjects&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0160"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12&#44;18</span></a></p><p id="par0160" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Kidney function impairment is more likely with age&#44; as was shown in our study&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0195"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">19</span></a> This accounts for the significant differences in renal clearance found in subjects &#62;70 years as compared to younger patients &#40;&#60;60 years&#41;&#46; Interestingly&#44; however&#44; glucose lowering treatment was not significantly different in subjects &#62;70 years&#44; in whom the use of oral antidiabetic drugs was very similar&#46; A trend in insulin use similar to that reported in another study was seen&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0200"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">20</span></a> Our results support the need for the different management of blood pressure and glucose control because of the risk of hypoglycemia in elderly subjects with diabetes&#44; as has been shown in different studies and recommendations&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0145"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9&#44;10</span></a> However&#44; this was not shown in our study&#46;</p><p id="par0165" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Female prevalence was significantly greater in patients &#62;70 years&#46; In the Valencian Autonomous Community&#44; diabetes has been shown to be more common in males in all age groups&#44; except in subjects over 70 years of age&#44; in whom no sex differences are found&#44; coinciding with an increased prevalence in females&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0110"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> These data agree with our analysis&#46;</p><p id="par0170" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The main limitation of our study was the survival bias inherent to a cross-sectional study in this population with high cardiovascular risk&#46; An additional limitation is that patient selection was not representative of the population with T2DM&#44; because it was made among subjects diagnosed with the disease who attended healthcare centers&#44; instead of a general population with T2DM&#46; This meant that subjects with unknown diabetes&#44; or elderly subjects with significant geriatric syndromes who were not attending healthcare centers because they were institutionalized or receiving home care were excluded&#46; But even recognizing these limitations&#44; the study provides a lot of significant data collected in standard clinical practice from subjects with T2DM &#62;70 years attending healthcare centers and with no advanced comorbidities&#46;</p><p id="par0175" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In conclusion&#44; patients with T2DM &#62;70 have clinical and biological characteristics different from those of subjects with T2DM &#60;60 years&#46; They have a lower BMI and waist circumference&#44; a greater prevalence of high blood pressure&#44; less prevalence of metabolic syndrome&#44; and lower levels of metabolic factors &#40;HbA1c&#44; LDL-C&#44; and triglycerides&#41;&#46; These results were also supported by the factorial study&#44; as age was significantly associated with component&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0110"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> On the other hand&#44; the prevalence of chronic complications was different&#44; with a greater prevalence of stroke&#44; distal symmetrical polyneuropathy and diabetic nephropathy&#44; with the decrease in kidney function characteristic of their age&#46; It should be noted that&#44; despite this&#44; glucose lowering treatment is not different in subjects with T2DM &#60;60 years as compared to those &#62;70 years&#46;</p><p id="par0180" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">We think that our findings should have a clinical impact&#44; because they objectively indicate that patients with T2DM &#62;70 years have clinical and biological characteristics different from those of younger patients with the disease&#46; This could imply changes in the management of these subjects&#44; regardless of factors associated with age such as geriatric syndromes&#44; multiple drug use&#44; and dependency found in elderly subjects&#46; Prospective studies are however needed to support our data&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0050" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0100">Funding</span><p id="par0185" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">This study was funded by projects AP-04&#47;06 and AP 068&#47;08 of the <span class="elsevierStyleGrantSponsor" id="gs1">Department of Health of the Valencian Government and by CIBERDEM &#40;ISCIII&#41;</span>&#46; CIBER of diabetes and associated metabolic diseases &#40;CIBERDEM&#41; is an initiative of Instituto de Salud Carlos III&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0055" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0105">Conflicts of interest</span><p id="par0190" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">There are no conflicts of interest&#46;</p></span></span>"
    "textoCompletoSecciones" => array:1 [
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          "titulo" => "Abstract"
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            0 => array:1 [
              "identificador" => "abst0005"
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            1 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "abst0010"
              "titulo" => "Material and methods"
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              "identificador" => "abst0015"
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              "identificador" => "abst0020"
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          "identificador" => "xpalclavsec632627"
          "titulo" => "Keywords"
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          "titulo" => "Resumen"
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          "titulo" => "Introduction"
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          "titulo" => "Subjects and methods"
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              "titulo" => "Clinical and biological parameters"
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              "titulo" => "Statistical analysis"
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    "fechaRecibido" => "2015-06-28"
    "fechaAceptado" => "2015-10-05"
