Article information
Abstract
In patients with differentiated thyroid cancer, long-term inhibition of TSH secretion by levothyroxine administration is required when there is evidence of persistent or recurrent disease. In such cases, levothyroxine doses should be monitored to achieve the goals of TSH inhibition and avoidance of clinical hyperthyroidism. The possibility that TSH-suppressive therapy may cause adverse effects continues to be controversial, especially for elderly patients. Many studies on the potential harmful effects of suppressive treatment on various organs or systems have been conducted with discordant results. There is however no scientific evidence to suggest that the clinical impact of these effects is significant.
Keywords:
Differentiated thyroid carcinoma
Levothyroxine suppressive treatment
Resumen
En pacientes afectos de cáncer diferenciado de tiroides, la inhibición a largo plazo de la secreción de TSH, mediante la administración de levotiroxina, es necesaria cuando hay evidencias de enfermedad persistente o recurrente. En estos casos las dosis de levotiroxina deben ser monitorizadas para conseguir los objetivos de inhibición de la TSH evitando el hipertiroidismo clínico. La posibilidad de que el tratamiento supresor de la TSH pueda producir efectos adversos es aún motivo de controversia, principalmente en pacientes ancianos. Existen multitud de estudios sobre los posibles efectos perjudiciales del tratamiento supresor sobre diversos órganos o sistemas con resultados discordantes aunque no existen evidencias científicas de que su impacto clínico sea significativo.
Palabras clave:
Cacinoma diferenciado de tiroides
Tratamiento supresor levotiroxina
Full text is only aviable in PDF
References
[1.]
F. Sánchez Franco.
Directrices para el tratamiento del carcinoma diferenciado de tiroides.
Endocrinol Nutr, 52 (2005), pp. 23-31
[2.]
F. Pacini, M. Schlumberge, H. Dralle, R. Elisei, W. Wiersinga, the European Thyroid Cancer Taskforce.
European consensus for the management of patients with differentiated thyroid cancer of the follicular epithelium.
Eur J Endocrinol, 154 (2006), pp. 787-803
[3.]
D.S. Cooper, G.M. Doherty, B.R. Haugen, R.T. Kloos, S.L. Lee, S.J. Mandel, et al.
Revised American Thyroid Association management guidelines for patients with thyroid nodules and differentiated thyroid cancer.
Thyroid, 19 (2009), pp. 1167-1214
[4.]
I.D. Hay, G.B. Thompson, C.S. Grant, E.J. Bergstralh, C.E. Dvorak, C.A. Gorman, et al.
Papillary thyroid carcinoma managed at the Mayo Clinic during six decades (1940–1999): temporal trends in initial therapy and long-term outcome in 2444 consecutively treated patients.
World J Surg, 26 (2002), pp. 879-885
[5.]
S.J. Mandel, G.A. Brent, P.R. Larsen.
Levothyroxine therapy in patients with thyroid disease.
Ann Intern Med, 119 (1993), pp. 492-502
[6.]
B. Biondi, S. Filetti, M. Schlumberger.
Thyroid-hormone therapy and thyroid cancer: a reassessment.
Nat Clin Pract Endocrinol Metab, 1 (2005), pp. 32-40
[7.]
T.P. Dunhill.
Surgery of the thyroid gland (The Lettsomian Lectures).
BMJ, 1 (1937), pp. 460-461
[8.]
H.W. Balme.
Metastastic carcinoma of the thyroid successfully treated with thyroxine.
Lancet, 266 (1954), pp. 812-813
[9.]
G. Crile.
Endocrine dependency of papillary carcinomas of the thyroid.
JAMA, 195 (1966), pp. 721-724
[10.]
L.D. Goldberg, N.T. Ditchek.
Thyroid carcinoma with spinal cord compression.
JAMA, 245 (1981), pp. 953-954
[11.]
E.L. Mazzaferri, S.M. Jhiang.
Long-term impact of initial surgical and medical therapy on papillary and follicular thyroid cancer.
Am J Med, 97 (1994), pp. 418-428
[12.]
P. Pujol, J.P. Daures, N. Nsakala, L. Baldet, J. Bringer, C. Jaffiol.
Degree of thyrotropin suppression as a prognostic determinant in differentiated thyroid cancer.
J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 81 (1996), pp. 4318-4323
[13.]
