Correlation the perception and motivation of women of childbearing age to have pap smear tests
Sapariah Anggraini
, Margareta Martini
Corresponding author
Nursing program, Suaka Insan School of Health Science, Banjarmasin, South Borneo, Indonesia
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Cervical cancer took 10, 3% of the total number.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0075"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> Even this number is predicted to multiply by seven times the total number of population in 2030. This problem may arise due to a lack of early detection of cervical cancer using pap smear method, IVA or HPV vaccine, which were previously not provided in primary health care in 2014.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0075"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a></p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Indonesian government actively combat this cancer by early detection of cervical cancer programmes. This programme has been well known as the Pap Smear method. This method has been popular and frequently chosen by women. The test includes premalignance and malignancy of cervical cells that grow abnormally.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0080"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a></p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Pap smear</span> test is undertaken to detect pre-cancer changes in cervix. This test can be done to women aged between 20 to 64 years old. It can detect cervical cancer with 90% of accuracy. It is an affordable, easy to use and efficient test. <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Pap smear</span> can lower the mortality rate up to 50%.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0085"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a></p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Prodia Laboratory in Banjarmasin, in cooperation with National Health Insurance, provides free Pap Smear tests to those who hold a special card. This is one of the government programmes to early detect cervical cancers in women across Indonesia.</p><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">If a woman, who is sexually active, does not take Pap Smear test, the growth of abnormal cells may not be able to be detected earlier. No wonder, this late detection may happen when the cancer cell is at the chronic level. Consequently, it lowers life expectancy of the client and raises cost of treatment, eventually worsens cash flow of the client's family.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0090"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a></p><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">According to studies by Ompusunggu, there are several factors that hinder women to do a Pap Smear test: knowledge (63%), religion (46%), socio-culture (73%), source of information (77%), economic factor (54%), perception and motivation (68%), facilities and health providers (58%).<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0095"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a></p><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Perception is influenced by internal factor that comes from the individual and external factor, such as environment. Common problems that are found at screening test such as hesitation, shame, lack of knowledge about the importance of Pap Smear test, afraid of test result, afraid of pain, no support from husbands, and no male doctors.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0100"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a></p><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Based on the above phenomenon and interviews the researchers did before, where the majority of women of childbearing age, they argued that this test was not urgently needed. Besides, they felt shy to do that, afraid of painful tests, did not have time to do this test, and they perceived that Pap Smear and cancer had no correlation. These things have demotivated them to do this test or other early cancer detection methods. So that researcher are interested in conducting research on the relation between the perception of women of childbearing age of cervical cancer and their motivation to have a pap smear test at the Prodia Laboratory in Banjarmasin.</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0020">Methods</span><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">This research used a cross-sectional methods with the respondents are 289 women who visited <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Prodia</span> Laboratory in Banjarmasin. The sampling technique is consecutive sampling with 52 women of childbearing age who had Pap Smear tests at <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Prodia</span> Laboratory. Samples were taken every day, Monday through Saturday, at 12 p.m – 6 p.m. during 1st month period. The instrument of the data collection is questionnaires, which consist of 15 questions regarding clients’ perceptions and 20 questions related to clients’ motivation. The questionnaires were adapted from Elin.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0105"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a></p><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Sampling is done on the validity of women of childbearing age who will perform pap smears in the Laboratory Prodia by the number of samples taken by 30 respondents, respondents were taken to test the validity differ with respondents drawn to study to test the validity despite the same place. Furthermore, the set of r-table 0.361. If the value is more than the value of r count and r table, then the measurement is said to be valid. The validity test indicated a significant interval range on the questionnaires regarding clients’ perceptions at 0.366–0.731, whereas on the questionnaires related to clients’ motivation at 0.381–0.733. Furthermore, the result of the reliability test by SPSS v.16 with <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Cronbach Alpha</span> on the questionnaires regarding perception is at 0.750 while questionnaires related to clients’ motivation indicated the value of 0.753. It can be concluded for a questionnaire about perception and motivation questionnaire entirely declared in valid.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0110"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a> The data analysis in this study employs univariate analysis on the distribution of frequency: level of education, age, number of children, and occupation. The bivariate analysis uses Chi-square.</p></span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0025">Result</span><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Based on <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a>, the respondents’ level of education is fair (59.6%; 31 respondents), the highest level of education is higher education graduates. The highest number of age is at the range of 15 years old – 35 years old (80.8%; 42 respondents). The majority of respondents have 2 or less than 2 (78.8%; 41 respondents), and the majority of respondents work in private sectors (73.1%; 38 respondents).</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Based on <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">Table 2</a>, the percentage of women of childbearing age with positive perception of cervical cancer and high motivation to do Pap Smear is 28.8%, while the opposite category noted at 42.3%.</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0010"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Based on <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0015">Table 3</a>, after being analysed, the <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span>-value indicated score of 0.0021 (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0.05), Prevalence Ratio is 3.24; CI 95% 1.37–7.60 and it means that Ha was confirmed. Therefore, the result was statistically significant. This can be inferred that the positive perception of women of childbearing age can multiply the percentage of motivation by three times compared to those who are with negative perception.</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0015"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0030">Discussion</span><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The analysis results show that women of childbearing age with positive perception of cervical cancer are highly motivated to do Pap Smear Test (28.8%). Meanwhile, women of childbearing age with a negative perception of cervical cancer is lowly motivated to do Pap Smear Test (42.3%) and showed that Ha accepted which means statistically significant correlation. There is a correlation between perception of women of childbearing age of cervical cancer and their motivation to do Pap Smear Test at <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Prodia</span> Laboratory in Banjarmasin with <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span> value<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0.0021 (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0.05).