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          "clase" => "keyword"
          "titulo" => "Keywords"
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          "palabras" => array:5 [
            0 => "Type 2 diabetes mellitus"
            1 => "Elderly"
            2 => "Clinical and biochemical profile"
            3 => "Metabolic syndrome"
            4 => "Chronic diabetic complications"
          ]
        ]
      ]
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        0 => array:4 [
          "clase" => "keyword"
          "titulo" => "Palabras clave"
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          "palabras" => array:5 [
            0 => "Diabetes tipo 2"
            1 => "Anciano"
            2 => "Perfil cl&#237;nico biol&#243;gico"
            3 => "S&#237;ndrome metab&#243;lico"
            4 => "Complicaciones cr&#243;nicas de la diabetes"
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        "titulo" => "Abstract"
        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Type 2 diabetes mellitus &#40;T2DM&#41; is a chronic&#44; highly prevalent disease that increases with age&#46; Because of this&#44; and due to its chronic complications&#44; T2DM causes high human&#44; social&#44; and financial costs&#46; In addition&#44; the elderly population with T2DM has a marked clinical heterogeneity&#46; Therefore&#44; our main objective was to analyze the relationship of age with the clinical and biological manifestations of the disease and the prevalence of chronic complications in patients with T2DM&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0010">Material and methods</span><p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">A cross-sectional study of a large population with T2DM &#40;n<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>405&#41; randomly selected from a Diabetes Unit and 2 health care centers &#40;60&#37;&#41;&#46; The clinical&#44; anthropometric&#44; and biochemical variables of the subjects were collected using standard methods to assess the effect of age on the clinical and biochemical phenotype of patients with T2DM&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0015">Results</span><p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">We have noted that patients with T2DM &#62;70 years old have a clinical and biochemical phenotype different from younger subjects &#40;&#60;60 years&#41; including longer times since diabetes onset&#44; higher diastolic blood pressure levels&#44; and lower body mass index &#40;BMI&#41; values&#46; As regards to biological variables&#44; these patients have lower triglyceride levels&#44; impaired kidney function&#44; and lower HbA1c values&#46; Prevalence of metabolic syndrome is lower in patients with T2DM &#62;70 years of age&#46; Age was inversely related to parameters associated to metabolic syndrome &#40;BMI&#44; waist circumference&#44; blood pressure&#44; and triglyceride levels&#41;&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0020">Conclusions</span><p id="spar0020" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">We have defined the clinical and biochemical profile of patients with T2DM &#62;70 years attending health care centers&#46; In addition&#44; the prevalence of stroke&#44; kidney disease&#44; and distal symmetrical polyneuropathy is higher in patients with T2DM &#62;70 years as compared to younger patients &#40;&#60;60 years&#41;&#46;</p></span>"
        "secciones" => array:4 [
          0 => array:1 [
            "identificador" => "abst0005"
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          1 => array:2 [
            "identificador" => "abst0010"
            "titulo" => "Material and methods"
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          2 => array:2 [
            "identificador" => "abst0015"
            "titulo" => "Results"
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            "identificador" => "abst0020"
            "titulo" => "Conclusions"
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        "titulo" => "Resumen"
        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><p id="spar0025" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">La diabetes tipo 2 &#40;DMT2&#41; es una enfermedad con elevada prevalencia que aumenta con la edad&#46; Por este motivo y por sus complicaciones cr&#243;nicas genera elevado coste humano&#44; social y econ&#243;mico en la poblaci&#243;n mayor&#46; Adem&#225;s&#44; la poblaci&#243;n mayor con DMT2 presenta una marcada heterogeneidad cl&#237;nica&#46; Por lo que nuestro objetivo principal es conocer c&#243;mo se relaciona la edad con el fenotipo cl&#237;nico-biol&#243;gico y cu&#225;l es la prevalencia de complicaciones cr&#243;nicas en el paciente con DMT2&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0030">Material y m&#233;todos</span><p id="spar0030" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Estudio transversal de una amplia poblaci&#243;n de DMT2 &#40;n<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>405&#41; seleccionada de forma aleatoria de una Unidad de Diabetes y 2 centros de salud &#40;60&#37;&#41;&#46; En estos sujetos se recogieron variables cl&#237;nicas&#44; antropom&#233;tricas y bioqu&#237;micas para conocer el efecto de la edad en el fenotipo cl&#237;nico-biol&#243;gico de los pacientes con DMT2&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0035">Resultados</span><p id="spar0035" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Hemos observado que los pacientes con DMT2 &#62;70 a&#241;os presentan un fenotipo cl&#237;nico y bioqu&#237;mico diferente al de los sujetos m&#225;s j&#243;venes&#46; Se trata de sujetos con mayor tiempo de evoluci&#243;n de la diabetes&#44; mayor valor de la presi&#243;n arterial diast&#243;lica y menor &#237;ndice de masa corporal &#40;IMC&#41;&#46; Con respecto a las variables biol&#243;gicas&#44; estos sujetos presentan menor valor de triglic&#233;ridos&#44; empeoramiento de la funci&#243;n renal y menor valor de HbA1c&#46; La prevalencia de s&#237;ndrome metab&#243;lico es menor en los sujetos con DMT2 &#62;70 a&#241;os&#46; La edad se relacion&#243; de forma inversa con par&#225;metros relacionados con el s&#237;ndrome metab&#243;lico &#40;IMC&#44; per&#237;metro de cintura&#44; presi&#243;n arterial y triglic&#233;ridos&#41;&#46;</p><p id="spar0040" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">La prevalencia de las complicaciones cr&#243;nicas fue diferente&#46; As&#237;&#44; la prevalencia de accidente cerebrovascular&#44; nefropat&#237;a diab&#233;tica y polineuropat&#237;a distal sim&#233;trica en la poblaci&#243;n con DMT2 &#62;70 a&#241;os fue mayor&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0040">Conclusiones</span><p id="spar0045" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Hemos definido el perfil cl&#237;nico-biol&#243;gico del paciente con DMT2 &#62;&#160;70 a&#241;os que acude a centros sanitarios&#46; Los sujetos con diabetes tipo 2 &#62;70 a&#241;os no presentan el fenotipo de s&#237;ndrome metab&#243;lico observado en los que tienen DMT2 m&#225;s j&#243;venes&#46; Adem&#225;s&#44; la prevalencia de accidente cerebrovascular&#44; nefropat&#237;a y de polineuropat&#237;a distal sim&#233;trica es mayor en los pacientes con DMT2 &#62;&#160;70 a&#241;os&#46;</p></span>"