D.S. Cooper, B. Specker, M. Ho, M. Sperling, P.W. Ladenson, D.S. Ross, et al.
Thyrotropin suppression and disease progression in patients with differentiated thyroid cancer: results from the National Thyroid Cancer Treatment Cooperative Registry.
Thyroid, 8 (1998), pp. 737-744
[14.]
N.J. Nadler, M. Mandavia, M. Goldberg.
The effect of hypophysectomy on the experimental production of rat thyroid neoplasms.
Cancer Res, 30 (1970), pp. 1909-1911
[15.]
Y. Ichikawa, E. Saito, Y. Abe, M. Homma, T. Muraki.
Presence of TSH receptor in thyroid neoplasms.
J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 42 (1976), pp. 395-398
[16.]
O.H. Clark, P.L. Gerend, P. Goretzki, R.A. Nissenson.
Characterization of the thyrotropin receptor-adenylate cyclase system in neoplastic human thyroid tissue.
J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 57 (1983), pp. 140-147
[17.]
V. Lazar, J.M. Bidart, B. Caillou, C. Mahé, L. Lacroix, S. Filetti, et al.
Expression of the Na+/I- symporter gene in human thyroid tumors: a comparison study with other thyroid-specific genes.
J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 84 (1999), pp. 3228-3234
[18.]
S. Filetti, J.M. Bidart, F. Arturi, B. Caillou, D. Russo, M. Schlumberger.
Sodium/iodide symporter: a key transport system in thyroid cancer cell metabolism.
Eur J Endocrinol, 14 (1999), pp. 443-457
[19.]
K. Westermark, F.A. Karlsson, B. Westermark.
Epidermal growth factor modulates thyroid growth and function in culture.
Endocrinology, 112 (1983), pp. 1680-1686
[20.]
J.A. Fagin.
How thyroid tumors start and why it matters: kinase mutants as targets for solid cancer pharmacotherapy.
J Endocrinol, 183 (2004), pp. 249-256
[21.]
G. Riesco-Eizaguirre, P. Santisteban.
Molecular biology of thyroid cancer initiation.
Clin Transl Oncol, 9 (2007), pp. 686-693
[22.]
L.A. Burmeister, M.O. Goumaz, C.N. Mariash, J.H. Oppenheimer.
Levothyroxine dose requirements for thyrotropin suppression in the treatment of differentiated thyroid cancer.
J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 75 (1992), pp. 344-350
[23.]
C.T. Sawin, A. Geller, J.M. Hershman, W. Castelli, P. Bacharach.
The aging thyroid. The use of thyroid hormone in older persons.
JAMA, 261 (1989), pp. 2653-2655
[24.]
S. Andersen, K.M. Pedersen, N.H. Bruun, P. Laurberg.
Narrow individual variations in serum T(4) and T(3) in normal subjects: a clue to the understanding of subclinical thyroid disease.
J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 87 (2002), pp. 1068-1072
[25.]
B. Goichot, R. Sapin, J.L. Schlienger.
Subclnical hyperthyroidism: Considerations in defining the lower limit of the thyrotropin reference interval.
Clin Chem, 55 (2009), pp. 420-424
[26.]
B. Biondi, D.S. Cooper.
The clinical significance of subclinical thyroid dysfunction.
Endocr Rev, 29 (2008), pp. 76-131
[27.]
J.L. Reverter.
Cáncer de tiroides, levotiroxina y masa ósea. La evidencia, la experiencia y tres preguntas.
Endocrinol Nutr, 54 (2007), pp. 237-240
[28.]
I. Klein, K. Ojamaa.
Thyroid hormone and the cardiovascular system.
N Engl J Med, 344 (2001), pp. 501-509
[29.]
S. Fazio, E.A. Palmieri, G. Lombardi, B. Biondi.
Effects of thyroid hormone on the cardiovascular system.
Recent Prog Horm Res, 59 (2004), pp. 31-50
[30.]
E. Murphy, G.R. Williams.
The thyroid and the skeleton.
Clin Endocrinol (Oxf), 61 (2004), pp. 285-298
[31.]
J.L. Reverter, S. Holgado, N. Alonso, I. Salinas, M.L. Granada, A. Sanmartí.
Lack of deleterious effect on bone mineral density of long-term thyroxine suppressive therapy for differentiated thyroid carcinoma.