</p><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">This is in line with what Bustanul and Dina (2018) state that statistical test results obtained using the Chi-Square X2 result amounted to 13.295<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>5.591 X2 table, the value of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">ρ</span> value of 0.001 (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0.05) and showed that Ha accepted, meaning there is a perception of women in reproductive age about cervical cancer with motivation Pap smear in <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Sapuangin</span>. 0495 correlation value and significance value of 0.001.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0115"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a></p><p id="par0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">According to Pieter and Lubis, perception is something related to a phenomenon where the relationship between stimulation and experience is more complicated than phenomenon in a sensation.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0120"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a> There are two factors that influence the perception of internal and external, the internal factor is a factor that comes from within the individual, such as a person's reproductive health needs, while external factors originating from outside.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0100"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a></p><p id="par0085" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">According to the investigators’ analysis, the readiness of respondents of living a healthy life is reliant on their awareness of risk factors of a disease. Then, this attitude may motivate individuals to do healthy actions. From the findings, it can be inferred that perception of a disease is indirectly and significantly influential to the prevention of cervical cancer. The willingness of women of childbearing age to do Pap Smear Test is one concrete example. Respondents who have positive perception feel that they are vulnerable to cervical cancer so motivated to do cervical cancer While respondents who have negative perceptions some of them feel that they are not susceptible to cervical cancer because there are no symptoms or complaints that are felt so that they are not motivated to examination.</p><p id="par0090" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">This is in line with the theory of HBM (Health Belief Model), which states bring someone who has the confidence that he might be exposed to the disease will be more interested in taking precautions.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0125"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11</span></a></p><p id="par0095" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Every individual has a different in taking action for healing or prevention that addressed the perceived health problems. It all depends on each individual's belief whether he wants to access existing health services or not. Belief is related to cognitive knowledge about health issues, and the individual's perception of disease symptoms are felt.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0130"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12</span></a></p><p id="par0100" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">According to Notoatmodjo that the factors that influence the perception is knowledge, someone who has knowledge of something not only through education but is supported by information from the electronic media, such as TV, radio, internet, and magazines.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0135"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13</span></a></p><p id="par0105" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">According to the assumptions of researchers, many of the women of childbearing age who positive perception of Pap smear because they know the pap smear tests properly and to obtain information about the pap smear tests from the environment, it is appropriate from the recognition of respondents who obtained the field at the time of researching and also supported from the results this study which showed that the respondents have a positive perception, this is because women of childbearing age have knowledge about pap smears.</p><p id="par0110" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Educational factors also play an important role on this matter. The majority of the respondents hold higher education degree (59.6%; 31 respondents), so most know about cervical cancer and how to prevent it both from the surrounding environment and through electronic media. This is in line with what Khairani states that someone's intelligence can be gained through education.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0140"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">14</span></a> Person's intellectual ability can be obtained from the education, the higher level of education, the higher level of knowledge, and the easier to digest information. The majority of respondents have been familiar with cervical cancer and its preventive actions. Knowledge can be obtained by someone in any way is through the senses, such as vision, hearing, smell, taste, and touch.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0140"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">14</span></a></p><p id="par0115" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The limitation of this research is the exclusion of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">confounding variables;</span> as a result, the research outcome is just a <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">crude Prevalence ratio.</span> This may cause <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">bias confounding</span>. Despite that, there would be a bias in selecting the sample since this research used <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">non-probability sampling</span>.</p></span><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0035">Conclusion</span><p id="par0120" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Their positive perception of women of childbearing age about the Pap smear can be caused by several factors, including the number of women of childbearing age get information about pap smears so motivated women of childbearing age to perform pap smears are also high. Besides supported with the support of the environment, experience, and support of her husband, and the case at present much information about reproductive health in electronic media so easily women of childbearing age get information about pap smears.</p><p id="par0125" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">It is expected that the early cervical cancer detection programme through Pap Smear examination can continue to be promoted by the government, especially the free Pap Smear inspection programme so that the motivation of women of childbearing age increases to do early prevention of cervical cancer and can reduce mortality due to cervical cancer.</p></span><span id="sec0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0040">Conflict of interest</span><p id="par0130" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors declare no conflict of interest.