array:24 [ "pii" => "S2445147923000413" "issn" => "24451479" "doi" => "10.1016/j.enfcle.2023.07.002" "estado" => "S300" "fechaPublicacion" => "2023-09-01" "aid" => "2058" "copyright" => "Elsevier España, S.L.U.. All rights reserved" "copyrightAnyo" => "2023" "documento" => "article" "crossmark" => 1 "subdocumento" => "fla" "cita" => "Enferm Clin. 2023;33:316-26" "abierto" => array:3 [ "ES" => false "ES2" => false "LATM" => false ] "gratuito" => false "lecturas" => array:1 [ "total" => 0 ] "Traduccion" => array:1 [ "es" => array:19 [ "pii" => "S1130862123000785" "issn" => "11308621" "doi" => "10.1016/j.enfcli.2023.05.006" "estado" => "S300" "fechaPublicacion" => "2023-09-01" "aid" => "2058" "copyright" => "Elsevier España, S.L.U." "documento" => "article" "crossmark" => 1 "subdocumento" => "fla" "cita" => "Enferm Clin. 2023;33:316-26" "abierto" => array:3 [ "ES" => false "ES2" => false "LATM" => false ] "gratuito" => false "lecturas" => array:1 [ "total" => 0 ] "es" => array:13 [ "idiomaDefecto" => true "cabecera" => "<span class="elsevierStyleTextfn">Original</span>" "titulo" => "Influencia de una intervención educativa en el conocimiento y en el manejo de la violencia de pareja por parte de enfermeras obstetras en Nigeria" "tienePdf" => "es" "tieneTextoCompleto" => "es" "tieneResumen" => array:2 [ 0 => "es" 1 => "en" ] "paginas" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "paginaInicial" => "316" "paginaFinal" => "326" ] ] "titulosAlternativos" => array:1 [ "en" => array:1 [ "titulo" => "Influence of educational intervention on nurse-midwives’ knowledge and management practices of Intimate Partner Violence (IPV) in healthcare facilities in Ekiti-State, Nigeria" ] ] "contieneResumen" => array:2 [ "es" => true "en" => true ] "contieneTextoCompleto" => array:1 [ "es" => true ] "contienePdf" => array:1 [ "es" => true ] "resumenGrafico" => array:2 [ "original" => 0 "multimedia" => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0005" "etiqueta" => "Figura 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr1.jpeg" "Alto" => 1794 "Ancho" => 2874 "Tamanyo" => 206871 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "es" => "<p id="spar0045" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Resumen del conocimiento general de las enfermeras obstetras sobre cribado y manejo de la VPI.</p>" ] ] ] "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "autoresLista" => "Theresa Olaitan Bamigboye, Omolola Oladunni Irinoye, Emmanuel Olufemi Ayandiran, Adekemi Eunice Olowokere, Opeyemi Adeniyi Adedeji, Deborah Tolulope Esan" "autores" => array:6 [ 0 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Theresa" "apellidos" => "Olaitan Bamigboye" ] 1 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Omolola" "apellidos" => "Oladunni Irinoye" ] 2 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Emmanuel" "apellidos" => "Olufemi Ayandiran" ] 3 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Adekemi Eunice" "apellidos" => "Olowokere" ] 4 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Opeyemi" "apellidos" => "Adeniyi Adedeji" ] 5 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Deborah" "apellidos" => "Tolulope Esan" ] ] ] ] ] "idiomaDefecto" => "es" "Traduccion" => array:1 [ "en" => array:9 [ "pii" => "S2445147923000413" "doi" => "10.1016/j.enfcle.2023.07.002" "estado" => "S300" "subdocumento" => "" "abierto" => array:3 [ "ES" => false "ES2" => false "LATM" => false ] "gratuito" => false "lecturas" => array:1 [ "total" => 0 ] "idiomaDefecto" => "en" "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S2445147923000413?idApp=UINPBA00004N" ] ] "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S1130862123000785?idApp=UINPBA00004N" "url" => "/11308621/0000003300000005/v4_202402010720/S1130862123000785/v4_202402010720/es/main.assets" ] ] "itemSiguiente" => array:18 [ "pii" => "S2445147923000486" "issn" => "24451479" "doi" => "10.1016/j.enfcle.2023.07.005" "estado" => "S300" "fechaPublicacion" => "2023-09-01" "aid" => "2061" "documento" => "article" "crossmark" => 1 "subdocumento" => "fla" "cita" => "Enferm Clin. 2023;33:327-37" "abierto" => array:3 [ "ES" => false "ES2" => false "LATM" => false ] "gratuito" => false "lecturas" => array:1 [ "total" => 0 ] "en" => array:13 [ "idiomaDefecto" => true "cabecera" => "<span class="elsevierStyleTextfn">Original Article</span>" "titulo" => "Nursing care in perinatal grief. A systematic and critical review of attitudes and knowledge in clinical practice" "tienePdf" => "en" "tieneTextoCompleto" => "en" "tieneResumen" => array:2 [ 0 => "en" 1 => "es" ] "paginas" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "paginaInicial" => "327" "paginaFinal" => "337" ] ] "titulosAlternativos" => array:1 [ "es" => array:1 [ "titulo" => "Cuidados de enfermería en el duelo perinatal. Una revisión sistemática y crítica de las actitudes y los conocimientos en la práctica clínica" ] ] "contieneResumen" => array:2 [ "en" => true "es" => true ] "contieneTextoCompleto" => array:1 [ "en" => true ] "contienePdf" => array:1 [ "en" => true ] "resumenGrafico" => array:2 [ "original" => 0 "multimedia" => array:8 [ "identificador" => "fig0005" "etiqueta" => "Figure 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr1.jpeg" "Alto" => 2986 "Ancho" => 2667 "Tamanyo" => 368078 ] ] "detalles" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "at0005" "detalle" => "Figure " "rol" => "short" ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Study selection process, PRISMA flow diagram.</p>" ] ] ] "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "autoresLista" => "Pablo Santiago Moreno Tirado, Eugenia Gil García, Lorena Tarriño Concejero" "autores" => array:3 [ 0 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Pablo Santiago" "apellidos" => "Moreno Tirado" ] 1 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Eugenia" "apellidos" => "Gil García" ] 2 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Lorena" "apellidos" => "Tarriño Concejero" ] ] ] ] ] "idiomaDefecto" => "en" "Traduccion" => array:1 [ "es" => array:9 [ "pii" => "S1130862123000815" "doi" => "10.1016/j.enfcli.2023.06.004" "estado" => "S300" "subdocumento" => "" "abierto" => array:3 [ "ES" => false "ES2" => false "LATM" => false ] "gratuito" => false "lecturas" => array:1 [ "total" => 0 ] "idiomaDefecto" => "es" "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S1130862123000815?idApp=UINPBA00004N" ] ] "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S2445147923000486?idApp=UINPBA00004N" "url" => "/24451479/0000003300000005/v7_202406011233/S2445147923000486/v7_202406011233/en/main.assets" ] "itemAnterior" => array:19 [ "pii" => "S2445147923000541" "issn" => "24451479" "doi" => "10.1016/j.enfcle.2023.07.007" "estado" => "S300" "fechaPublicacion" => "2023-09-01" "aid" => "2065" "copyright" => "The Author" "documento" => "article" "crossmark" => 1 "subdocumento" => "sco" "cita" => "Enferm Clin. 2023;33:313-5" "abierto" => array:3 [ "ES" => false "ES2" => false "LATM" => false ] "gratuito" => false "lecturas" => array:1 [ "total" => 0 ] "en" => array:10 [ "idiomaDefecto" => true "cabecera" => "<span class="elsevierStyleTextfn">Editorial</span>" "titulo" => "Evolution of end-of-life care from the nursing perspective: training, research and professional commitment" "tienePdf" => "en" "tieneTextoCompleto" => "en" "paginas" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "paginaInicial" => "313" "paginaFinal" => "315" ] ] "titulosAlternativos" => array:1 [ "es" => array:1 [ "titulo" => "Evolución de los cuidados al final de la vida desde la perspectiva enfermera: formación, investigación y compromiso profesional" ] ] "contieneTextoCompleto" => array:1 [ "en" => true ] "contienePdf" => array:1 [ "en" => true ] "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "autoresLista" => "Alfonso Miguel García Hernández" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Alfonso Miguel" "apellidos" => "García Hernández" ] ] ] ] ] "idiomaDefecto" => "en" "Traduccion" => array:1 [ "es" => array:9 [ "pii" => "S1130862123000992" "doi" => "10.1016/j.enfcli.2023.07.001" "estado" => "S300" "subdocumento" => "" "abierto" => array:3 [ "ES" => false "ES2" => false "LATM" => false ] "gratuito" => false "lecturas" => array:1 [ "total" => 0 ] "idiomaDefecto" => "es" "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S1130862123000992?idApp=UINPBA00004N" ] ] "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S2445147923000541?idApp=UINPBA00004N" "url" => "/24451479/0000003300000005/v7_202406011233/S2445147923000541/v7_202406011233/en/main.assets" ] "en" => array:21 [ "idiomaDefecto" => true "cabecera" => "<span class="elsevierStyleTextfn">Original Article</span>" "titulo" => "Influence of educational intervention on nurse-midwives’ knowledge and management practices of Intimate Partner Violence (IPV) in healthcare Facilities in Ekiti-State, Nigeria" "tieneTextoCompleto" => true "paginas" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "paginaInicial" => "316" "paginaFinal" => "326" ] ] "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "autoresLista" => "Theresa Olaitan Bamigboye, Omolola Oladunni Irinoye, Emmanuel Olufemi Ayandiran, Adekemi Eunice Olowokere, Opeyemi Adeniyi Adedeji, Deborah Tolulope Esan" "autores" => array:6 [ 0 => array:4 [ "nombre" => "Theresa Olaitan" "apellidos" => "Bamigboye" "email" => array:1 [ 0 => "tessyybam@yahoo.com" ] "referencia" => array:2 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span>" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] 1 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">*</span>" "identificador" => "cor0005" ] ] ] 1 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "Omolola Oladunni" "apellidos" => "Irinoye" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span>" "identificador" => "aff0010" ] ] ] 2 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "Emmanuel Olufemi" "apellidos" => "Ayandiran" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span>" "identificador" => "aff0010" ] ] ] 3 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "Adekemi Eunice" "apellidos" => "Olowokere" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span>" "identificador" => "aff0010" ] ] ] 4 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "Opeyemi Adeniyi" "apellidos" => "Adedeji" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">c</span>" "identificador" => "aff0015" ] ] ] 5 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "Deborah Tolulope" "apellidos" => "Esan" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span>" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] ] ] ] "afiliaciones" => array:3 [ 0 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Department of Nursing, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Afe Babalola University, Ado-Ekiti, Nigeria" "etiqueta" => "a" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] 1 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Department of Nursing Science, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile Ife, Nigeria" "etiqueta" => "b" "identificador" => "aff0010" ] 2 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria" "etiqueta" => "c" "identificador" => "aff0015" ] ] "correspondencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "cor0005" "etiqueta" => "⁎" "correspondencia" => "Corresponding author." ] ] ] ] "titulosAlternativos" => array:1 [ "es" => array:1 [ "titulo" => "Influencia de una intervención educativa en el conocimiento y en el manejo de la violencia de pareja por parte de enfermeras obstetras en Nigeria" ] ] "resumenGrafico" => array:2 [ "original" => 0 "multimedia" => array:8 [ "identificador" => "fig0005" "etiqueta" => "Figure 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr1.jpeg" "Alto" => 1793 "Ancho" => 2917 "Tamanyo" => 205123 ] ] "detalles" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "at0005" "detalle" => "Figure " "rol" => "short" ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Summary of Nurse-Midwives’ Overall Knowledge of IPV Screening and Management.