Endocr Relat Cancer, 12 (2005), pp. 973-981
[32.]
J.L. Reverter, E. Colomé, S. Holgado, E. Aguilera, B. Soldevila, L. Mateo, et al.
Bone mineral density and bone fracture in male patients receiving long-term suppressive levothyroxine treatment for differentiated thyroid carcinoma.
Endocrine, 37 (2010), pp. 467-472
[33.]
K.A. Heemstra, N.A. Hamdy, J.A. Romijn, J.W. Smit.
The effects of thyrotropinsuppressive therapy on bone metabolism in patients with well-differentiated thyroid carcinoma.
Thyroid, 16 (2006), pp. 583-591
[34.]
T.J. Van der Cammen, F. Mattace-Raso, F. Van Harskamp, M.C. De Jager.
Lack of association between thyroid disorders and Alzheimer's disease in older persons: a crosssectional observational study in a geriatric outpatient population.
J Am Geriatr Soc, 51 (2003), pp. 884
[35.]
S. Kalmijn, K.M. Mehta, H.A. Pols, A. Hofman, H.A. Drexhage, M.M. Breteler.
Subclinical hyperthyroidism and the risk of dementia. The Rotterdam Study.
Clin Endocrinol (Oxf), 53 (2000), pp. 733-737
[36.]
C.F. Eustatia-Rutten, E.P. Corssmit, A.M. Pereira, M. Frölich, J.J. Bax, J.A. Romijn, et al.
Quality of life in longterm exogenous subclinical hyperthyroidism and the effects of restoration of euthyroidism, a randomized controlled trial.
Clin Endocrinol (Oxf), 64 (2006), pp. 284-291
[37.]
C.F. Eustatia-Rutten, E.P. Corssmit, K.A. Heemstra, J.W. Smit, R.C. Schoemaker, J.A. Romijn, et al.
Autonomic nervous system function in chronic exogenous subclinical thyrotoxicosis and the effect of restoring euthyroidism.
J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 93 (2008), pp. 2835-2841
[38.]
J.I. Botella-Carretero, F. Álvarez-Blasco, J. Sancho, H.F. Escobar-Morreale.
Effects of thyroid hormones on serum levels of adipokines as studied in patients with differentiated thyroid carcinoma during thyroxine withdrawal.
Thyroid, 16 (2006), pp. 397-402
[39.]
M.K. Horne, K.K. Singh, K.G. Rosenfeld, R. Wesley, M.C. Skarulis, P.K. Merryman, et al.
Is thyroid hormone suppression therapy prothrombotic?.
J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 89 (2004), pp. 4469-7443
[40.]
G. Brabant.
Thyrotropin suppressive therapy in thyroid carcinoma: what are the targets?.
J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 93 (2008), pp. 1167-1169
[41.]
M.I. Surks, E. Ortiz, G.H. Daniels, C.T. Sawin, N.F. Col, R.H. Cobin, et al.
Subclinical thyroid disease: scientific review and guidelines for diagnosis and management.
JAMA, 291 (2004), pp. 228-238
[42.]
I. Klein, K. Ojamaa.
Thyroid hormone: targeting the vascular smooth muscle cell.
Circ Res, 88 (2001), pp. 260-261
[43.]
Parry CH. Elargement of thyroid gland in connection with enlargement or palpitation of the heart. Collection from unpublished papers of the late Caleb Hillier Parry. London: Welcome Library for the History and Understanding of Medicine; 1825. p. 111–25.
[44.]
K. Boelaert, J.A. Franklyn.
Thyroid hormone in health and disease.
J Endocrinol, 187 (2005), pp. 1-15
[45.]
B. Biondi, S. Fazio, C. Carella, G. Amato, A. Cittadini, G. Lupoli, et al.
Cardiac effects of long term thyrotropin-suppressive therapy with levothyroxine.
J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 77 (1993), pp. 334-338
[46.]
B. Biondi, S. Fazio, E.A. Palmieri, R. Tremalaterra, G. Angellotti, F. Bonè, et al.
Effects of chronic subclinical hyperthyroidism from levothyroxine on cardiac morphology and function.
Cardiologia, 44 (1999), pp. 443-449
[47.]
L.E. Shapiro, R. Sievert, L. Ong, E.L. Ocampo, R.A. Chance, M. Lee, et al.
