metricas
covid
Buscar en
Enfermedades Infecciosas y Microbiología Clínica
Toda la web
Inicio Enfermedades Infecciosas y Microbiología Clínica Lectura interpretada del antibiograma: ¿ejercicio intelectual o necesidad clín...
Journal Information
Vol. 20. Issue 4.
Pages 176-186 (April 2002)
Share
Share
Download PDF
More article options
Vol. 20. Issue 4.
Pages 176-186 (April 2002)
Full text access
Lectura interpretada del antibiograma: ¿ejercicio intelectual o necesidad clínica?
Interpretive reading of the antibiogram: Intellectual exercise or clinical need?
Visits
15606
Rafael Cantón Moreno1
Corresponding author
rcanton@hrc.insalud.es

Correspondencia: Dr. R. Cantón Moreno. Servicio de Microbiología. Hospital Ramón y Cajal. Ctra. de Colmenar, km 9,1. 28034 Madrid.
Servicio de Microbiología. Hospital Ramón y Cajal. Madrid. España
This item has received
Article information

La categorización clínica de los resultados de sensibilidad en función de los valores establecidos por diferentes comités se realiza diariamente en los laboratorios de microbiología clínica. Este proceso permite la predicción del éxito terapéutico con la utilización de antimicrobianos en pacientes infectados con microorganismos sensibles. Además, los laboratorios que incluyen un número razonable de antimicrobianos en el antibiograma pueden realizar la lectura interpretada de éste. Este proceso consiste en el reconocimiento de los fenotipos de resistencia y permite al microbiólogo: a) la detección de los mecanismos de resistencia, incluyendo los de bajo nivel de expresión; b) la modificación de la interpretación o categorización clínica que es incongruente con el mecanismo de resistencia deducido, y c) la deducción de valores de sensibilidad de antimicrobianos no incluidos en el antibiograma. Desde el punto de vista microbiológico, esta actitud facilita el control de calidad y la validación de los resultados de sensibilidad y aumenta el valor de los resultados ya que facilita la caracterización de nuevos mecanismos y el establecimiento de la epidemiología de la resistencia. Asimismo, contribuye a la mejor adecuación de los tratamientos, ya que es útil para predecir el fracaso terapéutico derivado de la utilización de antimicrobianos en pacientes con infecciones producidas por microorganismos resistentes y también para la definición y el control de las políticas de antimicrobianos. A pesar de la complejidad creciente de los mecanismos de resistencia, este proceso debe incorporarse a la rutina de los laboratorios de microbiología. La lectura interpretada del antibiograma es clínicamente necesaria y no un mero divertimento intelectual.

Palabras clave:
Antibiograma
Lectura interpretada
Fenotipo de resistencia
Mecanismo de resistencia

Clinical categorisation of susceptibility testing results according to criteria established by different committees is daily performed in clinical microbiology laboratories. By this process clinicians can predict the therapeutic success of antimicrobial treatment in patients infected with susceptible microorganisms. In addition, microbiology laboratories that include a suitable number of antimicrobial agents in susceptibility tests can perform interpretive reading of the antibiogram. With this approach, resistance phenotypes are recognized and allow microbiologist: a) detection of mechanisms of resistance, including low levels of expression; b) modification of clinical classifications that are inconsistent with the inferred resistance mechanism; and c) inference of susceptibility values for antimicrobials that are not included in the antibiogram. In the laboratory, this approach facilitates quality control and validation of susceptibility results. Moreover, it increases the value of the results obtained because new mechanisms of resistance can be characterized and the epidemiology of resistance can be established. From the clinical point of view, this approach contributes to improving the adequacy of treatment (since it is useful for predicting therapeutic failure with the use of antimicrobials in patients with infections due to resistant microorganisms) and to controlling and defining antimicrobial policies. Despite the growing complexity of resistance mechanisms, which makes interpretative reading of the antibiogram difficult, this process should be incorporated into routine practice in microbiology laboratories. Interpretive reading of antibiograms is clinically necessary and not simply a intellectual exercise.