</p>" ] ] ] "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><elsevierMultimedia ident="tb1005"></elsevierMultimedia></p><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0065">Introduction</span><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Intimate partner violence (IPV), is the commonest form of violence among women of reproductive age and is described as behaviour that involves force of a physical, sexual, psychological or emotional nature that causes harm to the victims<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> and IPV does not discriminate among sex because it has also been reported among men, with increasing prevalence in women (1 in 3 women compared to 1 in 9 men).<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a></p><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Occurrence of IPV cuts across gender, race, ethnicity, educational and socio-economic classes.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a> Globally, about 324,000 pregnant women were reported to have experienced IPV.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0020"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a> Statistics from Sub-Saharan Africa, indicates that the region has one of the highest prevalence of IPV against women, which is about 31%–55%.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0025"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a></p><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The prevalence of IPV during pregnancy in Nigeria between April 2004 and June 2016 ranged between 2.3% and 44.6% with lifetime prevalence rates ranging between 33.1% and 63.2%.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0030"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a> According to the Nigerian Demography and Health Survey, 2018, about one-third or above 36% of females aged 15–49 years have experienced one form of intimate partner violence or the other, with a prevalence rate of 28.5% in the South-western part of the country.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0035"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7,8</span></a> Studies conducted in Ekiti State reported high prevalence of the three major forms of IPV between the year 2013 and 2018, from 25.9% in 2013 to 28.5% in 2018.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0035"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a></p><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Adverse health effects reported during pregnancy include increased perinatal death, uterine rupture, intrauterine growth retardation, fetal distress and low birth weight.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0045"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a> Pregnant women victims have also been found to utilize medical services more than women without a history of partner violence.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0050"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a> They have been found to be 1.5 times more likely to have sexually transmitted infection including Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), with 16% more likely to suffer a miscarriage and 41% more likely to have a pre-term birth.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0050"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a> IPV victims are almost twice likely to experience depression compared to those who do not and that IPV has been associated with higher rates of infants and child mortality and morbidity.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0050"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a></p><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The period of pregnancy presents the health care team, especially nurse-midwives, a unique opportunity to screen for IPV and provide resources for their victims.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0055"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11</span></a> A good development, though, is that 74% of pregnant women would want to be screened anytime they come to receive health care.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0060"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12</span></a> It has also been discovered that majority of pregnant women experiencing IPV will prefer to seek professional help, antenatally, intrapartum and postnatally. Health care facility support has also proven useful in the management of IPV victims, in terms of appropriateness of care and support system.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0065"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13</span></a></p><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">It is therefore, paramount for nurse-midwives to seize the opportunity of the visits of pregnant women to maternity units, which may be in form of antenatal, labour or postnatal care, to screen and manage pregnant women for IPV, as doing this will assist in reducing negative health consequences associated with IPV in pregnancy.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0070"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">14</span></a> Nurse-midwives are responsible for the management of women who have experienced IPV by providing treatment, care and support, appropriate referral and follow-up services.</p><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Screening rates for IPV is still very low among healthcare professionals particularly nurse-midwives, who are pivotal in the provision of reproductive health care services most especially to antenatal women and their children. In spite of the calls from professional organizations,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0075"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">15</span></a> reports revealed that majority of health care providers in Nigeria, do not screen women for IPV.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0080"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">16</span></a> It has also been documented that there are no evidences that screening is on-going in health care settings in Nigeria.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0075"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">15</span></a> Thus, there is need to increase the capacity of health professionals, especially nurse-midwives, in screening and managing IPV in maternity units. There is paucity of data on this subject matter among the target population (i.e., nurse-midwives).<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0060"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12</span></a></p><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Despite the interest of the Ekiti State government (EKSG) in preventing gender-based violence (GBV), information on the capacity of nurse-midwives to screen and manage IPV in the health care facilities in the State has not been established. Previous interventions have only focused on overcoming nurses’ barriers to screening IPV, prevalence, predictors and determinants of IPV,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0085"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">17</span></a> not on building capacity for IPV screening and management among nurse-midwives. Thus, this study aimed to determine the influence of educational intervention on nurse-midwives’ capacity for the screening and management of IPV in the maternity units of selected healthcare facilities in Ekiti State.</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0070">Method</span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0075">Study design</span><p id="par0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">This intervention study employed a quasi-experimental study design. Baseline data was collected from nurse-midwives who were working in maternity units in selected healthcare facilities in Ekiti state (Nigeria), to assess their knowledge and management practices of IPV. The nurse-midwives were re-assessed 6 weeks after they had been given educational intervention on IPV.</p></span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0080">Study setting</span><p id="par0085" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">This study was conducted in Ekiti State, which is one of the Six Yoruba speaking States in South-Western part of Nigeria. The state consists of 16 local government areas which are grouped into three senatorial districts of Ekiti North, Ekiti South and Ekiti Central for ease of administration.</p><p id="par0090" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The study was conducted in government owned healthcare facilities in the two senatorial districts (Ekiti Central and Ekiti North). The healthcare facilities involved in the study were: Ekiti State University Teaching Hospital, Ado-Ekiti (EKSUTH) which is a State-owned medical Teaching Hospital and Federal Teaching Hospital Ido-Ekiti, a Federal-owned teaching hospital. Both health facilities provide tertiary healthcare to citizens of Ekiti State. Additionally, a total number of 14 Secondary healthcare facilities (General Hospitals) were also used in this study, spread across the three senatorial districts in Ekiti State. All the Comprehensive Healthcare Facilities in the two Senatorial Districts were also used.</p></span><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0085">Study participants and sampling procedure</span><p id="par0095" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The target population for the study consists of Nurse-midwives working in maternity units across Primary, Secondary and Tertiary Healthcare Facilities in Ekiti State. A sample size of 79 per group was calculated using sample size formula for comparison of two independent proportions for the study. The formula used was n = [(z<span class="elsevierStyleInf">α/2</span> + z<span class="elsevierStyleInf">β</span>)<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span> × P<span class="elsevierStyleInf">1</span> (1 − P<span class="elsevierStyleInf">1</span>) + P<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> (1 − P<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>)]/(P<span class="elsevierStyleInf">1</span> − P<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>).<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a></p><p id="par0100" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A previous study conducted by Adeyemi et al.