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            "identificador" => "abst0035"
            "titulo" => "Resultados"
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    "NotaPie" => array:1 [
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        "etiqueta" => "&#9734;"
        "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0025">Please cite this article as&#58; Basanta-Alario ML&#44; Ferri J&#44; Civera M&#44; Mart&#237;nez-Herv&#225;s S&#44; Ascaso JF&#44; Real JT&#46; Diferencias en las caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nico-biol&#243;gicas y prevalencia de complicaciones cr&#243;nicas en relaci&#243;n con el envejecimiento de pacientes con diabetes tipo 2&#46; Endocrinol Nutr&#46; 2016&#59;63&#58;79&#8211;86&#46;</p>"
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          "leyenda" => "<p id="spar0055" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Creatinine cl&#46;&#58; creatinine clearance&#59; SD&#58; standard deviation&#59; HbA1c&#58; glycosylated hemoglobin&#59; HDL&#58; high density lipoprotein cholesterol&#59; BMI&#58; body mass index&#59; ABI&#58; ankle&#47;brachial index&#59; LDL&#58; low density lipoprotein cholesterol&#59; WC&#58; waist circumference&#59; DBP&#58; diastolic blood pressure&#59; SBP&#58; systolic blood pressure&#46;</p>"
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                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">&#40;No&#46;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>405&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Mean&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">SD&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Age &#40;years&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">65&#46;97&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">10&#46;43&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">SBP &#40;mmHg&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">153&#46;71&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">23&#46;01&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">DBP &#40;mmHg&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">83&#46;51&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">11&#46;93&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Disease duration &#40;years&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">12&#46;67&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">9&#46;67&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">BMI &#40;kg&#47;m<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">30&#46;5&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">5&#46;22&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">WC &#40;cm&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">104&#46;79&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">11&#46;54&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">ABI&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;96&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;22&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Glucose &#40;mg&#47;dL&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">157&#46;58&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">52&#46;24&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Creatinine &#40;mg&#47;&#40;dL&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">1&#46;02&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;64&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Cholesterol &#40;mg&#47;dL&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">186&#46;96&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">44&#46;51&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Triglycerides &#40;mg&#47;dL&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">148&#46;11&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">90&#46;25&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">HDL-C &#40;mg&#47;dL&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">47&#46;57&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">13&#46;79&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">LDL-C &#40;mg&#47;dL&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">114&#46;96&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">39&#46;26&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">HbA1c &#40;&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">7&#46;69&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">1&#46;53&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Creatinine cl&#46; &#40;mL&#47;min&#47;1&#46;73<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>m<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">87&#46;90&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">39&#46;09&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Albuminuria &#40;mg&#47;24<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">78&#46;26&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">181&#46;71&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
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          "leyenda" => "<p id="spar0065" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Creatinine cl&#46;&#58; creatinine clearance&#59; BMI&#58; body mass index&#59; ABI&#58; ankle&#47;brachial index&#59; WC&#58; waist circumference&#59; SBP&#58; systolic blood pressure&#59; DBP&#58; diastolic blood pressure&#59; NDS&#58; neurological disability score&#46;</p>"
