Women in low income families and their quality of life: A study with a grounded research approach in South Sulawesi
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Poli, Gunawan Bata Ilyas, Mattalatta, Jumiaty Nurung" "autores" => array:5 [ 0 => array:4 [ "nombre" => "Hasmin" "apellidos" => "Tamsah" "email" => array:1 [ 0 => "hasmintamsah@gmail.com" ] "referencia" => array:2 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span>" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] 1 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">*</span>" "identificador" => "cor0005" ] ] ] 1 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "W.I.M." "apellidos" => "Poli" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span>" "identificador" => "aff0010" ] ] ] 2 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "Gunawan" "apellidos" => "Bata Ilyas" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span>" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] ] ] 3 => array:2 [ "apellidos" => "Mattalatta" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span>" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] ] ] 4 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "Jumiaty" "apellidos" => "Nurung" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">c</span>" "identificador" => "aff0015" ] ] ] ] "afiliaciones" => array:3 [ 0 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Economics College of Amkop Makassar, Indonesia" "etiqueta" => "a" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] 1 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Faculty of Economics and Business, Hasanuddin University, Indonesia" "etiqueta" => "b" "identificador" => "aff0010" ] 2 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Graduate School of Hasanuddin University, Indonesia" "etiqueta" => "c" "identificador" => "aff0015" ] ] "correspondencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "cor0005" "etiqueta" => "⁎" "correspondencia" => "Corresponding author." ] ] ] ] "resumenGrafico" => array:2 [ "original" => 0 "multimedia" => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0005" "etiqueta" => "Figure 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr1.jpeg" "Alto" => 932 "Ancho" => 1711 "Tamanyo" => 104589 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0020" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Hypothesis framework from the results of the study.</p>" ] ] ] "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0030">Introduction</span><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Poverty is a crucial problem in almost all countries in the world, including developed countries. Poverty is a problem throughout human history, which was initially difficult to meet needs because of material shortages. Next came the enlightenment era marked by the emergence of economic thinkers in this era. The problem of poverty is a crucial problem, is no exception in Indonesia so that in overcoming it is an important and urgent nature. Because poverty is a multidimensional problem, the solution must not be partial but must be comprehensive.</p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The tragedy of poverty will get worse and broader when the State and all of us fail to recognize the underlying causes of poverty that can be a bridge to spur improvement in the quality of life. The poorer a family, the lower the quality of their lives. The problem is how to describe the poverty reel and the role of women in low-income families, and what factors can improve the quality of life of low-income families in Indonesia, especially in South Sulawesi.</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0035">Method</span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0040">Literature review</span><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">This research is inspired by writings about the five conditions of poverty studied in Asia including Indonesia. Furthermore, various views on poverty for example, see poverty between cultural and structural factors.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0070"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> Looks at how culture influences poverty. Furthermore, which puts the cause on structural factors such as.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0075"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2–4</span></a> Which divides the five concepts of poverty based on contemporary literature, namely: (1) poverty caused by individual shortages; (2) poverty is caused by a cultural system; (3) poverty is caused by economic, political, and social distortion or discrimination; (4) poverty is caused by geographical disparity; and (5) poverty is caused by interdependence.</p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">This research is a qualitative method so that the results are more complex. Research on poverty is mostly done, both domestic and foreign researchers with quantitative or qualitative approaches only, for example, conducted<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0090"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a> in Bangladesh in Nigeria.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0095"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a> Is research with a quantitative approach. While those using qualitative methods include in Manado and Makassar.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0100"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a></p><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">As explained earlier that poverty is not only caused by economic factors but from various factors. The poverty condition is the integration of 5 (five) related conditions, between the.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0080"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a> Conditions resulting in a vicious circle of poverty, which can be solved by big push; “A plunge into cold water is better than a slow submersion”. The integration of the five conditions in question is: (1) output and incomes; (2) conditions of production; (3) levels of living; (4) attitudes toward life and work; and (5) social institutions. Two of the five causes stressed by Myrdal are attitudes toward life and work and social institutions about the role of women and their quality of life.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0105"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a></p></span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0045">Research methodology</span><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">This research uses a qualitative research approach with grounded research in three districts in South Sulawesi. The three regencies are Jeneponto (representing the Makassar Tribe), Bone (representing the Bugis Tribe), and North Toraja (representing the Toraja Tribe). This method is very suitable for investigating social phenomena and human problems. The result, researchers make a complex picture of the object of research. This research refers a lot which explains about grounded research. Then reinforced about interviews and observations and the process of grounded research.