Minimal cardiac effects in asymptomatic athyreotic patients chronically treated with thyrotropin-suppressive doses of L-thyroxine.
J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 82 (1997), pp. 2592-2595
[48.]
G.W. Ching, J.A. Franklyn, T.J. Stallard, J. Daykin, M.C. Sheppard, M.D. Gammage.
Cardiac hypertrophy as a result of long-term thyroxine therapy and thyrotoxicosis.
Heart, 75 (1996), pp. 363-368
[49.]
G. Mercuro, M.G. Panzuto, A. Bina, M. Leo, R. Cabula, L. Petrini, et al.
Cardiac function, physical exercise capacity, and quality of life during long-term thyrotropin-suppressive therapy with levothyroxine: effect of individual dose tailoring.
J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 85 (2000), pp. 159-164
[50.]
S. Gullu, F. Altuntas, I. Dincer, C. Erol, N. Kamel.
Effects of TSH-suppressive therapy on cardiac morphology and function: beneficial effects of the addition of betablockade on diastolic dysfunction.
Eur J Endocrinol, 150 (2004), pp. 655-661
[51.]
J.W. Smit, C.F. Eustatia-Rutten, E.P. Corssmit, A.M. Pereira, M. Frölich, G.B. Bleeker, et al.
Reversible diastolic dysfunction alter long-term exogenous subclinical hyperthyroidism: a randomized, placebo-controlled study.
J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 90 (2005), pp. 6041-6047
[52.]
M. Shargorodsky, S. Serov, D. Gavish, E. Leibovitz, D. Harpaz, R. Zimlichman.
Longterm thyrotropin-suppressive therapy with levothyroxine impairs small and large artery elasticity and increases left ventricular mass in patients with thyroid carcinoma.
Thyroid, 16 (2006), pp. 381-386
[53.]
J.I. Botella-Carretero, M. Gómez-Bueno, V. Barrios, C. Caballero, R. García-Robles, J. Sancho, et al.
Chronic thyrotropin-suppressive therapy with levothyroxine and short-term overt hypothyroidism after thyroxine withdrawal are associated with undesirable cardiovascular effects in patients with differentiated thyroid carcinoma.
Endocr Relat Cancer, 11 (2004), pp. 345-356
[54.]
C.T. Sawin, A. Geller, P.A. Wolf, A.J. Belanger, E. Baker, P. Bacharach, et al.
Low serum thyrotropin concentrations as a risk factor for atrial fibrillation in older persons.
Engl J Med, 331 (1994), pp. 1249-1252
[55.]
J. Auer, P. Scheibner, T. Mische, W. Langsteger, O. Eber, B. Eber.
Subclinical hyperthyroidism as a risk factor for atrial fibrillation.
Am Heart J, 142 (2001), pp. 838-842
[56.]
A.R. Cappola, L.P. Fried, A.M. Arnold, M.D. Danese, L.H. Kuller, G.L. Burke, et al.
Thyroid status, cardiovascular risk, and mortality in older adults.
JAMA, 295 (2006), pp. 1033-1041
[57.]
J.V. Parle, P. Maisonneuve, M.C. Sheppard, P. Boyle, J.A. Franklyn.
Prediction of allcause and cardiovascular mortality in elderly people from one low serum thyrotropin result: a 10-year cohort study.
Lancet, 358 (2001), pp. 861-865
[58.]
J. Gussekloo, E. van Exel, A.J. de Craen, A.E. Meinders, M. Frölich, R.G. Westendorp.
Thyroid status, disability and cognitive function, and survival in old age.
JAMA, 292 (2004), pp. 2591-2599
[59.]
A.W. Van den Beld, T.J. Visser, R.A. Feelders, D.E. Grobbee, S.W. Lamberts.
Thyroid hormone concentrations, disease, physical function, and mortality in elderly men.
J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 90 (2005), pp. 6403-6409
[60.]
J.P. Walsh, A.P. Bremner, M.K. Bulsara, P. O’Leary, P.J. Leedman, P. Feddema, et al.
Subclinical thyroid dysfunction as a risk factor for cardiovascular disease.
Arch Intern Med, 165 (2005), pp. 2467-2472
[61.]
