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Inicio Enfermedades Infecciosas y Microbiología Clínica Tratamiento de la enfermedad por citomegalovirus
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Vol. 29. Issue S6.
La infección por citomegalovirus en el trasplante de órgano sólido: nuevas evidencias de un patógeno clásico
Pages 65-69 (December 2011)
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Vol. 29. Issue S6.
La infección por citomegalovirus en el trasplante de órgano sólido: nuevas evidencias de un patógeno clásico
Pages 65-69 (December 2011)
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Tratamiento de la enfermedad por citomegalovirus
Treatment of cytomegalovirus disease
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Francisco Santos Lunaa,
Corresponding author
fsantos1957@hotmail.com

Autor para correspondencia.
, Jordi Carratalàb
a Unidad de Trasplante Pulmonar, Servicio de Neumología, Hospital Universitario Reina Sofía, Córdoba, España
b Servicio de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Hospital Universitario de Bellvitge-IDIBELL, Universidad de Barcelona, Barcelona, España
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Resumen

Durante años, ganciclovir intravenoso ha sido el tratamiento recomendado para la enfermedad por citomegalovirus (CMV) en pacientes trasplantados. En los últimos años, valganciclovir oral ha mostrado una similar respuesta frente a CMV que ganciclovir intravenoso, por lo que puede ser utilizado alternativamente a ganciclovir en pacientes con enfermedad no grave. La terapia secuencial con ganciclovir seguido de valganciclovir, tras iniciarse la mejoría clínica, reduce costes y evita hospitalizaciones prolongadas, lo que supone un beneficio para los pacientes. La duración óptima del tratamiento irá guiada por la respuesta clínica y los controles virológicos (PCR o antigenemia), manteniéndose hasta que éstos sean negativos. Algunos grupos utilizan profilaxis secundaria ante la presencia de factores de riesgo de recidiva de la enfermedad por CMV. Reducir la intensidad de la inmunosupresión o complementar la terapia antiviral con inmunoglobulinas son medidas a considerar en casos graves o en grandes inmunodeprimidos. No hay datos firmes acerca del mejor tratamiento alternativo ante la evidencia de CMV resistente a ganciclovir. Las decisiones terapéuticas deberán sustentarse en el estudio genotípico de resistencias, el estado inmune del paciente y en la gravedad de la enfermedad. El tratamiento consiste en foscarnet solo o con ganciclovir en las formas más graves y en mutaciones de alta resistencia, o en el incremento de las dosis de ganciclovir en las formas clínicas o de resistencia más benignas. No hay datos concluyentes acerca de antivirales alternativos o de terapia complementaria con inhibidores de mTOR. Se ensayan diversas vacunas frente a CMV con resultados preclínicos esperanzadores.

Palabras clave:
Tratamiento
Enfermedad por citomegalovirus
CMV resistente a ganciclovir
Abstract

For years, intravenous ganciclovir has been the recommended treatment for cytomegalovirus (CMV) in transplant recipients. Recently, oral valganciclovir has been shown to induce a response to CMV similar to that produced by intravenous ganciclovir and could consequently be an alternative to ganciclovir in patients with non-severe disease. Sequential therapy with ganciclovir followed by valganciclovir, after the onset of clinical improvement, reduces costs and avoids prolonged hospital stays, thus benefitting patients. Optimal treatment duration is guided by clinical response and virological monitoring (polymerase chain reaction or antigenemia) and is maintained until the results are negative. Some groups use secondary prophylaxis in patients with risk factors for recurrence of CMV disease. Reducing the intensity of immunosuppression or complementing antiviral therapy with immunoglobulins can be considered in patients with severe disease or immunodepression. There are no conclusive data on the most effective treatment in ganciclovir-resistant CMV. Therapeutic decisions should be based on genotypic resistance studies, the patient's immune status and disease severity. Treatment consists of foscarnet alone or in combination with ganciclovir in the most severe forms and in high-resistance mutations, or in increasing the dose of ganciclovir in clinical forms or in mild resistance. There are no conclusive data on alternative antiviral drugs or complementary therapy with mTOR inhibitors. Several CMV vaccines are under development and the preclinical results are encouraging.

Keywords:
Treatment Cytomegalovirus disease Ganciclovir-resistant CMV
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