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0090"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span></a> puts the proportion of IPV knowledge and attitude prior to intervention at 47% and the proportion or percentage of IPV knowledge and attitude after intervention at 70% Therefore, the sample size is:<elsevierMultimedia ident="eq0005"></elsevierMultimedia></p><p id="par0105" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The final adjusted sample size, allowing an attrition rate or nonresponse of 10%, in the above sample gave a total sample size of 79 per group.</p><p id="par0110" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The sample size for the record’s audit was determined using 30% of the pregnant women’s records of maternity before the intervention and three months after intervention. That gave a total of 924 records. These records were explored to assess the observed practice of IPV screening among nurse-midwives.</p><p id="par0115" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Respondents were recruited using multistage sampling technique. The stages below were used to selects participants for this study.</p><p id="par0120" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Stage One: In the first stage, two Senatorial Districts were purposively selected out of the three Senatorial Districts based on the presence of tertiary health facilities. One of the two senatorial districts served as the intervention group while the other served as the control group. All the ten local government areas in the two senatorial districts were involved in the study.</p><p id="par0125" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Stage Two: The two senatorial districts were randomized into experimental and control groups using simple random system by tossing a coin. Head was labelled experimental group and tail was labelled as the control group. In the second stage, all health facilities in each of the selected local government areas were stratified into primary, secondary and tertiary health care facilities. Two (2) tertiary health facilities, fourteen (14) secondary health facilities and eleven (11) Comprehensive Health Care facilities were selected for the study.</p><p id="par0130" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Stage three: In stage 3 of the selection, all nurse-midwives working in maternity units of selected health institutions were stratified by designation/cadre. Using all the cadres was necessary in order to have the required sample size particularly in primary health care facilities where they are short-staffed. Participants were, then, randomly selected from each stratum until the sample size of 158 was reached for both experimental and control groups. (79 participants for the experimental group and 79 for the control group respectively). Data collection took a period of 6 months (from 1st November, 2019 to 30th April, 2020).</p></span><span id="sec0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0090">Instrument and method of data collection</span><p id="par0135" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Two instruments were used for the study which included a structured questionnaire and observational checklist.</p><p id="par0140" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Questionnaire: The structured questionnaire was adapted from Physician Readiness to Manage Intimate Partner Violence Survey (PREMIS).<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0095"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">19</span></a> It consisted of three sections viz (Sections A, B and C).</p><p id="par0145" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Section A assessed the socio-demographic characteristics of the participants. Section B contained questions to assess participants` knowledge of IPV screening. It comprised three subsections that assessed nurse-midwives’ knowledge, attitude and practice of IPV, IPV screening and management in maternity, obstetrics and gynecology units. The entire section contained 58 items with ‘True’ or ‘False’ options. The correct option attracted a score of 1 and the incorrect option 0. Subsection 1 explored the participants’ knowledge of intimate partner violence. Subsection 2 examined participants’ knowledge of IPV screening, while subsection 3 examined participants’ knowledge of IPV management.</p><p id="par0150" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">For this study, knowledge of IPV was categorized based on number of correct answers into: Good knowledge 50%–100% (29.5–58), and Poor knowledge 49% and below (0–29). For each subsection, the level of knowledge of the nurse-midwives was categorized as good knowledge or poor knowledge.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0100"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">20</span></a></p><p id="par0155" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Section C investigated the practice of IPV screening and management among participants. An observational checklist was to corroborate the findings of the questionnaire. All the items carried a ‘Yes’ or ‘No’ option and the items were scored as follows: a ‘Yes’ response attracted a score of 1 while a ‘No’ response attracted 0 score. The total mark obtainable was 14. When converted to percentages, the nurse-midwives’ level of IPV screening and management practices was subsequently graded thus: 50–100% (7.5–14) (Satisfactory), and less than 50% (0–7) as Unsatisfactory. For observed practices, it was also categorized into Satisfactory and Unsatisfactory practices.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0100"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">20</span></a></p><p id="par0160" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The questionnaire was tested for its reliability and validity. Internal consistency was assessed by using Cronbach’s alpha (α = 0.7) and was found to be in acceptable ranges, Knowledge (0.866) while Practice was (0.904). The content validity of the questionnaire was performed by experts at the fields of Nursing Sociology and Anthropology, Demography and Social Statistics, Community Health, and Test and Measurement. As soon as the reviewed questionnaire was retrieved from the experts, all areas of suggested amendments were harmonized before being used. In the course of the exercise, Section A was pruned down from 24 to 17 items and Section B reduced from 68 to 58 questions, while some items in Sections C were just rephrased. After all the corrections had been fully done, the modified questionnaire was given back to the experts for approval.</p><p id="par0165" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The questionnaire was than piloted at each level of health care (primary, secondary, and tertiary) with a gross total of 21 nurse-midwives each for the experimental and control groups. Little modification was needed after the pilot testing. Data from the pilot study was not included in the final analysis. As the consistency and validity of the study questionnaire was ascertained, the instrument was made available for data collection.</p><p id="par0170" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Observational Checklist: Observational checklist was the tool used to measure the observed practice in the study. The aim was to use the findings of the observed practice to corroborate the findings of the questionnaire. Checklist was employed to extract relevant data on IPV from patients’ chart/patient folder. The checklist was made up of 22 items with a ‘Yes’ or ‘No’ answer and was classified into five main subsections namely: (i) IPV Screening Items; (ii) Items on IPV-Related Relationship Challenges/Problems; (iii) Items for IPV Positive Patients; (iv) IPV-Related Documentation; and (v) Referral and Follow up Plans. As a whole, the checklist sought to know about client’s experience of IPV (both physical and sexual abuse) during the previous and present pregnancies; numbers of time that client was abused; any relationship challenges related to IPV that affect client’s health and well-being adversely during this current or the previous pregnancy; and whether client’s experiences of IPV were documented, as well as referral and follow up. The ‘Yes’ response attracted a score of 1 while the ‘No’ response attracted 0. Total score obtainable is 22. For this study, the level of observed practice of IPV screening and management in this study was graded thus: Satisfactory, 50%–100% (11.5–22); and Unsatisfactory, below 50% (0–11).<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0100"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">20</span></a></p></span><span id="sec0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0095">Recruitment, training and the intervention</span><span id="sec0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0100">Procedure for data collection</span><p id="par0175" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The study was conducted in three phases: assessment, intervention, and evaluation phases.</p></span></span><span id="sec0045" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0105">Phase I-assessment phase</span><p id="par0180" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Involves the planning, development, and administration of instruments employed for data collection from both intervention and control groups. The first author, a PhD candidate as at the time of study and her supervisor (the second author) was in charge of the educational intervention for midwives. Six research assistants (four registered nurses and two lecturers of the School of Nursing, Ado-Ekiti) were recruited and trained during the early period of the study. The training session was conducted in the Department of Nursing Science, OAU, Ile-Ife.</p><p id="par0185" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The quantitative data were collected with the aid of the questionnaire and observation checklist. The questionnaire administration was done daily on a daily basis from one setting to the other, both for the experimental and control groups until all the selected units were covered. Completed questionnaire copies were retrieved immediately the participants were done with them. In cases where the participants could not complete the questionnaire immediately, arrangements were made for the retrieval of the completed questionnaire copies.</p></span><span id="sec0050" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0110">Phase II-intervention phase</span><span id="sec0055" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0115">Education intervention</span><p id="par0190" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The education intervention for this study was derived and adapted from a program developed by Odongo et al.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0105"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">21</span></a> and Plunkett.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0110"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">22</span></a></p><p id="par0195" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The education intervention consisted of 5 modules and the following topics were covered: Overview of Intimate Partner Violence (IPV), What Happens in Violent Relationships, Intimate Partner Violence Screening, IPV Management (Safety, Counselling and Referral), Role Play, Legal Issues and Responsibilities of Nurse-Midwives in the Prevention of IPV concept of Intimate Partner Violence, provide the definition, forms and types of IPV.