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0110"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a></p><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Researchers conducted in-depth interviews with 30 informants, consisting of government employees and poor families. The study was conducted in 2010, then in 2018 the location was expanded and informants added. Government employees as key informants who provide information about poor families, location, and their condition so far. Data obtained by in-depth interviews, observations, and document searches that are considered necessary by this research.</p><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The research began in Jeneponto Regency by observing, searching documents, and in-depth interviews with.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0115"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a> Informants, then in North Toraja Regency with informants, and in Bone District with informants. At each research location, starting from key informants from the government in charge of poverty. The research team has taken steps in the research flow with grounded research.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0110"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a></p></span></span><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0050">Results and discussion</span><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The results of the entire set of methods used in this study resulted in several themes raised from several categories that were found repeatedly at all research sites. These categories are then clarified by in-depth interviews with informants whose results can be arranged as follows.</p><span id="sec0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0055">Income and consumption</span><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Income is the amount of remuneration or gift received by the head of the family and/or family members who participate in the production process of goods and or services that are a source of income for their family. Income and expenditure in a household will certainly be different depending on social status and work done by someone. In essence, one's income can be allocated for consumption and savings expenses.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0120"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11</span></a> Generally, low-income families in South Sulawesi currently earn income from the results of pedicab drivers, masons, agricultural laborers, fishers, and from the sale of goods and services they produce.</p><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The results showed that their income averaged IDR5,218 per day per person or IDR36,526 per day per family, while their expenses were IDR6147 per day per person or IDR43,031 per day per family. This is far less than the poverty line if we refer to the US $1 per day per person (assuming US $1 is equivalent to IDR 14,000 at present), so it defines every month. This is because, in addition to the fact that the income is very small, the number of family members is also very large, which is an average of 6 (six) people per family. Meanwhile, the number of family members who earn is very limited compared to the number of family members who are independents.</p><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The minimal income causes them to change their consumption patterns, both food, and non-food consumption patterns. Even in very difficult conditions, even to meet food needs forced to prioritize eating rice only and reduce the consumption of side dishes. This is in line with the results of study. They have low incomes because their jobs are not fixed and do not have high expertise, as a result, the rewards they get are also small. These results are in line with the findings that education and skills largely determine one's income.</p><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Low income, meanwhile large household needs due to having large dependents cause them to have thoughts that immediately spend their money, focus on thinking about current needs, not thinking about saving money, and without thinking about good financial management, which this condition the researchers call as “short-term vision”. The short-term vision is caused by low income and high demand. Short-term vision is believed to worsen the quality of their lives due to poverty which is increasingly difficult to avoid.</p></span><span id="sec0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0060">Spiritual and social capital</span><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Most low-income families in South Sulawesi believe that life is only temporary so that even though they live in a very simple and mediocre vehicle, they do not give up hope in this situation. Always believe in the power of God Almighty who rules everything. The attitude they have is a spiritual capital that is believed by researchers as capital that can provide energy to be patient in their lives. This religious attitude has a relationship with the quality of their acceptance of life.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0125"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12,13</span></a> However, when they have enough money, they spend it without calculating their future (short-term vision).</p><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Moreover, low-income families from the Makassar tribe who have the principle of life “arrived at a reasonable time”. In contrast to the Bugis tribe who are principled that “they must always work hard, be calculated and think about their future.” In general, they live together in large families or even several generations. This happened because they could not afford to buy or just rent a new room. Family relations like this become their strength in maintaining survival. Their attitude like this is a social capital that is not necessarily owned by an economically capable family.</p><p id="par0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The situation of those who behave in “short-term vision” can affect their quality of life. It was found that the stronger the “short-term vision” attitude they had the lower the quality of life of their families. The declining quality of life can ultimately lead them to become beggars. However, some families who have a high religious attitude as spiritual capital, and have a good family relationship as social capital remain patient and do not do it (begging). Based on this, a hypothetical framework can be made as follows.</p><p id="par0085" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Based on <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig. 1</a>, it can be explained the hypothesized framework that was built from the results of this study. Even though their income is low and their family needs are high, their quality of life can be maintained because they have spiritual capital and social capital. Mediocre income is compounded by high needs because of the large number of family members so that the attitude of “short-term vision” increases. Increasing the attitude of “short-term vision” will reduce their quality of life. However, existing spiritual and social capital can reduce the effect of a “short-term vision” attitude on the quality of life of low-income families.