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Vol. 29. Issue S5.
Programa Externo de Control de Calidad SEIMC. Año 2010
Pages 21-26 (December 2011)
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Vol. 29. Issue S5.
Programa Externo de Control de Calidad SEIMC. Año 2010
Pages 21-26 (December 2011)
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Infección por virus West Nile
West Nile virus infection
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4631
Mercedes Pérez Ruiza,
Corresponding author
, Sara Sanbonmatsu Gámeza, Miguel Ángel Jiménez Claverob
a Servicio de Microbiología, Hospital Universitario Virgen de las Nieves, Granada, España
b Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal (CISA), Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria, Valdeolmos, Madrid, España
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Resumen

El virus West Nile (VWN) es un arbovirus cuyos vectores habituales son mosquitos y su principal reservorio aves, aunque es capaz de infectar a numerosas especies de vertebrados, entre ellos a los caballos y al hombre. Hasta el 80% de las infecciones en humanos son asintomáticas. La presentación clínica más frecuente es el síndrome febril, aunque en algunos casos (menos del 1%) puede ocasionar enfermedad neuroinvasiva. España es una zona de alto riesgo de emergencia de VWN debido a su climatología y a que es ruta de paso de aves migratorias procedentes de África, donde es endémico, y las cuales anidan en torno a humedales en los que abundan poblaciones de posibles vectores del virus. El diagnóstico de la infección neurológica en humanos se puede realizar mediante detección de IgM en suero y/o líquido cefalorraquídeo, demostración de aumento de al menos 4 veces el título de anticuerpos IgG entre suero de fase agua y suero de fase convaleciente, o por técnicas moleculares (especialmente útiles en trasplantados). Al ser un virus de nivel 3 de bioseguridad, las técnicas que impliquen cultivo celular están restringidas a laboratorios dotados de esas medidas de seguridad, como los laboratorios de referencia. El Plan Nacional para la Vigilancia de la Encefalitis por VWN permite detectar circulación del virus en aves y vectores en zonas especialmente susceptibles, como los humedales del país, y disponer de la información para valorar el riesgo de enfermedad en caballos y humanos.

Palabras clave:
Virus West Nile
Enfermedad neuroinvasiva
Vigilancia
España
Abstract

West Nile virus (WNV) is an arbovirus usually transmitted by mosquitoes. The main reservoirs are birds, although the virus may infect several vertebrate species, such as horses and humans. Up to 80% of human infections are asymptomatic. The most frequent clinical presentation is febrile illness, and neuroinvasive disease can occur in less than 1% of cases. Spain is considered a high-risk area for the emergence of WNV due to its climate and the passage of migratory birds from Africa (where the virus is endemic). These birds nest surrounding wetlands where populations of possible vectors for the virus are abundant. Diagnosis of human neurological infections can be made by detection of IgM in serum and/or cerebrospinal fluid samples, demonstration of a four-fold increase in IgG antibodies between acute-phase and convalescentphase serum samples, or by detection of viral genome by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (especially useful in transplant recipients). Since WNV is a biosafety level 3 agent, techniques that involve cell culture are restricted to laboratories with this level of biosafety, such as reference laboratories. The National Program for the Surveillance of WNV Encephalitis allows the detection of virus circulation among birds and vectors in areas especially favorable for the virus, such as wetlands, and provides information for evaluation of the risk of disease in horses and humans.

Keywords:
West Nile virus
Neuroinvasive disease
Surveillance
Spain
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