Ajwa date fruit (Phoenix dactylifera L.) in increasing hemoglobin (Hb) level to teenage girl
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If it happens for a long time, it will make Hb q level continue to decrease and cause anemia.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0075"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a></p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A teenager gets an iron deficiency, and iron anemia due to the increase of iron needs during a growth process. World Health Organization (WHO) predicts 27% of teenage girls in a developing country get anemia.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0080"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a></p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Globally, the prevalence of anemia from 1993 to 2005 is 24.8% in the world population. One in four persons is at risk for anemia. Iron anemia is a big problem in Indonesia if it is compared with health survey data from a household in 1995 and 2001, the prevalence of iron anemia in a woman around 15–44 years has decreased from 39.5% to 27.9%.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0085"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a></p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The prevalence of anemia in Indonesia based on Riskesdas data (2013) is 21.7%. The proportion of anemia in Indonesia based on the characteristic of the gender is female 23.9% and male 18.4% – female more dominating than male.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0090"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a></p><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The average of Hb level before and after giving two dates – Hb level before giving dates was 10.90% and after giving date is 10.164% – shows that the difference of mean score before and after giving the dates is 0.74<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>g%. The result of the statistic test is <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span> 0.00<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0.05, so there is a significantly different Hb level before and after giving two dates for 21 days continually.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0095"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a></p><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The effect of two date varieties – Medjool and Hallawi in serum oxidative, glucose, and lipid level in human – shows the significant reduction in the level of triacylglycerol observed and the oxidative stress, so it explains that date is useful food that can be consumed every day without any worries of lousy effect.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0100"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a></p><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">This research proves that crude methanol and date extract (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Phoenix dactylifera</span>) have the ability to support the enhancement of erythropoietin synthesis by the heart to stimulate the bone marrow to produce red blood cells/hemopoiesis.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0105"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a> Consuming 10 dates every day can fulfill 10% iron need (1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg). Consuming date can solve anemia problem because date contains iron, namely 1.2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg/100<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>g date.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0110"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a> It makes the researcher interest to know the impact on giving Ajwa dates fruit in increasing Hb level to a teenage girl.</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0040">Methods</span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0045">Research location</span><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">This research was conducted in Darul Aman Gombara Islamic boarding school in Makassar South Sulawesi on 4th to 29th April 2019. This research is pre-experimental design with one group pretest–posttest design.</p></span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0050">Types and sources of data</span><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The population in this research was all female students around 15–18 years. The sample was 35 persons chosen purposively based on inclusion criteria, namely age, Hb level >8<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>g/dl to 12<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>g/dl, and already menarche.</p></span><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0055">Data collection techniques</span><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The primer data are collected directly by doing the interview and doing hemoglobin tests two times (checking hemoglobin level).</p></span></span><span id="sec0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0060">Results</span><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The average of hemoglobin before the intervention was 10.786<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>g/dl, the average of hemoglobin after intervention is 11.143<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>g/dl, mean difference was 0.357<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>g/dl. It shows there is a difference between before and after the intervention of Ajwa dates fruit and significant statistically (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a>).</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0065">Discussion</span><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Result of this research shows that the average of hemoglobin level before the intervention was 10.786<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>g/dl, and the average of hemoglobin level after intervention is 11.143<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>g/dl. It is mean, there is an increase of Hb level (0.357<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>g/dl) after the intervention.</p><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Date contains iron and calcium that are an essential element of blood formation and bone marrow. In the bone marrow, iron is used to make hemoglobin, and the rest of it is brought to the body tissue that needs it. Iron in date helps to fulfill the iron need in a growth period and replace iron lost during menstruation. The association of iron with hemoglobin level can be explained that iron is the main component that plays an essential role in the formation of blood, which is synthesizing hemoglobin. If the iron store is enough, the need for the formation of blood cells in bone marrow will always be fulfilled. If iron contained in dates is always consumed, it will meet the iron needs in the process of hemopoiesis.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0115"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9,10</span></a></p><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">This research shows the giving of Ajwa date fruit (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P. dactylifera</span> L.) is useful to increase the Hb level to anemia sufferers. Hemoglobin is an iron-rich protein that carries oxygen to make oxyhemoglobin in blood cells. By this function, oxygen is delivered from lungs to the body tissues.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0125"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11</span></a> Following the theory, the increase of hemoglobin level after being given intervention is caused by the capacity of dates that have been given to the respondents in which the intestine absorbs the iron content in dates and carried by red blood cells for the formation of blood (hemopoiesis). Iron will be related to <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">heme</span> and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">globin</span>, which later forms a unity into hemoglobin.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0115"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a></p><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Hemoglobin picks up oxygen in the lungs then releases oxygen in the peripheral tissue capillaries while oxygen is the primary fuel in every process in every organ of the body. The hemoglobin deficiency in the blood will result in being reduced oxygen supply to organs of the body, especially vital organs such as the brain and heart.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0130"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12</span></a></p><p id="par0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Low iron intake often occurs in people who consume less diverse food. The absorption of iron in the body depends on the variety of food that can support and obstruct the absorption of iron, so it influences the iron store in the body. Low iron-store will not be enough to form red blood cells in boon marrow, so the hemoglobin level continues to fall below the normal limit. This condition is called iron anemia.