</p><p id="par0200" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The education intervention included lectures, audio-visual aids, and group discussion between and among participants. Trans-theoretical Model and Stages of Change were combined into the educational intervention to provide a framework for understanding how individuals make changes in behavior beginning with recognition of the need for change and contemplation of the pros and cons of change. Change thus occurs in stages and is a process for every individual. Participants were given examples of direct questions to ask as well as information about how to respond effectively and supportively in cases of disclosure or denial of violence.</p><p id="par0205" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Experimental Group:</span> After identifying the needs of nurse-midwives in the assessment phase, the researchers developed nursing educational program. It emphasized the areas of deficit in knowledge about IPV knowledge and practice of definition, risk factors, causes, signs and symptoms, prevention, and forms of violence. The program was divided into five modules and the average time of each session was 30–35 min. Booklets were distributed to each nurse-midwife. Teaching methods included a presentation with PowerPoint®, small group discussions, open discussion, and brain storming. In addition, the nurse-midwives at the intervention sites were counselled on their caregiving for IPV clients either on visits or request on mobile telephone calls. The nurse-midwives at the intervention sites were given the mobile phone numbers of the researcher and assistants.</p><p id="par0210" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Control Group</span>: The same type of questionnaire that was given to experimental group was given to the control group for easy comparison of the results. The administration of the questionnaire was done daily on a daily basis from one setting to the other, both for the experimental and control groups until all the selected units were covered. Guidance was also provided to nurse-midwives in the control site on phone once in a week for their participation in the study. However, nurse-midwives in the control group continued with their routine ways of managing pregnant women in the maternity units.</p></span></span><span id="sec0060" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0120">Phase III-evaluation phase</span><p id="par0215" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Post-intervention data were collected with the aid of same instruments used in the pre-intervention phase. The questionnaire administration was done immediately after the training (P1), and six weeks after the training (P2) for both experimental and control groups. Observational checklist was used to assess nurse-midwives practice of screening and managing pregnant women in the maternity unit after intervention at the intervention sites. At the end of six weeks of the intervention, post-test was given to both control and experimental groups using the same pre-intervention questionnaire.</p><p id="par0220" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Monitoring of the screening and management practices of nurse-midwives continued after post-intervention data collection with questionnaire. The observed practice of nurse-midwives continued for three months after the educational intervention. After the three months ended on the 19th of March, 2020, after which the investigator used observation checklist to assess the records (case notes) of all the pregnant women that were attended to during the three-month period using the screening and referral forms that were used to train the participants. The essence of this assessment is to be able to compare the self-reported practice of nurse-midwives with the observed practices.</p></span><span id="sec0065" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0125">Study variables</span><p id="par0225" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Dependent variable: Nurse-Midwives’ knowledge and practice of IPV screening and management.</p><p id="par0230" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Independent variable: educational intervention on IPV screening and management.</p></span><span id="sec0070" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0130">Ethical consideration</span><p id="par0235" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Ethical approval was obtained from the Research and Ethics Committee of the different institutions used for the study. These included the Institute of Public Health, Obafemi Awolowo University with protocol number (IPHOAU/12/1311); Ministry of Health and Human services, Ado-Ekiti (Approval number MOH/EKHREC/EA/P/09), Ekiti State University Teaching Hospital, Ado-Ekiti, Nigeria (Protocol number: EKSUTH A67/2019/06/004); and Federal Teaching Hospital, Ido-Ekiti (Protocol number ERC/2019/06/17/247B). Permission to conduct study was also sought from the authorities of selected maternity units. In addition, informed consent was obtained from each participant in the study. Written informed consent was obtained from study participants. Participants were assured of anonymity and confidentiality.</p></span><span id="sec0075" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0135">Data analysis</span><p id="par0240" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">All copies of the administered questionnaire were checked for completeness throughout the data collection process and incomplete questionnaire copies were followed up with the respondents where possible. This was double checked before commencing quantitative data input into program STATA® version 20 for descriptive and inferential analysis. The Kolmogorov-Smirnov test was applied to declare the nature of data distribution.</p><p id="par0245" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Descriptive statistics employed include frequency counts, percentages, mean and standard deviation, while Mann–Whitney U test and binary logistic regression analysis were used for inferential analysis. For instance, Mann–Whitney U test was run for evaluating knowledge, and practice of IPV screening and management among the study population. Binary logistic regression was used to determine the effect of the educational intervention by comparing the experimental with the control group post intervention.</p><p id="par0250" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In attempt to test the similarities between the experiment and control groups across background characteristics at the pre-intervention stage, a Chi-square test of association was performed.</p></span></span><span id="sec0080" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0140">Results</span><span id="sec0085" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0145">The socio-demographic characteristics of the participants</span><p id="par0255" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Out of the 79 participants from each group, females constitute an overwhelming majority of the participants both in the experimental group (92.4%) and the control group (97.5%). The mean age of participants in the experimental group is 38.87 ± 9.04 years, while that of the control group is 34.94 ± 7.36 years. Most of the participants are in the 31–40 years age group (40.5% for the experimental and 50.6% for the control group), while only a few (8.9% for the experimental and 2.6% for the control group) are 51 years and above (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a>).</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0260" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Majority of the participants are married (82.3% and 75.8% for the experimental and control groups respectively). Most of the participants are of the Yoruba ethnic group (91.1% for the experimental group and 96.2% for the control group). Classification of the participants by designation reveals a good spread across all the cadres.</p><p id="par0265" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Across the categorical characteristics subjected to Chi-square tests of association, there is no association between the two groups and all other categorical background characteristics assessed (p > 0.05). Similarly, of all the numeric characteristics examined, all the characteristics assessed showed that the two groups were similar (p > 0.05) (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a>).</p></span><span id="sec0090" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0150">Comparison of nurse-midwives’ knowledge of IPV screening pre-post intervention</span><p id="par0270" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">At the pre-intervention stage, only 16.5% and 17.7% of both experimental and control groups had good IPV screening and management knowledge showing poor knowledge for both groups at pre-intervention (P1). However, at the post-intervention (P2) stage, nurse-midwives with good overall knowledge of screening and managing IPV in the experimental group increased to 69 (92%) while that of the control group remained poor at 73% (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig. 1</a>).</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0095" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0155">Comparison of nurse-midwives’ Practice of IPV screening pre-post intervention</span><p id="par0275" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">As shown in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Fig. 2</a>, as against the 21.5% and 22.8% of experimental and control groups respectively during pre-intervention who performed satisfactorily, during post-intervention, all the nurse-midwives in the experimental group (100.0%) had satisfactory level of practice of IPV while just about 28.4% of those in the control group had satisfactory IPV practice.</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0010"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0280" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0015">Fig. 3</a> shows the observed practice for IPV Screening among participants. Findings showed that most of the participants (78.1% [experimental] and 78.1% [control]) from each of the groups demonstrated unsatisfactory level of practice in screening and management of IPV experience at pre-intervention. Comparative analysis of nurse-midwives’ level of satisfactory practices in both groups at post- intervention reveals that most of the participants (63.5%) in the experimental group had a satisfactory level of practice compared to 23.2% of the control group at post intervention.</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0015"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0100" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0160">Binary logistic regression results showing the effects of educational intervention</span><p id="par0285" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Results revealed at pre-intervention phase, although with no statistical significance, that experimental group had 8% lower odds of having good knowledge of IPV screening and management compared to the control group (OR: 0.92; 95%CI: 0.39–2.10; p > 0.05), whereas at end-line phase, the experimental group had 31 folds of the odds the control group of having good knowledge of IPV screening and management (OR:31.05; 95%CI: 11.66–82.68; p < 0.05).