S. Singh, J. Duggal, J. Molnar, F. Maldonado, C.P. Barsano, R. Arora.
Impact of subclinical thyroid disorders on coronary heart disease, cardiovascular and all-cause mortality: a meta-analysis.
Int J Cardiol, 125 (2008), pp. 41-48
[62.]
R.W. Flynn, S.R. Bonellie, R.T. Jung, T.M. MacDonald, A.D. Morris, G.P. Leese.
Serum thyroid-stimulating hormone concentration and morbidity from cardiovascular disease and fractures in patients on long-term thyroxine therapy.
J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 95 (2010), pp. 186-193
[63.]
D.C. Bauer, N. Rodondi, K.L. Stone, T.A. Hillier.
Study of Osteoporotic Fractures Research Group: Universities of California (San Francisco), Pittsburgh, Minnesota (Minneapolis); Kaiser Permanente Center for Health Research Portland. Thyroid hormone use, hyperthyroidism and mortality in older women.
Am J Med, 120 (2007), pp. 343-349
[64.]
T.P. Links, K.M. van Tol, P.L. Jager, J.T. Plukker, D.A. Piers, H.M. Boezen, et al.
Life expectancy in differentiated thyroid cancer: a novel approach to survival analysis.
Endocr Relat Cancer, 12 (2005), pp. 273-280
[65.]
C.F. Eustatia-Rutten, E.P. Corssmit, N.R. Biermasz, A.M. Pereira, J.A. Romijn, J.W. Smit.
Survival and death causes in differentiated thyroid carcinoma.
J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 91 (2006), pp. 313-319
[66.]
B. Biondi, D.S. Cooper.
Benefits of thyrotropin suppression versus the risks of adverse effects in differentiated thyroid cancer.
Thyroid, 20 (2010), pp. 135-146
[67.]
M. Christ-Crain, N.G. Morgenthaler, C. Meier, C. Müller, C. Nussbaumer, A. Bergmann, et al.
Pro-A-type and N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptides in different thyroid function states.
Swiss Med Wkly, 135 (2005), pp. 549-554
[68.]
F. Von Recklinhausen.
Die fibrose oder deformiedere ostitis, die osteomalazie und die osteoplastische karzinose in ihren gegenseitigen beziehungen.
[69.]
J.H. Bassett, G.R. Williams.
The molecular actions of thyroid hormone in bone.
Trends Endocrinol Metab, 14 (2003), pp. 356-364
[70.]
E. Abe, R.C. Marians, W. Yu, X.B. Wu, T. Ando, Y. Li, et al.
TSH is a negative regulator of skeletal remodeling.
Cell, 115 (2003), pp. 151-162
[71.]
L. Mosekilde, E.F. Eriksen, P. Charles.
Effects of thyroid hormones on bone and mineral metabolism.
Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am, 19 (1990), pp. 35-63
[72.]
E.F. Eriksen, L. Mosekilde, F. Melsen.
Trabecular bone remodeling and bone balance in hyperthyroidism.
Bone, 6 (1985), pp. 421-428
[73.]
C.J. Rosen, R.A. Adler.
Longitudinal changes in lumbar bone density hmong thyrotoxic patients after attainment of euthyroidism.
Clin Endocrinol Metab, 75 (1992), pp. 1531-1534
[74.]
P. Vestergaard, L. Rejnmark, J. Weeke, L. Mosekilde.
Fracture risk in patients treated for hyperthyroidism.
Thyroid, 10 (2000), pp. 341-348
[75.]
H. Karga, P.D. Papapetrou, A. Korakovouni, F. Papandroulaki, A. Polymeris, G. Pampouras.
Bone mineral density in hyperthyroidism.
Clin Endocrinol (Oxf), 61 (2004), pp. 466-472
[76.]
G. Görres, A. Kaim, A. Otte, M. Götze, J. Müller-Brand.
Bone mineral density in patients receiving suppressive doses of thyroxine for differentiated thyroid carcinoma.
Eur J Nucl Med, 23 (1996), pp. 690-692
[77.]
S. Giannini, M. Nobile, L. Sartori, P. Binotto, M. Ciuffreda, G. Gemo, et al.
Bone density and mineral metabolism in thyroidectomized patients treated with long-term L-thyroxine.
Clin Sci (Lond), 87 (1994), pp. 593-597
[78.]
J.A. Franklyn, J. Betteridge, J. Daykin, R. Holder, G.D. Oates, J.V. Parle, et al.
