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Inicio Enfermedades Infecciosas y Microbiología Clínica Profilaxis de la infección por citomegalovirus en el trasplante hepático
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Vol. 29. Issue S6.
La infección por citomegalovirus en el trasplante de órgano sólido: nuevas evidencias de un patógeno clásico
Pages 42-45 (December 2011)
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Vol. 29. Issue S6.
La infección por citomegalovirus en el trasplante de órgano sólido: nuevas evidencias de un patógeno clásico
Pages 42-45 (December 2011)
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Profilaxis de la infección por citomegalovirus en el trasplante hepático
Prophylaxis of cytomegalovirus infection in liver transplantation
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José Miguel Cisnerosa,
Corresponding author
jmcisnerosh@gmail.com

Autor para correspondencia.
, Evaristo Varob
a Unidad Clínica de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Microbiología y Medicina Preventiva, Hospital Virgen del Rocío/IBIS, Sevilla, España
b Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, A Coruña, España
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Resumen

En los receptores de trasplante hepático, las estrategias de prevención de la enfermedad por citomegalovirus (CMV) deben estratificarse según el status serológico. En los receptores D–/R– no se recomienda profilaxis ni tratamiento anticipado. En el resto, la profilaxis universal y el tratamiento anticipado son las estrategias más utilizadas. Frente a placebo ambas son eficaces, pero no se han comparado entre sí mediante ensayos clínicos bien diseñados. El tratamiento anticipado es la estrategia preferida en los pacientes de bajo riesgo, mientras que la profilaxis es la más utilizada en los pacientes de alto riesgo.

La enfermedad tardía por CMV es una consecuencia adversa de la profilaxis universal; su prolongación de 100 a 200 días no reduce la incidencia de enfermedad por CMV. La inmunidad celular específica frente a CMV, facilitada por el tratamiento anticipado y demorada por la profilaxis, tiene un efecto terapéutico reduciendo la replicación por CMV. Valganciclovir es el fármaco de elección en sendas estrategias, pero las dosis y la duración son distintas en cada una de ellas. Si se elige el tratamiento anticipado es necesario monitorizar la viremia durante los 4 primeros meses. Para ello, la PCR cuantitativa es la técnica diagnóstica de elección. A falta de datos concluyentes, la elección de una u otra estrategia en estos pacientes debe individualizarse en cada centro y en cada paciente, en función de los recursos disponibles y de la facilidad para el seguimiento.

Palabras clave:
Citomegalovirus
Trasplante hepático
Profilaxis
Tratamiento anticipado
Abstract

CMV prevention strategies in liver transplant recipients should be stratified according to serological status. In donor (D)-/recipient (R)- combinations, no prophylaxis or preemptive therapy is recommended. In the remaining combinations, the most widely used strategies are universal prophylaxis and preemptive therapy. Both strategies are effective compared with placebo but have not been compared with each other in welldesigned clinical trials. Preemptive therapy is the preferred strategy in low-risk patients while prophylaxis is the most widely used option in those at high-risk. Delayed CMV disease is an adverse consequence of universal prophylaxis. Prolongation of prophylaxis from 100 to 200 days does not reduce the incidence of CMV disease. CMV-specific cell mediated immunity, facilitated by preemptive therapy and delayed by prophylaxis, has a therapeutic effect by reducing CMV replication. The drug of choice in both strategies is valganciclovir but the duration and dose differ. When preemptive therapy is used, viremia monitoring is required for the first 4 months. The technique of choice is quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Given the lack of conclusive data, the choice of one or other strategy in these patients should be individualized in each patient and center according to the available resources and possibilities of follow-up.

Keywords:
Cytomegalovirus
Liver transplant
Prophylaxis
Preemptive therapy
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Copyright © 2011. Elsevier España S.L.. Todos los derechos reservados
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