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Vol. 26. Issue S12.
Raltegravir: el primer inhibidor de la integrasa del VIH
Pages 17-22 (November 2008)
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Vol. 26. Issue S12.
Raltegravir: el primer inhibidor de la integrasa del VIH
Pages 17-22 (November 2008)
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Potencial de los inhibidores de la integrasa para deplecionar los reservorios o para impedir que se rellenen
Potential of integrase inhibitors to depleate HIV reservoirs or prevent their replenishment
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Josep M. Llibrea,
Corresponding author
jmllibre@flsida.org

Correspondencia: Fundació Lluita contra la Sida. Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol. Ctra. de Canyet, s/n. 08916 Badalona. Barcelona. España.
, Javier Martínez-Picadob
a Fundació Lluita contra la SIDA. Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol. Badalona. Barcelona. España
b Fundació IrsiCaixa. Badalona. Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA). Barcelona. España
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El establecimiento precoz de un reservorio del virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana 1 (VIH-1) con provirus integrados en el ADN de células infectadas en estado latente impide su erradicación a pesar de mantener viremias inferiores a 50 copias/ml durante años. Si se inicia precozmente un tratamiento antirretroviral (TAR) muy supresivo, la vida media de este reservorio podría ser de sólo 4,6 meses y requerirse 7,7 años para su completa eliminación. La presencia constante de una replicación viral de bajo grado probablemente rellene indefinidamente este reservorio de células T CD4+ en reposo. Proviene probablemente tanto de la liberación de virus archivados en células latentes que se han activado como de la replicación residual de algunas células aún activadas. Ello permite también que la selección de nuevas mutantes resistentes tras un fracaso terapéutico puedan incorporarse al reservorio. Raltegravir ha demostrado reducir significativamente los tiempos en las primeras 2 fases de caída de la carga viral tras el inicio del TAR. Al iniciar la segunda fase, la carga viral era un 70% inferior en los tratados con raltegravir que con efavirenz. A través de su mecanismo de acción tardía en el ciclo celular del VIH-1 podría inducir mayores descensos en el ADN proviral que otros antirretrovirales.

Si hay ADN no integrado, aun con TAR efectivo y prolongado, bien hay replicación viral continua de bajo nivel o bien este ADN no integrado puede persistir por períodos prolongados. En ambos casos, la intensificación del TAR con raltegravir podría reportar efectos beneficiosos en la velocidad de eliminación del reservorio de VIH-1.

Palabras clave:
Raltegravir
Reservorio VIH
Erradicación
Intensificación
Tratamiento antirretroviral

The early establishment of an HIV-1 reservoir with integrated provirus in the DNA of cells with latent infection hampers viral eradication, despite maintenance of viral loads lower than 50 copies/mL for years. By early initiation of highly suppressive antiretroviral therapy (ART), the half-life of this reservoir could be as short as 4.6 months and require only 7.7 years for complete elimination.

The constant presence of low-grade viral replication probably indefinitely replenishes this resting CD4+ T cell reservoir. This reservoir probably results from both the release of virus stored in latently-infected cells that have become activated and from residual replication of some still-activated cells.

This also allows new resistant mutants selected after therapeutic failure to be incorporated into the reservoir. Raltegravir has been demonstrated to significantly reduce elimination times in the first two viral decay phases after initiation of ART. On starting the second phase, the viral load was 70% lower in patients treated with raltegravir than in those treated with efavirenz. Through its late mechanism of action in the HIV-1 cell cycle, this drug could induce greater decreases in proviral DNA than other antiretroviral agents.

The presence of unintegrated HIV DNA under prolonged effective ART indicates that either there is continual lowlevel viral replication or that this unintegrated DNA can persist for prolonged periods. In both cases, intensification of ART with raltegravir could provide beneficial effects on the speed of elimination of the HIV-1 reservoir.

Key words:
Raltegravir
HIV reservoir
Eradication
Intensification
Antiretroviral therapy
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