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Los chips o arrays de ADN son una serie de sondas de ADN unidas a un soporte sólido en una disposición regular y prefijada. El ácido nucleico diana que será detectado puede ser ADN o ARN y previamente a la hibridación debe ser marcado con una sustancia fluorescente o radiactiva. La principal ventaja con respecto a las técnicas de biología molecular como la reacción en cadena de la polimerasa es que pueden detectarse en un único procesamiento miles de genes. Hasta la actualidad la aplicación de los arrays de ADN en el campo de la microbiología clínica es escasa. Dentro de las aplicaciones específicas cabe destacar: a) Investigación de la patogenia bacteriana; b) análisis de la evolución bacteriana y epidemiología; c) estudio de los mecanismos de acción y de resistencia de los antibióticos, y d) diagnóstico microbiológico de las enfermedades infecciosas.
Si bien esta metodología se encuentra todavía en fase embrionaria por lo que respecta a su aplicación en el campo del diagnóstico microbiológico, presenta una serie de ventajas que la hacen muy atractiva y en un futuro pueda ser una técnica muy válida para el diagnóstico de las enfermedades infecciosas.
Palabras clave:
Arrays de ADN
Microarrays de ADN
Microchips de ADN
Aplicaciones
Diagnóstico molecular
The DNA microarrays or microchips are sets of DNA probes bound to a solid support in a prefixed and regular disposition. The target nucleic acid that can be detected is either DNA or RNA, which is previously labeled with a fluorochrome or a radioactive compound. The main advantage with respect to other molecular biological tools, such as polymerase chain reaction, is that thousands of genes can be detected in a single procedure. The application of the DNA arrays in the field of clinical microbiology is so far scarce. Among the specific applications we can point out: 1. Investigation of bacterial pathogenesis; 2. Analysis of bacterial evolution and molecular epidemiology; 3. Study of the mechanisms of action and resistance to antimicrobial agents and 4. Microbiological diagnostic of the infectious diseases. This methodology is still in an embryonic phase with respect to its application in clinical microbiology. However, it presents a series of advantages that make it very attractive and in the future it may become a valuable tool for the diagnosis of infectious diseases.
Key words:
DNA arrays
DNA microarrays
DNA microchips
Stroke
Molecular diagnosis
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