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Vol. 30. Issue S2.
Infections in solid organ transplantation
Pages 86-92 (March 2012)
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Vol. 30. Issue S2.
Infections in solid organ transplantation
Pages 86-92 (March 2012)
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Antimicrobial and immunosuppressive drug interactions in solid organ transplant recipients
Interacciones entre antimicrobianos y fármacos inmunosupresores en receptores de trasplante de órgano sólido
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3139
Soledad Berdaguera, Javier Bautistab, Mercè Brunetc, José Miguel Cisnerosd,
Corresponding author
jmcisnerosh@gmail.com

Corresponding author.
a Department of Pharmacology, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío-IBIS, Seville, Spain
b Clinical Pharmacy Unit, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío-IBIS, Seville, Spain
c Department of Pharmacology, Hospital Clínic-IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain
d Infectious Diseases, Microbiology and Preventive Medicine Unit, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío-IBIS, Seville, Spain
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Abstract

Infections are frequent and can be severe in recipients of solid organ transplantation. Prevention and treatment are priority objectives of multidisciplinary transplant teams. Interactions between antimicrobials (indicated for prevention and therapy) and immunosuppressants (for preventing rejection) make treatment more complex than in the general population. Co-administration of immunosuppressants and antibiotics can cause harmful interactions, modifying the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic characteristics of both groups of drugs. The loss of the transplanted organ due to reduced levels of immunosuppressants is a unique consequence of the often lethal interactions in this group of patients. By contrast, elevated levels of these drugs cause toxicity, and reduced concentrations of antimicrobial treatment fail to contain the infection. Azoles, rifabutin, protease inhibitors, non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors and antimicrobial macrolides all interact with immunosuppressants. In this article, we review interactions between antibiotics and immunosuppressants in order to adopt the most appropriate clinical approach (dosage adjustments, close monitoring of plasma levels and organ function) and determine whether they can be used together with any measure of safety.

Keywords:
Antibacterials
Antifungals
Antimicrobials
Antiretrovirals
Antivirals
Drug interaction
Immunosuppressants
Transplantation
Resumen

Las infecciones son frecuentes y más graves en receptores de trasplante de órgano sólido. La prevención y tratamiento es una prioridad objetiva de los equipos multidisciplinarios de trasplante. Las interacciones entre el antimicrobiano indicado para prevención y tratamiento y los inmunosupresores para prevenir el rechazo, hacen más complejo al tratamiento que en la población general. La coadministración de inmunosupresores y antibióticos puede causar interacciones perjudiciales, modificando las características farmacocinéticas y farmacodinámicas de ambos grupos de fármacos. La pérdida del órgano trasplantado por los niveles reducidos del inmunosupresor es una consecuencia excepcional de las interacciones en este grupo de pacientes, a menudo letal. Por el contrario, los niveles elevados de estos fármacos causan toxicidad y las concentraciones reducidas de antimicrobianos, fallo del tratamiento de la infección. Los azoles, la rifabutina, los inhibidores de la proteasa, los inhibidores no nucleósidos de la transcriptasa reversa y los antibióticos macrólidos son los fármacos que presentan más interacciones con los inmunosupresores. En este capítulo revisamos las interacciones entre los antibióticos y los inmunosupresores para, en consecuencia, adoptar la decisión clínica más conveniente: ajustar las dosis de los fármacos, realizar un control exhaustivo de los niveles plasmáticos o del funcionamiento del órgano o, por el contrario, si pueden ser utilizados con seguridad.

Palabras clave:
Antibacterianos
Antimicrobianos
Antifúngicos
Antivirales
Inmunosupresores
Interacción farmacológica
Trasplante
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Copyright © 2012. Elsevier España S.L.. All rights reserved
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