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Vol. 26. Issue S9.
Utilidad de la biología molecular en el diagnóstico microbiológico
Pages 81-85 (July 2008)
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Vol. 26. Issue S9.
Utilidad de la biología molecular en el diagnóstico microbiológico
Pages 81-85 (July 2008)
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Pruebas moleculares en el diagnóstico de la gastroenteritis aguda causada por virus
Molecular methods for the diagnosis of acute viral gastroenteritis
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Milagrosa Montesa,
Corresponding author
milagrosa.montesros@osakidetza.net

Correspondencia: Servicio de Microbiologia. Hospital Donosti. P.° Dr. Beguiristain, s/n, 20009 San Sebastián. Guipúzcoa. España.
, Miren Iturriza-Gómarab
a Servicio de Microbiología. Hospital Donostia. San Sebastián. Guipúzcoa. España
b Enteric Virus Unit. Virus Reference Department. Centre for Infections. Health Protection Agency. London. United Kingdom
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La gastroenteritis aguda (GEA) es una causa importante de mortalidad y morbilidad en todo el mundo. Los virus son la causa de la mayoría de los episodios que ocurren en Europa, entre los que destacan los rotavirus en menores de 2 años y los norovirus en edades superiores. Hasta ahora, con las técnicas de diagnóstico convencionales, había una importante brecha diagnóstica, y en un 60-70% de los casos de GEA quedaba sin conocer su agente causal. La mayoría de los casos en los que desconocemos el agente etiológico son probablemente de origen viral. Con la aplicación de técnicas de biología molecular (amplificación de ácidos nucleicos) en el diagnóstico de la GEA, se aumentan los índices de diagnóstico etiológico, al ser las técnicas moleculares muy sensibles y específicas. Los patógenos más favorecidos son los virus, en especial norovirus y rotavirus. Los norovirus constituyen un importante problema de salud pública, por su elevada incidencia y transmisibilidad, y son una causa común de brotes de GEA en todo el mundo. Los rotavirus constituyen la primera causa de GEA grave infantil en el mundo. Además de herramienta diagnóstica, las técnicas moleculares son imprescindibles para la caracterización genética de las cepas circulantes. Gracias a los métodos moleculares se conocerá la verdadera incidencia de la GEA causada por virus y se podrá investigar el papel de nuevos virus en esta entidad clínica tan frecuente.

Palabras clave:
Biología molecular
Gastroenteritis aguda
Diarrea infecciosa
Virus
Norovirus
Rotavirus

Acute gastroenteritis (AGE) is a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. In Europe, viruses are responsible for most episodes of gastroenteritis, and among these, rotaviruses are associated with most AGE in children under the age of 2 years, and noroviruses in older ages. Classical methods for laboratory diagnosis leave between 60 and 70% of cases undiagnosed. Most cases in which the etiology is unknown are probably caused by viruses. Through the use of molecular methods (nucleic acid amplification) with greatly improved sensitivity and specificity, this diagnostic gap in AGE can be greatly reduced. Molecular methods are particularly advantageous in the detection of viruses, and in particular, in that of noroviruses and rotaviruses. The high incidence and transmissibility of noroviruses has a major impact on public health, and noroviruses are the major cause of outbreaks of AGE worldwide. Rotaviruses are the major cause of severe acute infantile AGE throughout the world. As well as serving as tools for diagnosis, molecular methods are essential for the genetic characterization of co-circulating strains. Through the use of molecular methods, the true incidence of viral AGE can be more accurately established, and the role of novel viruses in this highly common syndrome can be assessed.

Key words:
Molecular biology
Acute gastroenteritis
Infectious diarrhoea
Virus
Norovirus
Rotavirus
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Copyright © 2008. Elsevier España S.L.. Todos los derechos reservados
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