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La gastroenteritis por rotavirus es la principal causa de diarrea en los lactantes. En la Unión Europea, con una población estimada de 23,6 millones de niños menores de 5 años, se calcula que anualmente ocurren aproximadamente 3,6 millones de episodios de gastroenteritis por rotavirus, se producen 231 muertes, 87.000 hospitalizaciones y alrededor de 700.000 visitas médicas. Los rotavirus del grupo A son la causa más frecuente de diarrea aguda grave en los niños menores de 2 años de edad, por lo que el desarrollo en la investigación de vacunas se ha dirigido hacia este serogrupo. Con este fin se han desarrollado cepas vacunales resortantes multivalentes, obtenidas a partir de la reordenación genética en el laboratorio de cepas de rotavirus de origen animal (simio, bovino) con cepas de rotavirus de origen humano. Igualmente, en los últimos años se ha conseguido el desarrollo de cepas vacunales de rotavirus de origen humano exclusivamente. Tras la retirada del mercado americano en 1999 de la vacuna resortante de rotavirus simio-humano (RotaShieldTM) por su asociación con un ligero incremento de invaginación intestinal en vacunados, en 2006 se comercializan en Europa, tras importantes ensayos clínicos de eficacia y seguridad, 2 nuevas vacunas antirrotavirus orales: una vacuna monovalente de rotavirus de origen humano (Rotarix®) y otra vacuna pentavalente resortante bovina-humana (RotaTeq®). La incorporación de estas nuevas vacunas, seguras y eficaces, en los programas vacunales permitirá reducir en el ámbito mundial la gran morbilidad de esta enfermedad y combatir de manera eficaz la importante mortalidad que presenta en los países en vías de desarrollo.
Palabras clave:
Rotavirus
Gastroenteritis aguda
Vacunas antirrotavirus
RotaShield™
Rotarix®
Rotateq®
Rotavirus gastroenteritis is the main cause of diarrhea in infants. In the European Union, with an estimated population of 23.6 million children aged less than 5 years old, there are approximately 3.6 million episodes of rotavirus gastroenteritis each year, leading to 231 deaths, 87,000 hospitalizations, and approximately 700,000 medical consultations. Group A rotaviruses are the most frequent cause of severe acute diarrhea in children aged less than 2 years old, and consequently research into the development of vaccines has been directed at this serogroup. To do this, multivalent reassortant vaccine strains have been developed, obtained from gene rearrangement in the laboratory of animal rotavirus strains (rhesus, bovine) with human rotavirus strains. Equally, in the last few years, exclusively human rotavirus vaccine strains have been developed. After the withdrawal of the rhesus-human reassortant rotavirus vaccine (RotaShieldTM) from the American market in 1999, due to its association with a slight increase of intussusception in vaccinated individuals, in 2006, two new oral rotavirus vaccines were commercialized in Europe after clinical trials of their efficacy and safety: a monovalent human rotavirus vaccine (Rotarix®) and a pentavalent reassortant bovine-human vaccine (RotaTeq®). The incorporation of these new safe and effective vaccines in vaccination schedules will reduce the substantial morbidity of this disease worldwide and will effectively combat the marked mortality caused by rotavirus in developing countries.
Key words:
Rotavirus
Acute gastroenteritis
Rotavirus vaccine
RotaShield™
Rotarix®
Rotateq®
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