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Resumen
Las filariasis son un conjunto de enfermedades infecciosas que afectan fundamentalmente al tejido linfático y la piel. Están causadas por distintas especies de nematodos y son transmitidas mediante la picadura de insectos. Están catalogadas como enfermedad desatendida, afectan a millones de personas, y producen gran invalidez y problemas sociosanitarios. Para su desarrollo suelen precisar de la permanencia en zona endémica durante largos períodos, por lo que son infrecuentemente diagnosticadas en viajeros de corta estancia. Aunque habitualmente cursan de manera asintomática, la aparición de sintomatología viene determinada, fundamentalmente, por el grado de respuesta inmune del huésped a la infección y por la carga parasitaria. El diagnóstico se basa en la demostración de las microfilarias correspondientes en muestras de sangre o de piel, aunque otros métodos pueden apoyar el diagnóstico. El tratamiento individual es efectivo, pero las medidas a nivel comunitario, sobre todo la administración de tratamiento en masa, son las más efectivas para disminuir la incidencia de las filariasis.
Palabras clave:
Filariasis
Enfermedades tropicales desatendidas
Prevención y control
Administración de tratamiento en masa
Abstract
Filariases are infections caused by distinct species of nematodes. These infections are transmitted through insect bites and primarily affect lymph nodes and skin. Filariases are classified as neglected diseases and affect millions, producing severe disability and social stigma. This type of infection is rarely diagnosed in travellers, as prolonged stays in endemic areas are usually required acquire infection. Infections may be asymptomatic, and clinical manifestations depend on the host immune response to the infection and the parasite burden. Diagnosis is based on the demonstration of microfilariae in blood or skin, but there are other methods that support the diagnosis. Individual treatment is effective, but community interventions, mostly mass drug administration, have helped to diminish the incidence of filariases.
Keywords:
Filariases
Neglected tropical diseases
Prevention and control
Mass drug administration
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