metricas
covid
Buscar en
Enfermedades Infecciosas y Microbiología Clínica
Toda la web
Inicio Enfermedades Infecciosas y Microbiología Clínica Update: sepsis and septic shock
Journal Information
Vol. 25. Issue S1.
Programa de control externo de calidad SEIMC. Año 2006
Pages 58-66 (January 2007)
Share
Share
Download PDF
More article options
Vol. 25. Issue S1.
Programa de control externo de calidad SEIMC. Año 2006
Pages 58-66 (January 2007)
“Update on infectious diseases”
Full text access
Update: sepsis and septic shock
Actualización: sepsis y shock séptico
Visits
3040
Mercedes Palomara,
Corresponding author
mepalomar@terra.es

Correspondence: Dra. M. Palomar. Servicio de Cuidados Intensivos. Hospital Vall d’Hebron. Paseo Vall d’Hebron, 119-129. 08035 Barcelona. Spain.
, Rafael Cantonb, Juan de Dios Colmeneroc, Emili Díazd, Pilar Marcoe, Pedro Olaecheaf, Miguel Sánchezg, Jordi Vilah, Rafael Zaragozai, Francisco Gudiolj
a Servicio de Cuidados Intensivos. Hospital Vall d’Hebron. Barcelona. Spain
b Servicio de Microbiología. Hospital Ramón y Cajal. Madrid. Spain
c Servicio de Enfermedades Infecciosas. Departamento de Medicina Interna. Hospital Carlos Haya. Málaga. Spain
d Servicio de Cuidados Intensivos. Hospital Juan XXIII. Tarragona. Spain
e Servicio de Cuidados Intensivos. Hospital Nuestra Señora de Aránzazu. S. Sebastian. Guipúzcoa. Spain
f Servicio de Cuidados Intensivos. Hospital Galdakano. Bilbao. Bizkaia. Spain
g Servicio de Cuidados Intensivos. Hospital Alcalá de Henares. Alcalá de Henares. Madrid. Spain
h Servicio de Microbiología. Hospital Clínic. Barcelona. Spain
i Servicio de Cuidados Intensivos. Hospital Peset. Valencia. Spain
j Servicio de Enfermedades Infecciosas. Hospital de Bellvitge. L’Hospitalet de Llobregat. Barcelona. Spain
Ver más
This item has received
Article information

Severe sepsis and septic shock are common causes of death in intensive care units (ICU). The incidence of sepsis has been increasing over the past two decades, and is expected to continue rising during the next few years. Despite the fact that we know much about the complex pathophysiologic alterations that occur in severe sepsis and septic shock, patients with sepsis remain at a high risk of death. However, in the last few years, new treatment strategies have significantly improved patient outcome. This article reviews nine major studies published during 2004 and 2005: two deal with incidence rates, distribution of pathogens and trends in antibiotic resistance among ICU patients with sepsis; two discuss selected aspects of antibiotic therapy, the usefulness of combination therapy for sepsis in immunocompetent patients and the impact of empirical treatment in Pseudomonas aeruginosa bloodstream infections; two consider the usefulness of risk assessment in the management of sepsis and the importance of dynamic clinical evolution of critically ill patients with infection. The remaining three studies analyze adjunctive therapy in severe sepsis: the effect of an intensive glucose-management protocol on the outcome of critically ill patients; the evaluation of relative adrenal insufficiency and the variability of cortisol plasma concentrations over a 24-hour period; and the use of Drotrecogin alfa (Activated) for adults with severe sepsis and a low risk of death.

Key words:
Sepsis
Septic Shock
Nosocomial infections
Management

La sepsis grave y el shock séptico son causas frecuentes de fallecimiento en las unidades de cuidados intensivos (UCI). La incidencia de sepsis se ha incrementado durante los 2 últimos decenios y se considera que lo va a seguir haciendo durante los próximos años. A pesar de que actualmente poseemos mucha más información acerca de las complejas alteraciones fisiopatológicas que tienen lugar en la sepsis grave y en el shock séptico, los pacientes con sepsis siguen presentando un elevado riesgo de muerte. Sin embargo, durante los últimos años la introducción de nuevas estrategias terapéuticas ha mejorado significativamente el pronóstico de estos pacientes. En este artículo se revisan nueve estudios de gran envergadura publicados en 2004 y 2005: en dos de ellos se abordan las tasas de incidencia, la distribución de los patógenos y las tendencias en la resistencia frente a los antibióticos en los pacientes con sepsis atendidos en la UCI; en otros dos artículos se exponen diversos aspectos seleccionados del tratamiento antibiótico, la utilidad del tratamiento de combinación en los cuadros de sepsis que presentan los pacientes inmunocompetentes y el impacto del tratamiento empírico en los cuadros de sepsis causados por Pseudomonas aeruginosa; en otras dos publicaciones se consideran la utilidad de la evaluación del riesgo en el tratamiento de la sepsis y la importancia de una evaluación clínica dinámica en los pacientes con infección y en situación clínica crítica. En los tres estudios restantes se analiza el tratamiento complementario en la sepsis grave: el efecto de un protocolo de control intensivo de la glucemia sobre la evolución de los pacientes en situación clínica crítica; la evaluación de la insuficiencia suprarrenal relativa y de la variabilidad de las concentraciones plasmáticas de cortisol durante un período de 24 horas, y el uso de drotrecogina alfa (activada) en los adultos con sepsis grave y riesgo bajo de muerte.