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                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Group 1 &#40;&#60;60 years&#41; n<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>110&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Group 2 &#40;&#62;70 years&#41; n<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>112&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Age &#40;years&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">53&#46;05 &#40;6&#46;11&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">78&#46;49<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#42;</span></a> &#40;4&#46;21&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Sex distribution &#40;male&#47;female&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">42&#47;68<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#42;</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">59&#47;53&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">SBP &#40;mmHg&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">149&#46;98 &#40;22&#46;1&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">155&#46;20 &#40;21&#46;52&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">DBP &#40;mmHg&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">80&#46;11 &#40;12&#46;72&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">86&#46;77<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#42;</span></a> &#40;11&#46;62&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Disease duration &#40;years&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">10&#46;07 &#40;8&#46;36&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">13&#46;96<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#42;</span></a> &#40;10&#46;1&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">BMI &#40;kg&#47;m</span><span class="elsevierStyleSup"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">2</span></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">31&#46;93<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#42;</span></a> &#40;5&#46;6&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">29&#46;17 &#40;4&#46;98&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">WC &#40;cm&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">106&#46;39<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#42;</span></a> &#40;12&#46;96&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">101&#46;83 &#40;10&#46;62&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">ABI</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#46;98 &#40;0&#46;22&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#46;94 &#40;0&#46;23&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="3" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="3" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Smoking n &#40;&#37;&#41;</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Non-smoker&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">45 &#40;40&#46;91&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">88<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#42;&#42;</span></a> &#40;78&#46;57&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Active smoker&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">40 &#40;36&#46;36&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">4 &#40;3&#46;57&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Ex-smoker&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">25 &#40;22&#46;73&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">20 &#40;17&#46;86&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="3" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="3" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Physical activity n &#40;&#37;&#41;</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Yes&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">54 &#40;49&#46;09&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">49 &#40;43&#46;75&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>No&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">56 &#40;50&#46;91&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">63&#40;56&#46;25&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">High blood pressure n &#40;&#37;&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">59 &#40;53&#46;64&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">75<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#42;&#42;</span></a> &#40;66&#46;96&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Dyslipidemia n &#40;&#37;&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">72<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#42;&#42;</span></a> &#40;65&#46;45&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">51 &#40;45&#46;54&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Metabolic syndrome</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#43;</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n &#40;&#37;&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">90 &#40;81&#46;82&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">74<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#42;&#42;</span></a> &#40;66&#46;07&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="3" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="3" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">NDS criteria &#40;degree of polyneuropathy&#41; n &#40;&#37;&#41;</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>No&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">47 &#40;42&#46;73&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">22 &#40;19&#46;64&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Mild&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">26 &#40;23&#46;64&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">29 &#40;25&#46;89&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Moderate&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">17 &#40;15&#46;45&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">28 &#40;25&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Severe&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">20 &#40;18&#46;18&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">33<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#42;&#42;</span></a> &#40;29&#46;46&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="3" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="3" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Diabetic retinopathy n &#40;&#37;&#41;</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Yes&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">34 &#40;30&#46;91&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">38 &#40;33&#46;93&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>No&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">70 &#40;63&#46;64&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">57 &#40;50&#46;89&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Ischemic heart disease n &#40;&#37;&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">16 &#40;14&#46;55&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">13 &#40;11&#46;61&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Stroke n &#40;&#37;&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">7 &#40;6&#46;36&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">31<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#42;&#42;</span></a> &#40;27&#46;68&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
