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Inicio Enfermedades Infecciosas y Microbiología Clínica Aplicabilidad de los estudios farmacogenéticos en la práctica clínica
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Vol. 26. Issue S6.
Farmacogenética en la infección por el VIH
Pages 45-54 (May 2008)
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Vol. 26. Issue S6.
Farmacogenética en la infección por el VIH
Pages 45-54 (May 2008)
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Aplicabilidad de los estudios farmacogenéticos en la práctica clínica
Applicability of pharmacogenetic studies in daily clinical practice
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José Antonio Iribarren Loyarte
Corresponding author
JOSEANTONIO.IRIBARRENLOYARTE@osakidetza.net

Correspondencia: Unidad de Enfermedades Infecciosas. Hospital Donostia. P.° Dr. Beguiristain, s/n. San Sebastián. Guipúzcoa. España.
Unidad de Enfermedades Infecciosas. Hospital Donostia. San Sebastián. Guipúzcoa. España
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En estos últimos años, la investigación en el campo de la farmacogenética y la farmacogenómica está permitiendo identificar distintas variantes o marcadores que pueden ayudar a definir los beneficios y riesgos de los pacientes que precisan tratamiento antirretroviral. Es bien conocido el efecto beneficioso de la deleción 32 del correceptor CCR5 en la historia natural de la infección por el virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana (VIH) y, en cierta medida, en la respuesta al tratamiento. Las bases de la reconstitución inmunitaria tras el inicio del tratamiento antirretroviral, aunque se están estudiando intensamente, son probablemente multifactoriales y poligénicas, por lo que no hay, en la actualidad, conclusiones claras aplicables a la práctica clínica.

Entre los riesgos, aún no se han producido avances significativos en el campo de la lipodistrofia. El origen de la dislipidemia asociada al tratamiento antirretroviral y el propio exceso de riesgo cardiovascular conferido por algunos fármacos antirretrovirales es, probablemente, de origen poligénico y aún no bien definido. Se conocen bastante bien las bases genéticas de la toxicidad neurológica por efavirenz y de la hiperbilirrubinemia secundaria a atazanavir, aunque su traslación a la clínica diaria aún no se ha valorado adecuadamente. Se han descrito algunos aspectos que ayudan a entender las bases moleculares de la reacción de hipersensibilidad (RHS) a la nevirapina y de toxicidad hepática por dicho fármaco, aunque no «capturan» la mayoría de los casos, por lo que será necesario proseguir los estudios. Hay algunos datos que correlacionan la toxicidad renal por tenofovir con variaciones genéticas en algunas proteínas de transporte.

El avance más significativo para la práctica clínica es la correlación de la presencia del alelo HLA-B*5701 con la RHS al abacavir (ABC); especialmente el hecho de que en un ensayo clínico con muchos pacientes y diferentes etnias el valor predictivo negativo de la prueba sea del 100%, es decir, la probabilidad de no desarrollar la RHS (comprobada inmunológicamente) es de 100% si el paciente es HLA-B*5701 negativo. Estos datos sugieren la necesidad de la implementación de esta prueba en la práctica clínica diaria.

Palabras clave:
Farmacogenética
Tratamiento antirretroviral
VIH

In the last few years, research in pharmacogenetics and pharmacogenomics has identified distinct variants or markers that can help to define the benefits and risk of patients requiring antiretroviral treatment. The beneficial effect of the deletion 32 allele of the CCR5 coreceptor on the natural history of HIV infection and, to a certain extent, on treatment response is well known. The bases of immune reconstitution after initiation of antiretroviral therapy, although the subject of intense study, are probably multifactorial and polygenetic and consequently conclusions with clear applicability to clinical practice are currently lacking. Among the risks, no significant progress has been made in lipodystrophy. The origin of dyslipidemia associated with antiretroviral treatment and the excess cardiovascular risk conferred by some antiretroviral drugs is probably polygenetic and, at present, poorly defined. The genetic bases of efavirenz-induced neurological toxicity and of hyperbilirubinemia secondary to atazanavir are fairly well known, although their application in daily clinical practice has not been adequately assessed. Some aspects that help to understand the molecular bases of hypersensitivity reaction to nevirapine and of nevirapineinduced hepatotoxicity have been described but are not applicable in most cases and consequently further studies are required. Some data correlate tenofovir-induced renal toxicity with genetic variations in some transport proteins. The most significant advance for clinical practice is the correlation between the presence of the HLA-B*5701 allele and hypersensitivity reaction to abacavir. In particular, one clinical trial with a large number of patients from distinct ethnic groups found that the probability of not developing hypersensitivity reaction (immunologically confirmed) was 100% if the patient was HLA-B*5701-negative. These data suggest the need to implement this test in daily clinical practice.

Key words:
Pharmacogenetics
Antiretroviral treatment
HIV
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