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Inicio Enfermedades Infecciosas y Microbiología Clínica Vacunas frente al virus de la varicela zóster
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Vol. 26. Issue S1.
Vacunas: presente y futuro
Pages 29-47 (January 2008)
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Vol. 26. Issue S1.
Vacunas: presente y futuro
Pages 29-47 (January 2008)
Vacunas: presente y futuro
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Vacunas frente al virus de la varicela zóster
Vaccines against varicella-zoster virus
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Luis Salleras Sanmartía,
Corresponding author
salleras@ub.edu

Correspondencia: Dr. L. Salleras. Facultad de Medicina. Universidad de Barcelona. Casanova, 143. 08036 Barcelona. España.
, Monserrat Salleras Redonnetb, Andrés Prata, Patricio Garridoa, Ángela Domíngueza
a Departamento de Salud Pública. Facultad de Medicina. Universidad de Barcelona. Servicio de Medicina Preventiva. Hospital Clínic. Barcelona. España
b Servicio de Dermatología. Hospital del Sagrado Corazón. Barcelona. España
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El virus de la varicela zóster (VVZ) es un alfa-herpes virus que causa 2 enfermedades en la especie humana: la varicela que es la infección primaria, y el herpes zóster, ocasionado por la reactivación endógena de los virus que persisten de forma latente en los ganglios de las raíces sensoriales dorsales o craneales después de la infección primaria. En la actualidad se dispone de vacunas de virus vivos atenuados para la prevención de estas 2 enfermedades: la «vacuna de la varicela» para la prevención de la infección primaria por el VVZ y la «vacuna frente al herpes zóster» para la prevención de la reactivación endógena clínica de los VVZ latentes en los ganglios sensoriales.

La primera vacuna de virus vivos atenuados para prevenir la varicela (cepa OKA) fue desarrollada por Takahashi, en Japón, en 1974. En los países occidentales están comercializadas 2 vacunas de la varicela atenuadas derivadas de la cepa OKA: Varilrix® de GlaxoSmithKline (cepa OKA/RIT) y Varivax® de Merck Sharp and Dohme (cepa OKA/Merck). La inmunogenicidad de estas vacunas varía en función del colectivo de población vacunada. Los mejores resultados se obtienen en los niños sanos. En los niños inmunodeprimidos y en los adultos, la inmunogenicidad es menor y, por lo general, se requieren 2 dosis administradas con un intervalo mínimo de 1-2 meses, para alcanzar porcentajes de seropositividad similares a los de los niños sanos. Su eficacia protectora se demostró en sendos ensayos clínicos controlados efectuados en Estados Unidos con la cepa OKA/Merck y en Finlandia con la cepa OKA/RIT. La vacuna Varilrix® (cepa OKA/RIT) contiene como mínimo 1.995 unidades formadoras de placa (UFP) por dosis en su fecha de caducidad. En España sus indicaciones son: adolescentes y adultos sanos seronegativos mayores de 13 años, pacientes susceptibles de alto riesgo y sus contactos inmediatos susceptibles sanos. La vacuna Varivax® (cepa OKA/Merck) retiene como mínimo 1.350 UFP tras su caducidad. Está comercializada en España para uso en la población infantil sana y en adolescentes y adultos susceptibles.

En Estados Unidos, Canadá y Uruguay la vacuna de la varicela atenuada se ha incorporado a los calendarios de vacunaciones sistemáticas, recomendándose la aplicación de una dosis a los 15-18 meses de edad. Esta estrategia vacunal ha demostrado ser efectiva, habiéndose reducido de forma importante la carga de la enfermedad en estos países. Recientemente, los Centers for Disease Control and Prevention de Atlanta han recomendado la administración de una segunda dosis de vacuna con el fin de mejorar su inmunogenicidad, reducir los casos de varicela leves en los individuos vacunados y prevenir la aparición de brotes de varicela en guarderías.

La «vacuna frente al herpes zóster» es la primera vacuna que no se administra para prevenir una infección, sino para reducir la probabilidad de reactivación de una infección producida anteriormente, cuyo agente se ha mantenido latente en el cuerpo humano. Los resultados del ensayo clínico controlado de Oxman et al han demostrado que la vacuna es segura y eficaz en la reducción de la carga de la enfermedad, de la incidencia de neuralgia postherpética y de la incidencia de herpes zóster en las personas de ≥ 60 años inmunocompetentes.