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0135"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13</span></a> Iron loss through the digestive tract, skin, and urine is called basal iron loss. Woman losses not only basal iron but also iron during menstruation. Anemia is a medical condition in which hemoglobin level is less than normal limit. Normal Hb level in a teenage girl is >12<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>g/dl. The teenage girl is called anemia if Hb level is <12<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>g/dl.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0140"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">14</span></a></p></span><span id="sec0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0070">Conclusion</span><p id="par0085" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Based on the result of this study, it can be concluded that there is an increase of Hb to teenage after the intervention of Ajwa the date fruit.</p></span><span id="sec0045" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0075">Conflict of interest</span><p id="par0090" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors declare no conflict of interest.</p></span></span>" "textoCompletoSecciones" => array:1 [ "secciones" => array:10 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "xres1899100" "titulo" => "Abstract" "secciones" => array:4 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0005" "titulo" => "Objective" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0010" "titulo" => "Methods" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0015" "titulo" => "Results" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0020" "titulo" => "Conclusion" ] ] ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xpalclavsec1642913" "titulo" => "Keywords" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0005" "titulo" => "Introduction" ] 3 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "sec0010" "titulo" => "Methods" "secciones" => array:3 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0015" "titulo" => "Research location" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0020" "titulo" => "Types and sources of data" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0025" "titulo" => "Data collection techniques" ] ] ] 4 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0030" "titulo" => "Results" ] 5 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0035" "titulo" => "Discussion" ] 6 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0040" "titulo" => "Conclusion" ] 7 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0045" "titulo" => "Conflict of interest" ] 8 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xack667169" "titulo" => "Acknowledgments" ] 9 => array:1 [ "titulo" => "References" ] ] ] "pdfFichero" => "main.pdf" "tienePdf" => true "fechaRecibido" => "2019-05-29" "fechaAceptado" => "2019-07-15" "PalabrasClave" => array:1 [ "en" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "clase" => "keyword" "titulo" => "Keywords" "identificador" => "xpalclavsec1642913" "palabras" => array:3 [ 0 => "Hemoglobin" 1 => "Date fruit" 2 => "<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Phoenix dactylifera</span> L." ] ] ] ] "tieneResumen" => true "resumen" => array:1 [ "en" => array:3 [ "titulo" => "Abstract" "resumen" => "<span id="abst0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0010">Objective</span><p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">This study aimed to analyze the impact on giving Ajwa date fruit (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Phoenix dactylifera</span> L.) in increasing a hemoglobin (Hb) level to a teenage girl.</p></span> <span id="abst0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0015">Methods</span><p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">This study has used pre-experimental design, one group pretest, and posttest. The population was 119 teenage girls, and the sample was 35 persons chosen purposively. Samples were all female students around 15–18 years, Hb level >8<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>g/dl to 12<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>g/dl, and already menarche. The used instruments were Hb test filling sheet and food recall 24<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h. The result was examined by using Paired <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">T</span>-test.</p></span> <span id="abst0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0020">Results</span><p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Result of this research shows that the average of hemoglobin level before the intervention was 10.786<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>g/dl, and the average of hemoglobin level after intervention is 11.143<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>g/dl. There is an increase of Hb level (0.357<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>g/dl) after the intervention.</p></span> <span id="abst0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0025">Conclusion</span><p id="spar0020" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Based on the result of this study, it can be concluded that there is an increase of Hb to teenage after the intervention of Ajwa the date fruit.</p></span>" "secciones" => array:4 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0005" "titulo" => "Objective" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0010" "titulo" => "Methods" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0015" "titulo" => "Results" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0020" "titulo" => "Conclusion" ] ] ] ] "NotaPie" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "☆" "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0010">Peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the International Conference on Women and Societal Perspective on Quality of Life (WOSQUAL-2019). Full-text and the content of it is under responsibility of authors of the article.</p>" ] ] "multimedia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:8 [ "identificador" => "tbl0005" "etiqueta" => "Table 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "detalles" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "at1" "detalle" => "Table " "rol" => "short" ] ] "tabla" => array:2 [ "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "tabla" => array:1 [ 0 => """ <table border="0" frame="\n \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Mean<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>SD \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Mean difference \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span>-value \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " colspan="5" align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Hemoglobin level (Hb) (g/dl)</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Before \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">35 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">10.786<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0.670 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " rowspan="2" align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.357</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " rowspan="2" align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.006<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>After \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">35 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">11.143<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0.672 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table> """ ] "imagenFichero" => array:1 [ 0 => "xTab3173687.png" ] ] ] "notaPie" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "tblfn0005" "etiqueta" => "a" "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0005">Paired <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">T</span>-test.</p>" ] ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0025" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Analysis of differences hemoglobin level before and after intervention Ajwa date fruit.</p>" ] ] ] "bibliografia" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "References" "seccion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "bibs0015" "bibliografiaReferencia" => array:14 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0075" "etiqueta" => "1" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Food habits and nutritional status assessment of adolescent soccer players. 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