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La investigación realizada sobre la infección por el virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana (VIH) es un paradigma de cómo el conocimiento obtenido mediante la investigación básica se traslada al tratamiento de los pacientes. Gracias al estudio del ciclo viral y de la caracterización estructural y funcional de las proteínas del VIH disponemos en el momento actual de más de 20 fármacos para el tratamiento de los pacientes infectados. En este artículo se realiza una revisión del ciclo biológico del VIH y se destacan los pasos que representan dianas preferentes para la intervención farmacológica. En la segunda parte del trabajo se resumen las características de las principales familias que forman el esqueleto del tratamiento antirretroviral clásico y se revisan los fármacos recientemente introducidos que van dirigidos frente a nuevas dianas. Por último se realiza una aproximación a los nuevos prototipos que se encuentran en fase de desarrollo preclínico y que engrosarán en el futuro el arsenal terapéutico contra la infección por el VIH.
Palabras clave:
Antirretrovirales
Factores celulares
Proteínas virales
Entrada
Replicación
Research carried out on human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection illustrates the speed in the transfer of knowledge obtained from basic research to the treatment of patients. Due to studying the viral life cycle and structure and function of HIV proteins, there are currently more than 20 drugs available to treat infected patients. In this article a review is carried out on the biological cycle of HIV, highlighting those steps that represent preferential targets for pharmacological intervention. In the second part of the article, the characteristics of the main antiretroviral families that form the basis of classic antiretroviral treatment are summarised as well as reviewing the recently introduced drugs which are directed at new targets. Finally, an assessment is made of the new prototypes that are in the pre-clinical development phase and which will strengthen the future therapeutic arsenal against HIV infection.
Key words:
Antiretrovirals
Cell factors
Viral proteins
Entrance
Replication
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