Key words:
Antibiogram
Interpretive reading
Resistance phenotype
Resistance mechanism
Full text is only aviable in PDF
Bibliografía
[1.]
A. Robinson, M. Marcon, J.E. Mortensen, Y.S. McCarter, M. LaRocco, L.R. Peterson, et al.
Controversies affecting the future of clinical microbiology.
J Clin Microbiol, 37 (1999), pp. 883-889
[2.]
J.A. Poupard, S.F. Rittenhouse, L.R. Walsh.
The evolution of antimicrobial susceptibility testing methods.
Antimicrobial susceptibility testing, pp. 3-14
[3.]
F. Baquero.
European standards for antibiotic susceptibility testing: Towards a theoretical consensus.
Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis, 9 (1990), pp. 492-495
[4.]
Mesa Española de Normalización de la Sensibilidad y Resistencia a los Antimicrobianos (MENSURA). Recomendaciones del grupo MENSURA para la selección de antimicrobianos en el estudio de la sensibilidad y criterios de interpretación del antibiograma.
Rev Esp Quimioter, 13 (2000), pp. 73-86
[5.]
M.J. Ferraro.
Should we reevaluate antibiotic breakpoints?.
Clin Infect Dis, 33 (2001), pp. 240-244
[6.]
A.A. Medeiros, R.L. Kent, T.F. O’Brien.
Characterization and prevalence of the different mechanisms of resistance to β-lactam antibiotics in clinical isolates of Escherichia coli.
Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 6 (1974), pp. 791-801
[7.]
E. Loza Fernández de Bobadilla, J. Martínez-Beltrán.
Evolución de la actividad de cefotaxima en 6 años y fenotipos de sensibilidad en Enterobacteriaceae.
Enf Infec Microbiol Clin, 6 (1988), pp. 3-13
[8.]
P.M. Shah, W. Stille.
Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae strains more susceptible to cefoxitin than third generation cephalosporins.
J Antimicrob Chemother, 11 (1983), pp. 597-601
[9.]
P. Courvalin.
Interpretive reading of antimicrobial susceptibility test.
ASM News, 58 (1992), pp. 368-375
[10.]
D.M. Livermore, M. Struelens, J. Amorin, F. Baquero, J. Bille, R. Cantón, et al.
Multicenter evaluation of the VITEK 2 Advance Expert System for interpretive reading of antimicrobial resistance tests.
J Antimicrobial Chemother, 49 (2002), pp. 289-300
[11.]
Comité de l’Antibiogramme de la Société Française de Microbiologie. Report 2000-2001 (June 2001). Disponible en: www.sfm.asso.fr
[12.]
National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standars. Performance Standards for Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing; Twelve Informational Supplement. NCCLS Document M100-S12. Wayne, 2002.
[13.]
Working Party of the British Society for Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing: BSAC Working Party Report.
J Antimicrob Chemother, 48 (2001),
[14.]
D.M. Livermore, T.G. Winstangley, K.P. Shannon.
Interpretive reading: Recognizing the unusual and inferring resistance mechanisms from resistance phenotypes.
J Antimicrob Chemother, 48 (2001), pp. 87-102
[15.]
B. Murray.
Vancomycin-resistant enterococcal infections.
N Engl J Med, 342 (2000), pp. 710-721
[16.]
B. Weisblum.
Macrolide resistance.
Drug Res Updates, 1 (1998), pp. 29-41
[17.]
G. Cornaglia, K. Russell, G. Satta, R. Fontana.
Relative importances of outer membrane permeability and group 1 β -lactamase as determinants of meropenem and imipenem activities against Enterobacter cloacae.
Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 39 (1995), pp. 350-355
[18.]
S. Aksaray, B. DokuzoGuz, E. Guvener, M. Yucesoy, N. Yulug, S. Kocagoz, et al.
Surveillance of antimicrobial resistance among gram-negative isolates from intensive care units in eight hospitals in Turkey.
J Antimicrob Chemother, 45 (2000), pp. 695-699
[19.]
D.E. Low, N. Keller, A. Barth, R.N. Jones.
Clinical prevalence, antimicrobial susceptibility, and geographic resistance patterns of enterococci: Results from the SENTRY antimicrobial surveillance program, 1997-1999.
Clin Infect Dis, 32 (2001), pp. S45-S133
[20.]
R.D. Gonzales, P.C. Schreckenberger, M.B. Graham, S. Kelkar, K. DenBesten, J.P. Quinn.
Infections due to vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium resistant to linezolid.