</p></span></span>" "textoCompletoSecciones" => array:1 [ "secciones" => array:10 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "xres1496445" "titulo" => "Abstract" "secciones" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "identificador" => "abst0005" ] ] ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xpalclavsec1358806" "titulo" => "Keywords" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0005" "titulo" => "Introduction" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0010" "titulo" => "Methods" ] 4 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0015" "titulo" => "Result" ] 5 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0020" "titulo" => "Discussion" ] 6 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0025" "titulo" => "Conclusion" ] 7 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0030" "titulo" => "Conflict of interest" ] 8 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xack524154" "titulo" => "Acknowledgements" ] 9 => array:1 [ "titulo" => "References" ] ] ] "pdfFichero" => "main.pdf" "tienePdf" => true "fechaRecibido" => "2020-09-15" "fechaAceptado" => "2020-09-21" "PalabrasClave" => array:1 [ "en" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "clase" => "keyword" "titulo" => "Keywords" "identificador" => "xpalclavsec1358806" "palabras" => array:4 [ 0 => "Cervical cancer" 1 => "Motivation" 2 => "Pap smear" 3 => "Perception" ] ] ] ] "tieneResumen" => true "resumen" => array:1 [ "en" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Abstract" "resumen" => "<span id="abst0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">This study aims to analyse the correlation between the perception of women of childbearing age of cervical cancer and their motivation to have pap smear test at the Prodia Laboratory in Banjarmasin. The design is cross-sectional method with a consecutive sampling technique that involved 52 women of childbearing age who had a Pap Smear test. Data analysis was used the distribution of frequency and chi-square. The result showed the <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span>-value of 0.0021 (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0.05), this means that there is a correlation between the perception of women of childbearing age of cervical cancer and their motivation to have pap smear tests. Their positive perception of women of childbearing age about the Pap smear can be caused by several factors, including the number of women of childbearing age get information about pap smears so, motivated to perform pap smears are also high.</p></span>" ] ] "NotaPie" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "☆" "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0005">Peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the 4th International Conference for Global Health (ICGH) in conjunction with the 7th Asian International Conference in Humanized Health Care (AIC-HHC). Full-text and the content of it is under responsibility of authors of the article.</p>" ] ] "multimedia" => array:3 [ 0 => array:8 [ "identificador" => "tbl0005" "etiqueta" => "Table 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "detalles" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "at1" "detalle" => "Table " "rol" => "short" ] ] "tabla" => array:1 [ "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "tabla" => array:1 [ 0 => """ <table border="0" frame="\n \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Characterise \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span> (%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " colspan="2" align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Level of education</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Junior high school \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0 (0) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>High school \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">21 (40.4) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Higher education graduates \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">31 (59.6) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " colspan="2" align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " colspan="2" align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Age</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><15 years \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0 (0) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>15–35 years \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">42 (80.8) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>36–50 years \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">10 (19.2) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " colspan="2" align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " colspan="2" align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Number of children</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>≤2 children \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">41 (78.8) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>>2 children \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">11 (20.2) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " colspan="2" align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " colspan="2" align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Work</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Government employees \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">14 (26.9) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Private sectors \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">38 (73.1) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Others \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0 (0) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table> """ ] "imagenFichero" => array:1 [ 0 => "xTab2570989.png" ] ] ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Characteristics of the respondents.</p>" ] ] 1 => array:8 [ "identificador" => "tbl0010" "etiqueta" => "Table 2" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "detalles" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "at2" "detalle" => "Table " "rol" => "short" ] ] "tabla" => array:1 [ "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "tabla" => array:1 [ 0 => """ <table border="0" frame="\n \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col">Perception \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " colspan="2" align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Motivation</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col">Total \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th></tr><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">High \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Low \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Positive \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">15 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">5 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">20 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">28.8% \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">9.7% \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">38.5% \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " colspan="4" align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Negative \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">10 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">22 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">32 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">19.2% \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">42.3% \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">61.5% \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " colspan="4" align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Total \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">25 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">27 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">52 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">48% \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">52% \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">100% \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table> """ ] "imagenFichero" => array:1 [ 0 => "xTab2570990.png" ] ] ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Chi-square crosstabulation test the correlation between perception of women of child-bearing age of cervical cancer and their motivation to do Pap Smear.</p>" ] ] 2 => array:8 [ "identificador" => "tbl0015" "etiqueta" => "Table 3" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "detalles" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "at3" "detalle" => "Table " "rol" => "short" ] ] "tabla" => array:1 [ "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "tabla" => array:1 [ 0 => """ <table border="0" frame="\n \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col">Variable \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col">Prevalence ratio \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span>-Value \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col">95% CI \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Perception motivation \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">3.24 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.0021 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">1.37–7.60 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table> """ ] "imagenFichero" => array:1 [ 0 => "xTab2570991.png" ] ] ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0020" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">The correlation between perception of women of child-bearing age of cervical cancer and their motivation to do Pap Smear.</p>" ] ] ] "bibliografia" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "References" "seccion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "bibs0015" "bibliografiaReferencia" => array:14 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0075" "etiqueta" => "1" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "World health statistics 2014 [Internet]. 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