</p><p id="par0290" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Regarding practice, nurse-midwives in the experimental group, before the intervention, had 7% reduced odds of satisfactorily practicing IPV screening and management (OR: 0.93; 95%CI: 0.44–1.97; p > 0.05), however, at the end of the intervention, experimental group, compared to the control group, had statistically significant 9.32 increased odds of satisfactorily practicing IPV screening and management (OR: 9.32; 95%CI: 4.48–19.38; p < 0.05).</p><p id="par0295" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Hypothesis One:</span> There is no significant difference in the overall knowledge of nurse-midwives on IPV screening and management between experimental and control groups given a 0.05 level of significance.</p><p id="par0300" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">At post intervention phase, overall IPV screening and management knowledge mean ranks of experimental group is 101.3 and that of the control group is 48.3. Unlike at the pre-intervention phase which shows no statistical significance in the mean difference (p = 0.682, i.e., p > 0.05), the result shows at end-line phase that there is a statistically significant difference in average overall knowledge of screening and management of IPV between experimental and control groups (p = 0.001, i.e., p < 0.05).</p><p id="par0305" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">At post-intervention phase, IPV screening and management practices mean ranks of experimental group is 110.6 and that of the control group is 38.9. Unlike at the pre-intervention phase which shows no statistical significance in the IPV screening and management practices mean difference (p = 0.682, i.e., p > 0.05), the result shows at end line phase that there is a statistically significant difference in the overall IPV screening and management practices of nurse-midwives on IPV screening and management between experimental and control groups.</p></span></span><span id="sec0105" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0165">Discussion</span><p id="par0310" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The result shows that majority of the participants in the experimental and control group is of the female gender. This is consistent with the gender distribution in nursing globally. This finding affirms the Watson's theory that women are associated with caring, and care is essential to nursing.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0115"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">23</span></a> Although the trend is changing with more men coming into various specialties of nursing, women still predominate in maternity care. The mean age for the control and experimental groups of participants reflect that they are mainly young and middle-aged women who are also in the child-bearing age. This may be a reflection of many older nurses retiring from health care facilities in Ekiti State and they are being replaced with younger people. This is not surprising as the retirement age in civil service in Nigeria is 35 years of service or 60 years of age. This could also justify the training needs, and capacity building of the younger nurse-midwives on management and screening of intimate partner violence.</p><p id="par0315" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Findings further showed that predominant numbers of nurse-midwives were Ekiti indigenes both in the experimental and control groups. This again is not surprising as the setting of the study; Ekiti State is one of the indigenous Yoruba States. Though majority of the participants had only the professional nursing certificates, the current trends of nurses going for University education is demonstrated by sizable number of respondents with first degree in nursing and few with masters and doctoral degrees.</p><p id="par0320" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Our study findings revealed that the participants did not have adequate knowledge to screen and manage IPV in maternity units. The low pre-intervention score of the participants showed that majority of them lack adequate knowledge to screen and manage IPV. Majority of the participants were not fully prepared and equipped to handle patients who were victims of IPV, and the sample participants did not routinely screen for IPV. This study showed poor knowledge before the intervention which was consistent with a study by Olaleye et al.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0120"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">24</span></a> who reported that health professionals had very low levels of IPV pre-and post-qualification and in-service training as only one respondent had received training in domestic violence (DV) within the preceding six months of the survey.</p><p id="par0325" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Findings from pre-intervention phase showed the level of knowledge of IPV screening was significantly lower than screening at post-intervention. Most participants had relatively poor level of knowledge of causes, impacts, risk factors, cultural beliefs, legal matters and signs and symptoms related to IPV at pre-intervention. This might be due to similar educational background of the participants, lack of inclusion of the topic in the basic curriculum, post-basic nursing, and midwifery curriculum for nursing education in Nigeria. This finding supports an earlier report that IPV-related content remains marginalized in undergraduate nursing, midwifery and paramedic curricula.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0125"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">25</span></a></p><p id="par0330" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Studies have shown that trainings on intimate partner violence is important for nurse-midwives to discharge their duties in identifying, recording IPV and assisting victims with getting the services and support that they may need.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0045"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9,10,15</span></a> It would assist in managing abuse and feeling of discomfort among victims thus boosting their confidence. This finding is consistent with the literature that postulated that training the health personnel about intimate partner violence caused them to investigate and evaluate the issue more than when they were not trained.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0045"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a> Though the literature is replete with findings that training is essential to improve knowledge and practice of nurse-midwives, but none of such training has been reported previously in Ekiti State.</p><p id="par0335" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Pregnant women represent an important unit of clients that should be routinely screened for IPV to ensure positive health for both mother and fetus.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0130"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">26</span></a> The results showed that few participants from both the experimental and control groups had unsatisfactory practices before the intervention which was similar to previous findings. On utilization of screening tools, none of the participants at pre-intervention (experimental and control) had ever used any screening tool while all the participants at immediate post intervention and end-line made use of adapted screening tool for the training to screen their patients. This is further corroborated with the findings of Sokoloff and Dupont,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0130"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">26</span></a> where 84% of the healthcare providers had inadequate screening practices.</p><p id="par0340" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">On referral of IPV cases, very few participants claimed to link clients up with agencies for support after screening at preintervention (P<span class="elsevierStyleInf">0</span>) for both the experimental and control groups. In this study, very few of the participants tend to do universal screening. The low scores at pre-intervention level were used to determine lack of screening among nurse-midwives. This finding contradicts the findings of Hinderliter<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0135"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">27</span></a> where participants conducted screening. Lack of screening should be a thing of concern especially in Ekiti State where Government is interested in wiping out violence against women and the fact that screening is a form of secondary prevention. Although universal screening may not be applicable in our setting as a developing country, nurse-midwives have the ethical responsibilities to screen and manage pregnant women who are victims of violence, as this would be beneficial to their client. Similarly, screening had been identified as a pathway in the identification, intervention, and provision of appropriate care to pregnant women.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0140"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">28</span></a></p><p id="par0345" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Result at post intervention showed that participants had satisfactory practice of IPV screening. The post intervention result of this study corroborated the findings by Arrab and Ibrahim,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0070"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">14</span></a> where they revealed that there was a significant increase in the screening rate of IPV after the educational training intervention even though screening was infrequent before the educational intervention. This study revealed that educational training intervention consistently improved the level of practice of nurse-midwives at intervention site.</p><p id="par0350" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The importance of IPV screening by healthcare providers cannot be overemphasized as healthcare providers who screen women for IPV can help identify victims who suffer in silence and can reduce ill-treatment and positively impact women's health and well-being· Screening has been recommended by various researchers,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3,6,9</span></a> there is a dearth of information on current IPV screening practices in Nigeria as screening is yet to be fully operational in Nigeria and other low-income and middle-income countries despite the high prevalence of intimate partner violence in the region.</p><p id="par0355" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Organizing training to improve nurse-midwives’ capacity in IPV screening is consistent with statement by Onoh et al.,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0080"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">16</span></a> that routine education and training on screening in the forms of assessment will increase and improve the screening process. The findings of this study are supported by the findings by Hamberger et al.