Palabras clave:
Sepsis
Shock séptico
Infecciones nosocomiales
Tratamiento
Full text is only aviable in PDF
References
[1.]
D. Angus, W.T. LindeZwirble, J. Lidicke, G. Clermont, J. Carcillo, M.R. Pinsky.
Epidemiology of severe sepsis in the United States: analysis of incidence, outcome and associated cost of care.
Crit Care Med, 29 (2001), pp. 1303-1310
[2.]
C.G. Martin.
The Epidemiology of Sepsis in the United States from 1979 through 2000.
New Engl J Med, 348 (2003), pp. 1546-1554
[3.]
C. Alberti, C. Brun-Buisson, H. Burchardi, C. Martin, S. Goodman, A. Artigas, et al.
Epidemiology of sepsis and infection in ICU patients from an international multicentre cohort study.
Int Care Med, 2 (2002), pp. 108-121
[4.]
R.C. Bone, R.A. Balk, F.B. Cerra, R.P. Dellinger, A.M. Fein, W.A. Knaus, et al.
Definitions for sepsis and organ failure and guidelines for the use of innovative therapies in sepsis. The ACCP-SCCM Consensus Conference: Definitions of sepsis and multiple organ failure and guidelines for the use of innovative therapies in sepsis.
Crit Care Med, 20 (1992), pp. 864-874
[5.]
M.M. Levy, M.P. Fink, J.C. Marshall, E. Abraham, D. Angus, D. Cook, et al.
International Sepsis Definitions Conference 2001 SCCM/ESIMC/ACCP/ATS/SIS International Sepsis Conference.
Int Care Med, 29 (2003), pp. 530-538
[6.]
D.C. Angus, D. Burgner, R. Wunderink, J.P. Mira, H. Gerlach, C.J. Wiedermann, et al.
The PIRO concept: P is for predisposition.
Crit Care, 7 (2003), pp. 248-251
[7.]
J.L. Vincent, S. Opal, A. Torres, M. Bonten, J. Cohen, R. Wunderink.
The PIRO concept: I is for infection.
Crit Care, 7 (2003), pp. 252-255
[8.]
H. Gerlach, J.F. Dhainaut, S. Harbarth, K. Reinhart, J.C. Marshall, M. Levy.
The PIRO concept: R is for response.
Crit Care, 7 (2003), pp. 256-259
[9.]
J.L. Vincent, J. Wendon, J. Groeneveld, J.C. Marshall, S. Streat, J. Carlet.
The PIRO concept: O is for organ dysfunction.
Crit Care, 7 (2003), pp. 260-264
[10.]
T. Calandra, J. Cohen.
The international sepsis forum consensus conference on definitions of infection in the intensive care unit.
Crit Care Med, 3 (2005), pp. 1538-1548
[11.]
P.V. Bochud, T. Calandra.
Pathogenesis of sepsis: new concepts and implications for future treatment.
BMJ, 326 (2003), pp. 262-266
[12.]
P.E. Marik, J. Varon.
Goal-directed therapy for severe sepsis.
N Engl J Med, 346 (2002), pp. 1025-1026
[13.]
J. Garnacho Montero, J.L. García Garmendia, A.E. Barrero Almodóvar, F.J. Jiménez Jiménez, C. Pérez Paredes, C. Ortiz Leyba.
Impact of adequate empirical antibiotic therapy on the outcome of patients admitted to the ICU with sepsis.
Crit Care Med, 31 (2003), pp. 2742-2751
[14.]
J. Vallés, J. Rello, A. Ochagavía, J. Garnacho, M.A. Alcalá.
Community-acquired bloodstream infection in critically ill adult patients: impact of shock and inappropriate antibiotic therapy on survival.
Chest, 23 (2003), pp. 1615-1624
[15.]
E. Rivers, B. Nguyen, S. Havstad, J. Ressler, A. Muzzin, B. Knoblich, et al.
Early goal-directed therapy in the treatment of severe sepsis and septic shock.
N Engl J Med, 345 (2001), pp. 1368-1377
[16.]
G. Van den Berghe, P. Wouters, F. Weekers, C. Verwaest, F. Bruyninckx, M. Schetz, et al.
Intensive insulin therapy in critically ill patients.
N Engl J Med, 345 (2001), pp. 1359-1367
[17.]
R.P. Dellinger, J.M. Carlet, H. Masur, H. Gerlach, T. Calandra, J. Cohen, et al.
Surviving Sepsis Campaign Guidelines for Management of Severe Sepsis and Septic Shock.
Intensive Care Med, 30 (2004), pp. 536-555
[18.]
F.M. Brunkhorst, E. Kuhnt, C. Engel, A. Meier-Hellmann, M. Ragaller, M. Quintel, et al.