[21.]
D.M. Livermore.
β-lactamases in laboratory and clinical resistance.
Clin Microbiol Rev, 8 (1995), pp. 557-584
[22.]
G.H. Miller, F.J. Sabatelli, R.S. Hare, Y. Glupczynski, P. Mackay, D. Shlaes, et al.
The most frequent aminoglycoside resistance mechanisms changes with time and geographic area– a reflection of aminoglycoside usage patters?.
Clin Infect Dis, 24 (1997), pp. 46-62
[23.]
K. Poole.
Multidrug resistance in gram-negative bacteria.
Curr Opin Microbiol, 4 (2001), pp. 500-508
[24.]
D.C. Hooper.
Mechanisms of action and resistance of older and newer fluoroquinolones.
Clin Infect Dis, 31 (2000), pp. 24-28
[25.]
F.J. Schmitz, A.C. Fluit, M. Gondolf, R. Beyrau, E. Lindenlauf, J. Verhoef, et al.
The prevalence of aminoglycoside resistance and corresponding resistance genes in clinical isolates of staphylococci from 19 European hospitals.
J Antimicrob Chemother, 43 (1999), pp. 253-259
[26.]
V. Jarlier, M.H. Nicolas, G. Fournier, A. Philippon.
Extended broad-spectrum β-lactamases conferring transferable resistance to newer β-lactam agents in Enterobacteriaceae: hospital prevalence and susceptibility patterns.
Rev Infect Dis, 10 (1988), pp. 867-878
[27.]
R. Edwards, C.V. Hawkyard, P.S. Hashmi.
Biological assay for the detection of metallo-β-lactamases in Bacteroides fragilis.
Br J Biomed Sci, 55 (1998), pp. 169-171
[28.]
F. Baquero.
Low-level antibacterial resistance: A gateway to clinical resistance.
Drug Res Updates, 4 (2001), pp. 93-105
[29.]
F.C. Tenover.
VRSA, VISA, and GISA: The dilema behind the name game.
Clin Microbiol Newletter, 22 (2000), pp. 49-53
[30.]
D. Sham.
The role of clinical microbiology in the control and surveillance of antimicrobial resistance.
ASM News, 62 (1996), pp. 25-29
[31.]
H.F. Chambers.
The changing epidemiology of Staphylococcus aureus?.
Emerging Infect Dis, 7 (2001), pp. 178-182
[32.]
T.M. Coque, A. Oliver, J.C. Perez-Diaz, F. Baquero, R. Canton.
Genes encoding TEM-4, SHV-2, and CTX-M-10 extended-spectrum-β-lactamases are carried by multiple Klebsiella pneumoniae clones in a single Hospital (Madrid, 1989 to 2000).
Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 46 (2002), pp. 500-510
[33.]
F.F. Barret, R.F. McGehee, M. Finland.
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus at Boston City Hospital: bacteriologic and epidemiology observations.
N Engl J Med, 279 (1968), pp. 441-448
[34.]
K. Kaye, S. Cosgrove, A. Harris, G.M. Eliopoulos, Y. Carmeli.
Risk factors for emergence of resistance to broad-spectrum cephalosporins among Enterobacter spp.
Antimicrobial Agents Chemother, 45 (2001), pp. 2628-2630
[35.]
M. Kawalec, M. Gniadkowski, J. Kedzierska, A. Skotnicki, J. Fiett, W. Hryniewicz.
Selection of a teicoplanin-resistant Enterococcus faecium mutant during an outbreak caused by vancomycin-resistant enterococci with the VanB phenotype.
J Clin Microbiol, 9 (2001), pp. 4274-4282
[36.]
M.H. Kollef.
Is there a role for antibiotic cycling in the intensive care unit?.
Crit Care Med, 29 (2001),
[37.]
D.N. Gerding.
Antimicrobial cycling: lessons learned from aminoglycoside experience.
Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol, 21 (2000), pp. 12-17
[38.]
J.J. Rahal, C. Urban, S. Segal-Mauras S.
Nosocomial antibiotic resistance in multiple gram-negative species: experience at one hospital with squeezing the resistance ballom at multiple sites.
Clin Infect Dis, 34 (2002), pp. 499-503
[39.]
G. Lina, A. Quaglia, M.E. Reverdy, R. Leclercq, F. Vandenesch, J. Etienne.
Distribution of genes encoding resistance to macrolides, lincosamides, and streptogramins among staphylococci.
Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 43 (1999), pp. 1062-1066
Copyright © 2002. Elsevier España, S.L.. Todos los derechos reservados
Download PDF
Article options
es en pt

¿Es usted profesional sanitario apto para prescribir o dispensar medicamentos?

Are you a health professional able to prescribe or dispense drugs?

Você é um profissional de saúde habilitado a prescrever ou dispensar medicamentos