La eficacia de la vacuna es mayor en la prevención de la neuralgia postherpética (66,5%; intervalo de confianza [IC] del 95%, 47,5-79,2) y de la carga de la enfermedad (61,1%; IC del 95%, 51,0-69,1) que en la prevención del herpes zóster (51,3%; IC del 95%, 44,2-57,6). Para cada uno de estos resultados finales, la eficacia protectora es mayor en el grupo de edad de 60-69 años que en el de ≥ 70 años. De hecho, en este grupo de edad la eficacia en la prevención de la aparición del herpes zóster es relativamente baja (37,6%). Pero en cambio, en las personas más ancianas vacunadas, de ≥ 70 años, que contrajeron el herpes zóster, la puntuación de la gravedad de la enfermedad (medida en función de la intensidad del dolor) es mucho más baja que en las que recibieron placebo. Se podría concluir afirmando que el efecto protector de la vacuna en las personas mayores de 60-69 años está mediado principalmente a través de la prevención del herpes zóster, mientras que en las personas más ancianas es a través de la prevención de la neuralgia postherpética. Sin duda, será de gran ayuda en el futuro para los millones de españoles de ≥ 60 años que albergan el VVZ latente en los ganglios sensoriales de las raíces nerviosas dorsales o craneales. Un aspecto que cabe destacar es que esta vacuna puede ser útil en el futuro para dar respuesta y minimizar uno de los problemas planteados por la vacunación universal de la población infantil frente a la varicela: el posible incremento de la incidencia de herpes zóster en ancianos cuando la vacunación de la población infantil frente a la varicela alcance coberturas vacunales elevadas y se reduzca mucho la circulación del virus salvaje, con la consiguiente reducción de los contactos de la población adulta infectada por el virus, lo que comportará la reducción de los refuerzos, o booster, de la inmunidad celular y el aumento de la probabilidad de reactivación del virus.

Palabras clave:
Vacuna
Varicela
Herpes zóster

The varicella-zoster virus (VZV) is an alpha–herpes virus that causes two diseases in humans: varicella, which is the primary infection, and herpes zoster, caused by endogenous reactivation of the virus, which lies dormant in the dorsal root and cranial nerve ganglia after the primary infection. Live attenuated vaccines are currently available to prevent these two diseases: the varicella vaccine for the prevention of primary infection by VZV and the herpes zoster vaccine for the prevention of clinical endogenous reactivation of latent VZV in the sensory ganglia. The first live attenuated vaccine for the prevention of varicella (OKA strain) was developed by Takahashi in Japan in 1974. In Western countries, two attenuated varicella vaccines derived from the OKA strain are commercially available: Varilrix®, manufactured by GlaxoSmithKline (OKA/RIT strain), and Varivax®, manufactured by Merck Sharp and Dohme (OKA/Merck strain). The immunogenicity of these vaccines varies according to the collective vaccinated. The best results are obtained in healthy children. Immunogenicity is lower in immunodepressed children and in adults and two doses administered at a minimum interval of 1-2 months are generally required to achieve percentages of seropositivity similar to those in healthy children. The protective efficacy of these vaccines has been demonstrated in two controlled clinical trials performed in the United States with the OKA/Merck strain and in Finland with the OKA/RIT strain. The Varilrix® vaccine manufactured by GlaxoSmithKline (OKA/RIT strain) contains a minimum of 1,995 plaque-forming units per dose at its use-by date. In Spain, this vaccine is indicated in healthy seronegative adolescents aged more than 13 years old and adults, susceptible highrisk patients and their immediate healthy susceptible contacts. The Varivax® vaccine manufactured by Merck Sharp and Dohme (OKA/Merck strain) retains a minimum of 1,350 plaque-forming units after its use-by date. This vaccine is commercialized in Spain for use in healthy children and in susceptible adolescents and adults. In the United States, Canada and Uruguay, the attenuated varicella vaccine has been incorporated into routine vaccination schedules, and a single dose at the age of 15 to 18 months is recommended. This immunization strategy has been demonstrated to be effective and has markedly reduced the burden of illness in these countries. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention in Atlanta recently recommended the administration of a second vaccine dose to improve its immunogenicity, reduce mild cases of varicella in vaccinated individuals, and prevent varicella outbreaks in nursery schools. The herpes zoster vaccine is the first vaccine that is not administered to prevent infection but rather to reduce the probability of reactivation of a prior infection that has lain dormant in the body. The results of the placebo-controlled clinical trial by Oxman et al. demonstrated that this vaccine was safe and effective in reducing the burden of illness, the incidence of postherpetic neuralgia, and the incidence of herpes zoster in immunocompetent persons aged 60 years old or older. The vaccine was more effective in preventing postherpetic neuralgia (66.5%, 95% CI 47.5-79.2) and reducing the burden of illness (61.1%, 95% CI 51.0-69.1) than in preventing herpes zoster (51.3%, 95% CI 44.2-57.6). For each of these endpoints, the protective efficacy was greater in the group aged 60 to 69 years than in that aged 70 years or more. Indeed, in this age group, the efficacy of the vaccine in preventing the occurrence of herpes zoster was relatively low (37.6%). In contrast, in vaccinated individuals aged 70 or more years who contracted herpes zoster, the severity score (measured as a function of pain intensity) was much lower than in the placebo group. In conclusion, the protective effect of the vaccine in persons aged 60 to 69 years is mainly due to prevention of herpes zoster, while in persons aged 70 years or above this effect is due to prevention of postherpetic neuralgia.

Undoubtedly, this vaccine will be of great benefit to the millions of Spaniards aged 60 years old or older who harbor latent VZV in the dorsal root and cranial nerve ganglia. Importantly, this vaccine may prove useful in the future to respond to or minimize one of the problems posed by universal varicella vaccination in the pediatric population: the possible increase in the incidence of herpes zoster in the elderly when varicella vaccination in the pediatric population achieves high vaccination coverage, thus reducing circulation of the wild type virus. This would decrease contact with the virus among the adult population and reduce the booster effect on cellular immunity, thus increasing the probability of viral reactivation.

Key words:
Vaccine
Varicella
Herpes zoster
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