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0145"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">29</span></a> who concurred that a supportive working environment is required in improving preparedness among health care professionals in dealing with women exposed to IPV. The post intervention finding of this study also corroborated the findings by Githui et al.,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0150"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">30</span></a> where they revealed that there was a significant increase in the screening rate of IPV after the educational training intervention despite the fact that screening was infrequent before the educational intervention. At end of post-intervention, majority of the participants had satisfactory practices as compared to pre-intervention phase. Even if screening tools for IPV are available at the maternity centers, lack of education and training among nurse-midwives to effectively manage women who screened positive will still be a major barrier to effective management of IPV.</p><p id="par0360" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">This study has limitations. The study was carried out among nurse-midwives in selected healthcare facilities in Ekiti State, however, caution must be applied when generalizing the results to other States in Nigeria. COVID-19 pandemic also extended the period of the study.</p><p id="par0365" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">This study revealed that educational training intervention consistently improved the level knowledge and management practices of nurse-midwives regarding IPV. In conclusion, the use of adapted educational training package improved nurse-midwives’ knowledge and practice of IPV screening and management at Ekiti State.</p></span><span id="sec0110" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0170">Author contribution statement</span><p id="par0370" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">All of the authors contributed to the research design, write up and analysis.</p></span><span id="sec0115" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0175">Conflict of interest</span><p id="par0375" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest regarding this research</p></span></span>" "textoCompletoSecciones" => array:1 [ "secciones" => array:12 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "xres2157631" "titulo" => "Abstract" "secciones" => array:4 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0005" "titulo" => "Objective" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0010" "titulo" => "Methods" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0015" "titulo" => "Results" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0020" "titulo" => "Conclusion" ] ] ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xpalclavsec1830853" "titulo" => "Keywords" ] 2 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "xres2157632" "titulo" => "Resumen" "secciones" => array:4 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0025" "titulo" => "Objetivo" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0030" "titulo" => "Método" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0035" "titulo" => "Resultados" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0040" "titulo" => "Conclusión" ] ] ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xpalclavsec1830852" "titulo" => "Palabras clave" ] 4 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0005" "titulo" => "Introduction" ] 5 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "sec0010" "titulo" => "Method" "secciones" => array:11 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0015" "titulo" => "Study design" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0020" "titulo" => "Study setting" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0025" "titulo" => "Study participants and sampling procedure" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0030" "titulo" => "Instrument and method of data collection" ] 4 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "sec0035" "titulo" => "Recruitment, training and the intervention" "secciones" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0040" "titulo" => "Procedure for data collection" ] ] ] 5 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0045" "titulo" => "Phase I-assessment phase" ] 6 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "sec0050" "titulo" => "Phase II-intervention phase" "secciones" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0055" "titulo" => "Education intervention" ] ] ] 7 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0060" "titulo" => "Phase III-evaluation phase" ] 8 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0065" "titulo" => "Study variables" ] 9 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0070" "titulo" => "Ethical consideration" ] 10 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0075" "titulo" => "Data analysis" ] ] ] 6 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "sec0080" "titulo" => "Results" "secciones" => array:4 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0085" "titulo" => "The socio-demographic characteristics of the participants" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0090" "titulo" => "Comparison of nurse-midwives’ knowledge of IPV screening pre-post intervention" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0095" "titulo" => "Comparison of nurse-midwives’ Practice of IPV screening pre-post intervention" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0100" "titulo" => "Binary logistic regression results showing the effects of educational intervention" ] ] ] 7 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0105" "titulo" => "Discussion" ] 8 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0110" "titulo" => "Author contribution statement" ] 9 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0115" "titulo" => "Conflict of interest" ] 10 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xack748763" "titulo" => "Acknowledgements" ] 11 => array:1 [ "titulo" => "References" ] ] ] "pdfFichero" => "main.pdf" "tienePdf" => true "fechaRecibido" => "2022-10-19" "fechaAceptado" => "2023-05-04" "PalabrasClave" => array:2 [ "en" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "clase" => "keyword" "titulo" => "Keywords" "identificador" => "xpalclavsec1830853" "palabras" => array:5 [ 0 => "Intimate partner violence" 1 => "Knowledge" 2 => "Nurse midwives" 3 => "Educational measurement" 4 => "Continuing education in nursing" ] ] ] "es" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "clase" => "keyword" "titulo" => "Palabras clave" "identificador" => "xpalclavsec1830852" "palabras" => array:5 [ 0 => "Violencia de pareja" 1 => "Conocimientos" 2 => "Enfermeras obstetras" 3 => "Evaluación educacional" 4 => "Educación continua en enfermería" ] ] ] ] "tieneResumen" => true "resumen" => array:2 [ "en" => array:3 [ "titulo" => "Abstract" "resumen" => "<span id="abst0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0010">Objective</span><p id="spar0030" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">To assess the influence of an educational intervention on midwives' knowledge, detection and management of intimate partner violence (IPV).</p></span> <span id="abst0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0015">Methods</span><p id="spar0035" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">A quasi-experimental study involving 158 midwives from two districts in Ekiti State, Nigeria. The sample was divided into experimental and control groups (79 midwives per group). Data were collected using a questionnaire and an observation checklist. A customized educational training program on IPV detection and management was conducted in the experimental group. Measurement was performed before the intervention, immediately after and 6 weeks later. Data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics (Chi-square and binary logistic regression) with a level of significance set at p < 0.05.</p></span> <span id="abst0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0020">Results</span><p id="spar0040" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Prior knowledge regarding IPV detection and management among midwives in both groups was poor, with only 16.5 % of the experimental group and 17.7 % of the control group having good knowledge in the pre-intervention phase. The experimental group had a significant improvement in knowledge of IPV screening and management, with 82.1 % having good knowledge immediately after the intervention and 92.0 % at 6 weeks after the intervention (p = 0.001). Observed practice of IPV detection and management improved significantly from 21.9 % satisfactory practice before the intervention to 63.5 % after the intervention (p = 0.001) in the experimental group, with no appreciable improvement in practice detected in the control group (21.9% versus 36.5%; p = 0.682).</p></span> <span id="abst0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0025">Conclusion</span><p id="spar0045" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">The use of a customized educational training program improved midwives' knowledge and practice in the detection and management of intimate partner violence.</p></span>" "secciones" => array:4 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0005" "titulo" => "Objective" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0010" "titulo" => "Methods" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0015" "titulo" => "Results" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0020" "titulo" => "Conclusion" ] ] ] "es" => array:3 [ "titulo" => "Resumen" "resumen" => "<span id="abst0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0035">Objetivo</span><p id="spar0050" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Evaluar la influencia de una intervención educativa sobre el conocimiento, detección y manejo de la violencia de pareja íntima (VPI) por parte de matronas.</p></span> <span id="abst0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0040">Método</span><p id="spar0055" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Estudio quasi-experimental donde participaron 158 matronas procedentes de dos distritos en el estado de Ekiti (Nigeria). La muestra se dividió en grupos: experimental y de control (79 matronas por grupo). Los datos se recogieron mediante un cuestionario y una lista de verificación de observación. Se realizó un programa de capacitación educativa adaptado sobre detección y manejo de VPI en el grupo experimental. Se realizó una medición antes de la intervención, inmediatamente después y 6 semanas después. Los datos se analizaron utilizando estadística descriptivas e inferenciales (Chi-cuadrado y regresión logística binaria) con un nivel de significancia establecido en p < 0,05.