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Vol. 26. Issue S7.
La hepatitis B en 2008
Pages 71-79 (May 2008)
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Vol. 26. Issue S7.
La hepatitis B en 2008
Pages 71-79 (May 2008)
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Hepatitis B en pacientes con infección por el virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana
Hepatitis B in patients with HIV infection
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2283
Pablo Barreiroa, Luz Martín-Carboneroa, Javier García-Samaniegob,
Corresponding author
javiersamaniego@telefonica.net

Correspondencia: Unidad de Hepatología. CIBEREHD. Hospital Carlos III. Sinesio Delgado, 10. 28029 Madrid. España.
a Servicio de Enfermedades Infecciosas. Hospital Carlos III. Madrid. España
b Unidad de Hepatología. CIBEREHD. Hospital Carlos III. Madrid. España
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La infección crónica por virus de la hepatitis B (VHB) afecta aproximadamente al 10% de los pacientes infectados por el virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana (VIH). La cifra estimada de pacientes con coinfección VIH/VHB en el mundo es de unos 4 millones. La infección por VIH influye negativamente en la historia natural de la hepatitis B crónica e incrementa el riesgo de progresión a cirrosis y enfermedad hepática terminal. Desde la generalización de la terapia antirretroviral de gran actividad (TARGA), la enfermedad hepática ha emergido como una de las principales causas de morbimortalidad en los pacientes VIH positivo. Por ello, todos los pacientes coinfectados por VIH y VHB deben ser evaluados para el tratamiento de la hepatitis B, con independencia de su cifra de linfocitos CD4. En la actualidad se dispone de 6 fármacos con el registro de las autoridades sanitarias para el tratamiento de la hepatitis B crónica: interferón alfa (2a y 2b) estándar, interferón pegilado alfa 2a, lamivudina, adefovir, entecavir y telbivudina. Otros fármacos con actividad frente al VHB, como el tenofovir y la emtricitabina, se utilizan para el tratamiento de la infección por el VIH. En los pacientes que no requieren TARGA, el tratamiento de la hepatitis B se debe realizar preferentemente con fármacos sin actividad frente al VIH, como el interferón pegilado o el adefovir. Por el contrario, en los pacientes con indicación de TARGA se debe emplear una combinación de medicamentos con actividad frente a ambos virus, como es el caso de lamivudina, emtricitabina y tenofovir, con el propósito de alcanzar la máxima supresión viral y evitar la aparición de resistencias. Los pacientes con coinfección VIH/VHB requieren un seguimiento periódico desde el punto de vista clínico y virológico, y en los que presentan cirrosis se recomienda la práctica de ultrasonografía y la determinación de alfafetoproteína cada 6 meses para la detección precoz de carcinoma hepatocelular.

Palabras clave:
Hepatitis B
Virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana
Resistencias
Interferón
Lamivudina
Entecavir
Adefovir

Chronic hepatitis B virus infection affects approximately 10% of HIV-infected patients. There are an estimated 4 million patients with HIV/HBV coinfection. HIV infection has a deleterious effect on the natural history of chronic hepatitis B and increases the risk of progression to cirrhosis and terminal liver disease. Since the widespread use of highly active antiviral therapy (HAART), liver disease has emerged as one of the main causes of morbidity and mortality in HIV-positive patients. Therefore, all patients with HIV/HBV coinfection should be evaluated for treatment of hepatitis B, independently of the CD4 lymphocyte count.

Six drugs are currently authorized for the treatment of chronic hepatitis B: standard interferon-alpha (2a and 2b), pegylated interferon alpha-2a, lamivudine, adefovir, entecavir and telbivudine. Other drugs with activity against HBV, such as tenofovir and emtricitabine, are used for the treatment of HIV infection. In patients not requiring HAART, treatment of hepatitis B should preferably consist of drugs without activity against HIV, such as pegylated interferon or adefovir. In contrast, in patients requiring HAART, a combination of drugs with activity against both viruses should be used, such as lamivudine, emtricitabine and tenofovir, with the aim of achieving maximal viral suppression and avoiding the development of resistance. Patients with HIV/HBV coinfection require periodic clinical and virological monitoring. Patients with cirrhosis should undergo ultrasonography and alphafetoprotein determination every 6 months for the early detection of hepatocellular carcinoma.

Key words:
Hepatitis B
HIV
Resistance
Interferon
Lamivudine
Entecavir
Adefovir
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