Long-term thyroxine treatment and bone mineral density.
Lancet, 4 (1992), pp. 9-13
[79.]
J. Lehmke, U. Bogner, D. Felsenberg, H. Peters, H. Schleusener.
Determination of bone mineral density by quantitative computed tomography and single photon absorptiometry in subclinical hyperthyroidism: a risk of early osteopaenia in postmenopausal women.
Clin Endocrinol (Oxf), 36 (1992), pp. 511-517
[80.]
C. Ribot, F. Tremollieres, J.M. Pouilles, J.P. Louvet.
Bone mineral density and thyroid hormone therapy.
Clin Endocrinol (Oxf), 33 (1990), pp. 143-153
[81.]
T. Diamond, L. Nery, I. Hales.
A therapeutic dilemma: suppressive doses of thyroxine significantly reduce bone mineral measurements in both premenopausal and postmenopausal women with thyroid carcinoma.
J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 72 (1991), pp. 1184-1188
[82.]
T.L. Paul, J. Kerrigan, A.M. Kelly, L.E. Braverman, D.T. Baran.
Long-term L-thyroxine therapy is associated with decreased hip bone density in premenopausal women.
JAMA, 259 (1988), pp. 1341-3137
[83.]
F. Hawkins, D. Rigopoulou, K. Papapietro, M.B. López.
Spinal bone mass after longterm treatment with L-thyroxine in postmenopausal women with thyroid cancer and chronic lymphocytic thyroiditis.
Calcif Tissue Int, 54 (1994), pp. 16-19
[84.]
H.N. Rosen, A.C. Moses, J. Garber, D.S. Ross, S.L. Lee, L. Ferguson, et al.
Randomized trial of pamidronate in patients with thyroid cancer: bone density is not reduced by suppressive doses of thyroxine, but is increased by cyclic intravenous pamidronate.
J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 83 (1998), pp. 2324-2330
[85.]
E. Jódar, M. Begoña López, L. García, D. Rigopoulou, G. Martínez, F. Hawkins.
Bone changes in pre- and postmenopausal women with thyroid cancer on levothyroxine therapy: evolution of axial and appendicular bone mass.
Osteoporosis Int, 8 (1998), pp. 311-316
[86.]
A.W. Kung, S.S. Yeung.
Prevention of bone loss induced by thyroxine suppressive therapy in postmenopausal women: the effect of calcium and calcitonin.
J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 81 (1996), pp. 1232-1236
[87.]
G. Pioli, M. Pedrazzoni, E. Palummeri, M. Sianesi, R. Del Frate, P.P. Vescovi, et al.
Longitudinal study of bone loss after thyroidectomy and suppressive thyroxine therapy in premenopausal women.
Acta Endocrinol (Copenh), 126 (1992), pp. 238-242
[88.]
M.T. McDermott, J.J. Perloff, G.S. Kidd.
A longitudinal assessment of bone loss in women with levothyroxine-suppressed benign thyroid disease and thyroid cancer.
Calcif Tissue Int, 56 (1995), pp. 521-525
[89.]
J. Faber, Galløe.
Changes in bone mass during prolonged subclinical hyperthyroidism due to L-thyroxine treatment: a meta-analysis.
Eur J Endocrinol, 130 (1994), pp. 350-356
[90.]
B. Uzzan, J. Campos, M. Cucherat, P. Nony, J.P. Boissel, G.Y. Perret.
Effects on bone mass of long term treatment with thyroid hormones: a meta-analysis.
J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 81 (1996), pp. 4278-4289
[91.]
R. Schneider, C. Reiners.
The effect of levothyroxine therapy on bone mineral density: a systematic review of the literature.
Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes, 111 (2003), pp. 455-470
[92.]
D.C. Bauer, B. Ettinger, M.C. Nevitt, K.L. Stone, Study of Osteoporotic Fractures Research Group.
Risk for fracture in women with low serum levels of thyroidstimulating hormone.
Ann Intern Med, 134 (2001), pp. 561-568
[93.]
D.C. Bauer, M.C. Nevitt, B. Ettinger, K. Stone.
Low thyrotropin levels are not associated with bone loss in older women: a prospective study.
J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 82 (1997), pp. 2931-2936
[94.]
