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Inicio Enfermedades Infecciosas y Microbiología Clínica Actinomicosis orocervicofacial. Presentación de 5 casos
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Vol. 20. Issue 2.
Pages 53-56 (February 2002)
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Vol. 20. Issue 2.
Pages 53-56 (February 2002)
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Actinomicosis orocervicofacial. Presentación de 5 casos
Oral and cervicofacial actinomycosis. Presentation of five cases
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13319
Koldo Aguirrebengoa1
Corresponding author
kaguirrebengoa@hcru.osakidetza.net

Correspondencia: Dr. K. Aguirrebengoa. Víctor, 2, 5°. 48005 Bilbao
, Marisa Romaña, Miguel Montejo, Pedro González de Zárate
Unidad de Enfermedades Infecciosas
Leire Lópeza, Jesús Martínb
a Servicios de Microbiología
b Cirugía Maxilofacial. Hospital de Cruces. Baracaldo. Vizcaya
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Fundamento

La actinomicosis es una enfermedad infecciosa de tipo supurativo y granulomatoso de evolución crónica, causada por Actinomyces sp. y que afecta con mayor frecuencia al área cervicofacial.

Objetivo

Estudiar las características de los pacientes con actinomicosis, en cuanto a antecedentes clínicos, presentación clínica, método diagnóstico, tratamiento y seguimiento.

Pacientes y método

Se ha realizado una revisión retrospectiva de los casos de actinomicosis orocervicofacial microbiológica o anatomopatológicamente probados.

Resultado

Se estudian 5 pacientes, 2 varones y 3 mujeres, de edades comprendidas entre 25-69 años. Cuatro pacientes tenían antecedentes de intervenciones quirúrgicas y/o manipulaciones dentarias. Tres pacientes tenían la presentación clásica de bultoma y fistulización y dos presentaban lesiones intraorales. En 4 enfermos se obtuvo un diagnóstico microbiológico con cultivo positivo para A. israelii, y en el paciente restante mediante la citología de un grano de azufre. Solamente la primera paciente recibió la pauta clásica de penicilina i.v., tres fueron tratados con cefalosporinas de tercera generación, continuada posteriormente con amoxicilina oral durante 12 meses. La paciente 2 precisó una segunda intervención quirúrgica. El paciente 5, con un cuadro exclusivo intraoral, recibió una pauta corta de amoxicilina. No se han encontrado recidivas en el seguimiento.

Conclusión

La actinomicosis es una enfermedad infrecuente. Se precisa un elevado índice de sospecha y una buena colaboración clinicomicrobiológica para poder obtener un diagnóstico definitivo. La pauta clásica de penicilina i.v. y amoxicilina oral durante 6-12 meses es eficaz. La fase aguda del tratamiento con penicilina i.v. puede ser sustituida por cefalosporinas de tercera generación.

Palabras clave:
actinomicosis
Actinomyces israelii
gránulo de azufre
Background

Actinomycosis is a suppurative and granulomatous chronic infectious disease caused by Actinomyces sp. and most commonly affecting the cervicofacial area.

Aim

To study the clinical characteristics of patients with actinomycosis, with regard to clinical history, presentation, method of diagnosis, treatment and follow up.

Patients and methods

A retrospective review was performed on all cases of microbiologically or histologically proven oral or cervicofacial actinomycosis.

Results

Five patients were studied, 2 men and 3 women, 25-69 years old. Four patients had a history of surgical procedures and/or dental manipulations. Three patients showed the classic presentation of a lump and fistulization, and two patients presented intra-oral lesions. Four patients were diagnosed by cultures positive to A. israelii on microbiologic study and the remaining patient by cytologic detection of a sulfur granule. The first patient received the classic initial regimen of iv penicillin and 3 were treated with third-generation cephalosporins, continuing with oral amoxicillin during 12 months. Patient no.2 required a second surgical procedure. Patient no. 5, who had an exclusively oral process, received a short course of amoxicillin. There were no relapses during follow-up.

Conclusion

Actinomycosis is an uncommon disease. Establishment of the definite diagnosis requires a high index of suspicion and good clinical-microbiological collaboration. The classic course of iv penicillin and oral amoxicillin during 6-12 months is effective. For the acute phase treatment, iv penicillin can be replaced by third-generation cephalosporins.

Keywords:
actinomycosis
Actinomyces israelii
sulfur granule
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Copyright © 2002. Elsevier España, S.L.. Todos los derechos reservados
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