</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0065">The role of women in low income families</span><p id="par0090" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The role of wives and family members of women in spending free time to help their husbands in earning a living is also still minimal for low-income families in South Sulawesi. This can be seen from a large number of female family members who just sit at home or rent them out without useful activities. Even though some of them are working as washers, scavengers, and helping their husbands work as day laborers. Low income families whose family income is more supported by female family members and family interactions have a vulnerability to their quality of life.</p><p id="par0095" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The results of the study's deepening found that in dealing with poverty, low income families are divided into two, namely families who remain patient in their circumstances and try to change consumption patterns as previously explained, the resilience of low-income families with). While other families are unable to do this, they take the second path, namely begging, especially for their female family members. For families who still survive and without complaints, it turns out that the role of women is very large, namely having the ability to manage a small income to meet their household needs.</p><p id="par0100" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Various ways for women in poor families to deal with their deprivation in managing their family expenses. The results of this study are in line with those found that some low-income families have great women in their families, such as Komariah in Makassarwho have principles of life that originate from their ancestors which were applied in their lives. Then there is Loisa Lies Wally out of poverty due to her hard work and persistence so that she gets out of poverty.</p></span></span><span id="sec0045" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0070">Conclusions</span><p id="par0105" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Based on the results of the study so researchers can hypothesize that: (1) Poor families are divided into two in acceptance of their situation. First, persevere and try as much as possible to get out of their situation by working even though their work does not promise a large fee. Second, look for other ways to earn income even though it is by begging. (2) There is a relationship between the attitudes of “short-term vision” with the quality of life of low-income families. Low income and a lot of needs because of a large number of family members causes the attitude of “short-term vision” is getting stronger. In the end, it will reduce the quality of life except for a few of them who have social capital and spiritual capital that can encourage the improvement of their quality of life. (3) The role of women in poor families has not been maximized and its role is still dominant in managing family income. While the role in generating family income is still very small.</p></span><span id="sec0050" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0075">Conflict of interest</span><p id="par0110" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors declare no conflict of interest.</p></span></span>" "textoCompletoSecciones" => array:1 [ "secciones" => array:8 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "xres1899030" "titulo" => "Abstract" "secciones" => array:3 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0005" "titulo" => "Objective" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0010" "titulo" => "Methods" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0015" "titulo" => "Results" ] ] ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xpalclavsec1642843" "titulo" => "Keywords" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0005" "titulo" => "Introduction" ] 3 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "sec0010" "titulo" => "Method" "secciones" => array:2 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0015" "titulo" => "Literature review" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0020" "titulo" => "Research methodology" ] ] ] 4 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "sec0025" "titulo" => "Results and discussion" "secciones" => array:3 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0030" "titulo" => "Income and consumption" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0035" "titulo" => "Spiritual and social capital" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0040" "titulo" => "The role of women in low income families" ] ] ] 5 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0045" "titulo" => "Conclusions" ] 6 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0050" "titulo" => "Conflict of interest" ] 7 => array:1 [ "titulo" => "References" ] ] ] "pdfFichero" => "main.pdf" "tienePdf" => true "fechaRecibido" => "2019-05-29" "fechaAceptado" => "2019-07-15" "PalabrasClave" => array:1 [ "en" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "clase" => "keyword" "titulo" => "Keywords" "identificador" => "xpalclavsec1642843" "palabras" => array:4 [ 0 => "Social capital" 1 => "Spiritual capital" 2 => "Poor families" 3 => "Quality of life" ] ] ] ] "tieneResumen" => true "resumen" => array:1 [ "en" => array:3 [ "titulo" => "Abstract" "resumen" => "<span id="abst0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0010">Objective</span><p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Poverty is a problem for every country in the world. This problem becomes very complicated because it has certain characteristics in different locations. This research seeks to uncover several things from poverty in Indonesia, especially in South Sulawesi.</p></span> <span id="abst0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0015">Methods</span><p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">This study uses a qualitative research approach with grounded research in three districts in South Sulawesi. The three regencies are Jeneponto (representing the Makassar Tribe), Bone (representing the Bugis Tribe), and North Toraja (representing the Toraja Tribe). Researchers conducted in-depth interviews with 30 informants, consisting of government employees and low-income families. The study was conducted in 2010, then in 2018 the location was expanded, and informants added. Government employees as key informants who provide information about low-income families, location, and their condition so far. Data obtained by in-depth interviews, observations, and document searches that are considered necessary in accordance with this research.</p></span> <span id="abst0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0020">Results</span><p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">This study can show a picture of poverty reel and the role of women in low income families, as well as factors that can improve the quality of life of low income families in Indonesia, especially in South Sulawesi.</p></span>" "secciones" => array:3 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0005" "titulo" => "Objective" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0010" "titulo" => "Methods" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0015" "titulo" => "Results" ] ] ] ] "NotaPie" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "☆" "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0005">Peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the International Conference on Women and Societal Perspective on Quality of Life (WOSQUAL-2019). 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