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          "en" => "<p id="spar0060" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">A comparison of clinical characteristics&#44; anthropometric parameters&#44; and the prevalence of chronic complications in the group of subjects with T2DM under 60 years of age &#40;group 1&#41; and over 70 years of age &#40;group 2&#41;&#46;</p>"
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          "leyenda" => "<p id="spar0075" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Creatinine cl&#46;&#58; creatinine clearance&#59; HbA1c&#58; glycosylated hemoglobin&#59; HDL&#58; high density lipoprotein cholesterol&#59; LDL&#58; low density lipoprotein cholesterol&#46;</p>"
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                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Group 1 &#40;&#60;60 years&#41; n<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>110&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Group 2 &#40;&#62;70 years&#41; n<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>112&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Glucose &#40;mg&#47;dL&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">173&#46;09<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#42;</span></a> &#40;60&#46;54&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">148&#46;79 &#40;51&#46;0&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Creatinine &#40;mg&#47;&#40;dL&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;86 &#40;0&#46;33&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">1&#46;11<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#42;</span></a> &#40;0&#46;57&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">LDL cholesterol &#40;mg&#47;dL&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">197&#46;94 &#40;43&#46;91&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">187&#46;55 &#40;39&#46;45&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Triglycerides &#40;mg&#47;dL&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">169&#46;72<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#42;</span></a> &#40;110&#46;21&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">134&#46;77 &#40;76&#46;24&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">HDL-C &#40;mg&#47;dL&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">47&#46;96 &#40;17&#46;74&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">49&#46;56 &#40;13&#46;4&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">LDL-C &#40;mg&#47;dL&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">122&#46;24<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#42;</span></a> &#40;42&#46;35&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">111&#46;31 &#40;34&#46;21&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">HbA1c &#40;&#37;&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">8&#46;03<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0020"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#42;&#42;</span></a> &#40;1&#46;78&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">7&#46;32 &#40;1&#46;27&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Albuminuria &#40;mg&#47;24</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">h&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">52&#46;87 &#40;125&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">91&#46;37<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#42;</span></a> &#40;214&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Creatinine cl&#46; &#40;MDRD&#41; &#40;mL&#47;min&#47;1&#46;73</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">m</span><span class="elsevierStyleSup"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">2</span></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">122&#46;46 &#40;41&#46;89&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">55&#46;48<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#42;</span></a> &#40;14&#46;83&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="3" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="3" align="char" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Treatments Hypoglycemic drugs n &#40;&#37;&#41;</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Diet&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">7 &#40;6&#46;36&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">6 &#40;5&#46;36&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Oral antidiabetic drugs&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">54 &#40;49&#46;09&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">53 &#40;47&#46;32&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Insulin&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">22 &#40;20&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">35 &#40;31&#46;25&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Oral antidiabetic drugs<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>insulin&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">27 &#40;24&#46;55&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">18 &#40;16&#46;07&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">48 &#40;42&#46;86&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0020"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#42;&#42;</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">75 &#40;66&#46;96&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
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                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td-with-role" title="table-head ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top" scope="col">Component&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">18&#46;913&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">1&#46;607&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">16&#46;068&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">34&#46;981&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">1&#46;352&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">13&#46;522&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">48&#46;503&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">4&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">1&#46;070&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">10&#46;701&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">59&#46;204&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">5&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;899&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">8&#46;992&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">68&#46;196&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">6&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;868&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">8&#46;684&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">76&#46;879&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">7&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;768&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">7&#46;682&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">84&#46;561&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">8&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;629&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">6&#46;288&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">90&#46;849&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">9&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;520&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">5&#46;204&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">96&#46;053&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">10&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;395&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;382&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#8722;0&#46;544&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;411&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;348&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
                  """
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          "en" => "<p id="spar0085" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Main components of the factorial analysis of study subjects with T2DM &#40;n<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>405&#41;&#46; Matrix of the 4 components extracted&#46;</p>"
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      "titulo" => "References"
      "seccion" => array:1 [
        0 => array:2 [
          "identificador" => "bibs0005"
          "bibliografiaReferencia" => array:20 [
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                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
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                        0 => array:2 [
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                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
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                      "titulo" => "Aging&#44; diabetes&#44; and the public health system in the United States"
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                0 => array:2 [
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                      "Libro" => array:4 [
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            5 => array:3 [
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                0 => array:2 [
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                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
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                      "titulo" => "Diabetes in older people&#58; new insights and remaining challenges"
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                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
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                            0 => "A&#46; Sinclair"
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                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1016/S2213-8587(14)70176-7"
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol"
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                            0 => "G&#46;S&#46; Meneilly"
                            1 => "A&#46; Knip"
                            2 => "D&#46; Tessier"
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                        "volumen" => "37"
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                      "titulo" => "New IDF guideline for managing type 2 diabetes in older people"
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                          "autores" => array:3 [
                            0 => "T&#46; Dunning"
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Article information

ISSN: 21735093
Original language: English

DOI:10.1016/j.endoen.2015.10.011

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Year/Month	Html	Pdf	Total

2024 November	7	0	7
2024 October	40	2	42
2024 September	76	3	79
2024 August	51	2	53
2024 July	62	9	71
2024 June	27	3	30
2024 May	21	2	23
2024 April	21	6	27
2024 March	58	1	59
2024 February	62	7	69
2024 January	41	4	45
2023 December	25	10	35
2023 November	48	6	54
2023 October	54	9	63
2023 September	70	10	80
2023 August	46	6	52
2023 July	36	9	45
2023 June	32	3	35
2023 May	42	9	51
2023 April	24	3	27
2023 March	36	1	37
2023 February	30	3	33
2023 January	46	6	52
2022 December	34	6	40
2022 November	47	5	52
2022 October	61	7	68
2022 September	33	21	54
2022 August	56	10	66
2022 July	34	8	42
2022 June	25	8	33
2022 May	19	9	28
2022 April	35	10	45
2022 March	55	8	63
2022 February	46	6	52
2022 January	59	6	65
2021 December	56	6	62
2021 November	52	10	62
2021 October	46	9	55
2021 September	43	9	52
2021 August	16	5	21
2021 July	25	10	35
2021 June	25	19	44
2021 May	29	8	37
2021 April	59	19	78
2021 March	28	6	34
2021 February	19	8	27
2021 January	20	6	26
2020 December	23	9	32
2020 November	33	11	44
2020 October	22	6	28
2020 September	28	15	43
2020 August	33	6	39
2020 July	30	12	42
2020 June	20	6	26
2020 May	28	9	37
2020 April	34	4	38
2020 March	38	3	41
2020 February	38	5	43
2020 January	16	4	20
2019 December	23	5	28
2019 November	15	11	26
2019 October	17	12	29
2019 September	10	5	15
2019 August	15	1	16
2019 July	17	12	29
2019 June	26	27	53
2019 May	91	19	110
2019 April	14	26	40
2019 March	13	7	20
2019 February	15	6	21
2019 January	10	2	12
2018 December	8	4	12
2018 November	18	4	22
2018 October	7	1	8
2018 September	16	4	20
2018 August	19	2	21
2018 July	15	4	19
2018 June	9	1	10
2018 May	10	7	17
2018 April	15	0	15
2018 March	3	2	5
2018 February	13	0	13
2018 January	8	3	11
2017 December	14	0	14
2017 November	10	0	10
2017 October	19	6	25
2017 September	15	8	23
2017 August	13	13	26
2017 July	10	1	11
2017 June	30	3	33
2017 May	20	1	21
2017 April	21	7	28
2017 March	55	13	68
2017 February	48	2	50
2017 January	13	1	14
2016 December	15	6	21
2016 November	15	2	17
2016 October	57	6	63
2016 September	22	1	23
2016 August	17	5	22
2016 May	0	1	1

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Now is Endocrinología, Diabetes y Nutrición (English ed.). More information

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