G.P. Leese, R.T. Jung, C. Guthrie, N. Waugh, M.C. Browning.
Morbidity in patients on L-thyroxine: a comparison of those with a normal TSH to those with a suppressed TSH.
Clin Endocrinol (Oxf), 37 (1992), pp. 500-503
[95.]
H.J. Grabe, H. Völzke, J. Lüdemann, B. Wolff, C. Schwahn, U. John, et al.
Mental and physical complaints in thyroid disorders in the general population.
Acta Psychiatr Scand, 112 (2005), pp. 286-293
[96.]
R. Larisch, K. Kley, S. Nikolaus, W. Sitte, M. Franz, H. Hautzel, et al.
Depression and anxiety in different thyroid function states.
Horm Metab Res, 36 (2004), pp. 650-653
[97.]
J.I. Botella-Carretero, J.M. Galán, C. Caballero, J. Sancho, H.F. Escobar-Morreale.
Quality of life and psychometric functionality in patients with differentiated thyroid carcinoma.
Endocr Relat Cancer, 10 (2003), pp. 601-610
[98.]
S. Tagay, S. Herpertz, M. Langkafel, Y. Erim, L. Freudenberg, N. Schöpper, et al.
Health-related quality of life, anxiety and depression in thyroid cancer patients under short-term hypothyroidism and TSH-suppressive levothyroxine treatment.
Eur J Endocrinol, 153 (2005), pp. 755-763
[99.]
A. Squizzato, E. Romualdi, H.R. Büller, V.E. Gerdes.
Clinical review: Thyroid dysfunction and effects on coagulation and fibrinolysis: a systematic review.
J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 92 (2007), pp. 2415-2420
[100.]
J.I. Botella-Carretero, A. Prados, L. Manzano, M.T. Montero, L. Escribano, J. Sancho, et al.
The effects of thyroid hormones on circulating markers of cellmediated immune response, as studied in patients with differentiated thyroid carcinoma before and during thyroxine withdrawal.
Eur J Endocrinol, 153 (2005), pp. 223-230
[101.]
J.L. Reverter, E. Colomé, M. Puig Domingo, T. Julián, I. Halperin, A. Sanmartí.
Clinical endocrinologists’ perception of the deleterious effects of TSH suppressive therapy in patients with differentiated thyroid carcinoma. [Article in Spanish].
Endocrinol Nutr, 57 (2010), pp. 350-356
[102.]
E.L. Mazzaferri, N. Massoll.
Management of papillary and follicular (differentiated) thyroid cancer: new paradigms using recombinant human thyrotropin.
Endocr Relat Cancer, 9 (2002), pp. 227-247
[103.]
S.A. Hundahl, B. Cady, M.P. Cunningham, E. Mazzaferri, R.F. McKee, J. Rosai, et al.
Initial results from a prospective cohort study of 5583 cases of thyroid carcinoma treated in the united states during 1996. U. S. and German Thyroid Cancer Study Group. An American College of Surgeons Commission on Cancer Patient Care Evaluation study.
Cancer, 89 (2000), pp. 202-217
[104.]
J. Jonklaas, N.J. Sarlis, D. Litofsky, K.B. Ain, S.T. Bigos, J.D. Brierley, et al.
Outcomes of patients with differentiated thyroid carcinoma following initial therapy.
Thyroid, 16 (2006), pp. 1229-1242
[105.]
D.S. Cooper.
TSH suppressive therapy: an overview of long-term clinical consequences.
Hormones (Athens), 9 (2010), pp. 57-59
[106.]
N. Lameloise, C. Siegrist-Kaiser, M. O’Connell, A. Burger.
Differences between the effects of thyroxine and tetraiodothyroacetic acid on TSH suppression and cardiac hypertrophy.
Eur J Endocrinol, 144 (2001), pp. 145-154
[107.]
S.I. Sherman, J. Gopal, B.R. Haugen, A.C. Chiu, K. Whaley, P. Nowlakha, et al.
Central hypothyroidism associated with retinoid X receptor-selective ligands.
N Engl J Med, 340 (1999), pp. 1075-1079
[108.]
J.C. Galofré.
Manejo del cáncer de tiroides en España.
Endocrinol Nutr. Endocrinol Nutr, 57 (2010), pp. 347-349
Copyright © 2011. Sociedad Española de Endocrinología y Nutrición