Intensive insulin therapy in patients with severe sepsis and septic shock is associated with an increased rate of hypoglycemia - results from a randomized multicenter study (VISEP) [abstract].
Infection, 33 (2005), pp. 19-20
[19.]
D. Annane, V. Sébille, C. Charpentier, P.E. Bollaert, B. Francois, J.M. Korach, et al.
Effects of treatment with low doses of hydrocortisone and fludrocortisone on mortality in patients with septic shock.
JAMA, 288 (2002), pp. 862-871
[20.]
G.R. Bernard, J.L. Vincent, P.F. Laterre, S.P. LaRosa, J.F. Dhainaut, A. López Rodríguez, et al.
Efficacy and safety of recombinant human activated protein C for severe sepsis.
N Engl J Med, 344 (2001), pp. 699-709
[21.]
C.L. Reid, C. Perrey, V. Pravice, I.V. Hutdinson, I.T. Campbell.
Genetic variation in proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokine production in multiple organ dysfunction syndrome.
Crit Care Med, 30 (2002), pp. 2216-2221
[22.]
E. Watanabe, H. Hirasawa, S. Oda, K. Matsuda, M. Hatano, T. Tokulisa.
Extremely high interleukin-6 blood levels and outcome in the critically ill are associated with tumor necrosis factor- and interleukin-1-related gene polymorphisms.
Crit Care Med, 33 (2005), pp. 89-97
[23.]
H. Wisplinghoff, T. Bischoff, S.M. Tallent, H. Seifert, R.P. Wenzel, M.B. Edmond.
Nosocomial Bloodstream Infections in US Hospitals: Analysis of 24.179 Cases from a Prospective Nationwide Surveillance Study.
Clin Infectious Dis, 39 (2004), pp. 309-317
[24.]
R. Gaynes, J.R. Edwards, The National Nosocomial Infections Surveillance System.
Overview of Nosocomial Infections caused by Gram-negative Bacilli.
CID, 41 (2005), pp. 848-854
[25.]
M. Paul, I. Benuri-Silbiger, K. Soares-Weiser, L. Leibivici.
β lactam monotherapy versus β lactam-aminoglycoside combination therapy for sepsis in immunocompetent patients: systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized trials.
BMJ, 328 (2004), pp. 668-672
[26.]
S.T. Micek, A.E. Lloyd, D.J. Ritchie, R.M. Richard, V.J. Fraser, M.H. Kollef.
Pseudomonas aeruginosa bloodstream infection: importance of appropriate initial antimicrobial treatment.
Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 49 (2005), pp. 1306-1311
[27.]
B. Guidet, P. Aegerter, R. Gauzit, P. Meshaka, D. Dreyfuss, On behalf of the CUB-Réa Study Group.
Incidence and Impact of Organ Dysfunctions Associated With Sepsis.
CHEST, 127 (2005), pp. 942-951
[28.]
C. Alberti, C. Bruin-Buisson, S. Chevret, For the European Sepsis Study Group, et al.
Systemic Inflammatory Response and Progression to Severe Sepsis in critically ill Infected Patients.
Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 171 (2005), pp. 461-468
[29.]
J.S. Krinsley.
Effect of an intensive glucose-management protocol on the mortality of critically ill patients.
Mayo Clin Proc, 79 (2004), pp. 992-1000
[30.]
B. Venkatesh, R.H. Mortimer, B. Couchman, J. Hall.
Evaluation of random plasma cortisol and the low dose corticotropin test as indicators of adrenal secretory capacity in critically ill patients: a prospective study.
Anaesth Intensive Care, 33 (2005), pp. 201-209
[31.]
E. Abraham, P.F. Laterre, R. Garg, H. Levy, D. Talmar, B.L. Trzaskoma, et al.
Drotrecogin Alfa (Activated) for Adults with Severe Sepsis and a Low Risk of Death.
N Engl J Med, 353 (2005), pp. 1332-1341
Copyright © 2007. Elsevier España S.L.. All rights reserved
Article options
es en pt

¿Es usted profesional sanitario apto para prescribir o dispensar medicamentos?

Are you a health professional able to prescribe or dispense drugs?

Você é um profissional de saúde habilitado a prescrever ou dispensar medicamentos