</p></span> <span id="abst0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0045">Resultados</span><p id="spar0060" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">El conocimiento previo respecto a la detección y el manejo de la VPI entre las matronas en ambos grupos fue deficiente, ya que tan sólo el 16,5 % del grupo experimental y el 17,7 % del grupo control tenían un buen conocimiento en la fase previa a la intervención. El grupo experimental tuvo una mejora significativa en el conocimiento de la detección y el manejo de la VPI, con un 82,1 % con buenos conocimientos inmediatamente después de la intervención y un 92,0 % a las 6 semanas después de la intervención (p = 0,001). La práctica observada de detección y manejo de VPI obtuvo mejora significativa, pasando de un 21,9 % de práctica satisfactoria antes de la intervención, a un 63,5 % después de la intervención (p = 0,001) en el grupo experimental, no detectándose una mejora apreciable en la práctica en el grupo control (21,9% versus 36,5%; p = 0,682).</p></span> <span id="abst0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0050">Conclusión</span><p id="spar0065" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">El uso programa de capacitación educativa adaptado mejoró el conocimiento de las matronas y su práctica sobre la detección y el manejo de la violencia de pareja íntima.</p></span>" "secciones" => array:4 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0025" "titulo" => "Objetivo" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0030" "titulo" => "Método" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0035" "titulo" => "Resultados" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0040" "titulo" => "Conclusión" ] ] ] ] "apendice" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "seccion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "apendice" => "<p id="par0390" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The following is Supplementary data to this article:<elsevierMultimedia ident="upi0005"></elsevierMultimedia></p>" "etiqueta" => "Appendix A" "titulo" => "Supplementary data" "identificador" => "sec0125" ] ] ] ] "multimedia" => array:7 [ 0 => array:8 [ "identificador" => "fig0005" "etiqueta" => "Figure 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr1.jpeg" "Alto" => 1793 "Ancho" => 2917 "Tamanyo" => 205123 ] ] "detalles" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "at0005" "detalle" => "Figure " "rol" => "short" ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Summary of Nurse-Midwives’ Overall Knowledge of IPV Screening and Management.</p>" ] ] 1 => array:8 [ "identificador" => "fig0010" "etiqueta" => "Figure 2" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr2.jpeg" "Alto" => 1706 "Ancho" => 2917 "Tamanyo" => 184178 ] ] "detalles" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "at0010" "detalle" => "Figure " "rol" => "short" ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Summary of Nurse-Midwives’ Reported Practice of IPV Screening and Management.</p>" ] ] 2 => array:8 [ "identificador" => "fig0015" "etiqueta" => "Figure 3" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr3.jpeg" "Alto" => 1640 "Ancho" => 2750 "Tamanyo" => 168111 ] ] "detalles" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "at0015" "detalle" => "Figure " "rol" => "short" ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Summary of Nurse-Midwives’ Observed Practice of IPV Screening and Management.</p>" ] ] 3 => array:8 [ "identificador" => "tbl0005" "etiqueta" => "Table 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "detalles" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "at0020" "detalle" => "Table " "rol" => "short" ] ] "tabla" => array:2 [ "leyenda" => "<p id="spar0025" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">BNSC/BSC, Bachelor of Nursing Science; NO1 & NOII, Nursing officer I & Nursing Officer II; SNO, Senior Nursing officer; PNO, Principal Nursing officer; ACNO/CNO, Assistant Chief Nursing officer/Chief Nursing officer; HNS, Head of Nursing Services.</p>" "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "tabla" => array:1 [ 0 => """ <table border="0" frame="\n \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " rowspan="2" align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Variable</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " colspan="2" align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Experimental group</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " colspan="2" align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Control group</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " rowspan="2" align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">p value</th></tr><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Freq. (n = 79) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Percentage % \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Freq. (n = 79) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Percentage % \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " colspan="5" align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Gender</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Male \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">6 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">7.6 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">2 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">2.5 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " rowspan="2" align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.453</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Female \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">73 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">92.4 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">77 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">97.5 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Age in years \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " colspan="2" align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Mean: 38.87 + 9.04</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " colspan="2" align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Mean: 34.94 + 7.36</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>20–30 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">15 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">19.0 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">23 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">29.1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " rowspan="4" align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.092</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>31–40 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">32 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">40.5 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">40 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">50.6 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>41–50 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">25 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">31.6 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">14 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">17.7 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>51 and above \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">7 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">8.9 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">2 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">2.6 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " colspan="5" align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Marital status</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Single \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">12 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">15.2 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">16 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">20.3 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " rowspan="5" align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.087</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Married \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">65 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">82.3 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">60 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">75.8 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Divorce \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.0 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">1.3 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Separated \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">2 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">2.5 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">1.3 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Widow/widower \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.0 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">1.3 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " colspan="5" align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Ethnicity</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Yoruba \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">72 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">91.1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">75 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">96.2 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " rowspan="3" align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.321</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Hausa \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">2 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">2.5 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">2 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">2.5 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Igbo \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">5 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">5.1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">2 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">1.3 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " colspan="5" align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Highest qualification attained</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Diploma \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">49 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">62.0 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">40 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">50.6 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " rowspan="4" align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.089</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>BNSC/BSC \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">25 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">31.6 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">36 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">45.6 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Master’s degree \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">4 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">5.1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">3 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">3.8 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Doctoral degree \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">1.3 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.0 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Designation/Rank \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>NO I & NO II \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">15 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">19 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">15 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">19 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " rowspan="5" align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.091</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>SNO \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">23 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">29.1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">23 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">29.1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>PNO \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">12 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">15.2 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">17 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">21.5 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>ACNO/CNO \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">23 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">29.1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">20 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">25.3 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>HNS \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">6 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">7.6 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">4 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">5.1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table> """ ] "imagenFichero" => array:1 [ 0 => "xTab3555328.png" ] ] ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0020" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Socio-demographic characteristics of participants.</p>" ] ] 4 => array:5 [ "identificador" => "upi0005" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAECOMPONENTE" "mostrarFloat" => false "mostrarDisplay" => true "Ecomponente" => array:2 [ "fichero" => "mmc1.docx" "ficheroTamanyo" => 140326 ] ] 5 => array:5 [ "identificador" => "eq0005" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFORMULA" "mostrarFloat" => false "mostrarDisplay" => true "Formula" => array:1 [ "Quimica" => "n = (1.96 + 0.842)<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span> × 0.47 (1 –− 0.47) + 0.7(1 − 0.7)/(0.47 − 0.7)<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span> = 71." ] ] 6 => array:5 [ "identificador" => "tb1005" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATEXTO" "mostrarFloat" => false "mostrarDisplay" => true "texto" => array:1 [ "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><span id="sec1005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect1055">What the known about the topic?</span><p id="par1015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0005"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0005"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">•</span><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Intimate partner violence (IPV), is the commonest form of violence among women of reproductive age</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0010"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">•</span><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The prevalence of IPV during pregnancy in Nigeria is high with lifetime prevalence rates ranging between 33.1% and 63.2%.</p></li></ul></p></span><span id="sec1010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect1060">What the study adds?</span><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0010"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0015"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">•</span><p id="par1030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Screening rates for IPV is still very low among healthcare professionals particularly nurse-midwives, who are pivotal in the provision of reproductive health care services</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0020"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">•</span><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Thus this study investigated the outcome of training program on screening and management of IPV by Nurse-Midwives in Maternity units in Ekiti State.</p></li></ul></p></span></span>" ] ] ] "bibliografia" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "References" "seccion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "bibs0005" "bibliografiaReferencia" => array:30 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0005" "etiqueta" => "1" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Different forms of violence-selected issues" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => "K. Mikolajczuk" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:4 [ "tituloSerie" => "Rev Eur Comp L." "fecha" => "2020" "volumen" => "43" "paginaInicial" => "103" ] ] ] ] ] ] 1 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0010" "etiqueta" => "2" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "National intimate partner and sexual violence survey (NISVS): 2010-2012 state report" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => true "autores" => array:6 [ 0 => "S.G. Smith" 1 => "K.C. Basile" 2 => "L.K. Gilbert" 3 => "M.T. Merrick" 4 => "N. Patel" 5 => "M. Walling" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Libro" => array:1 [ "fecha" => "2017" ] ] ] ] ] ] 2 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0015" "etiqueta" => "3" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Intimate partner violence. Committee Opinion No. 518" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => "American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists [ACOG]" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1097/AOG.0b013e318249ff74" "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Obstet Gynecol" "fecha" => "2012" "volumen" => "119" "paginaInicial" => "412" "paginaFinal" => "417" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22270317" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 3 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0020" "etiqueta" => "4" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Identifying intimate partner violence during pregnancy in prenatal care settings" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:3 [ 0 => "T.R. Fletcher" 1 => "A.D. Clements" 2 => "B. Bailey" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:5 [ "tituloSerie" => "Int J Health Sci Educ" "fecha" => "2016" "volumen" => "3" "numero" => "1" "paginaInicial" => "3" ] ] ] ] ] ] 4 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0025" "etiqueta" => "5" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "How nurses in Johannesburg address intimate partner violence in female patients: understanding IPV responses in low-and middle-income country health systems" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:4 [ 0 => "C. Sprague" 1 => "A.M. Hatcher" 2 => "N. Woollett" 3 => "V. Black" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1177/0886260515589929" "Revista" => array:7 [ "tituloSerie" => "J Interpers Violence" "fecha" => "2017" "volumen" => "32" "numero" => "11" "paginaInicial" => "1591" "paginaFinal" => "1619" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26092654" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 5 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0030" "etiqueta" => "6" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "The prevalence of domestic violence among pregnant women in Nigeria: a systematic review" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:3 [ 0 => "J. Orpin" 1 => "C. Papadopoulos" 2 => "S. Puthussery" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1177/1524838017731570" "Revista" => array:7 [ "tituloSerie" => "Trauma Violence Abuse." "fecha" => "2020" "volumen" => "21" "numero" => "1" "paginaInicial" => "3" "paginaFinal" => "15" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29333978" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 6 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0035" "etiqueta" => "7" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Nigeria Demographic and Health Survey (NDHS) 2013" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => "National Population Commission" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Libro" => array:2 [ "fecha" => "2014" "editorial" => "Abuja, Nigeria" ] ] ] ] ] ] 7 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0040" "etiqueta" => "8" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Experience of intimate partner violence among rural women in Southwest, Nigeria" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:3 [ 0 => "O. Awolaran" 1 => "F.M. OlaOlorun" 2 => "M.C. Asuzu" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.29063/ajrh2021/v25i5.12" "Revista" => array:7 [ "tituloSerie" => "Afr J Reprod Health." "fecha" => "2021" "volumen" => "25" "numero" => "5" "paginaInicial" => "113" "paginaFinal" => "124" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/37585865" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 8 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0045" "etiqueta" => "9" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practices of Health Care Providers in Intimate Partner Violence Screening n A Private Tertiary Hospital" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:4 [ 0 => "R. Auran" 1 => "M.D. Cortes" 2 => "B. Irene" 3 => "M.D. Quinio" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Libro" => array:2 [ "fecha" => "2017" "editorial" => "Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, the Medical City" ] ] ] ] ] ] 9 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0050" "etiqueta" => "10" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Responding to intimate partner violence and sexual violence against women: WHO clinical and policy guidelines" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => "World Health Organization" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Libro" => array:2 [ "fecha" => "2013" "editorial" => "World Health Organization" ] ] ] ] ] ] 10 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0055" "etiqueta" => "11" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Intimate partner violence screening and implications for health care providers" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:4 [ 0 => "L.M. Walton" 1 => "F. Aerts" 2 => "H. Burkhart" 3 => "T. Terry" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:5 [ "tituloSerie" => "Online J Health Ethics." "fecha" => "2015" "volumen" => "11" "numero" => "1" "paginaInicial" => "1" ] ] ] ] ] ] 11 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0060" "etiqueta" => "12" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Addressing intimate partner violence in primary care practice" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => "L. Kimberg" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:4 [ "tituloSerie" => "Medscape Womens Health." "fecha" => "2001" "volumen" => "6" "numero" => "1" ] ] ] ] ] ] 12 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0065" "etiqueta" => "13" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Nurse education and understanding related to domestic violence and abuse against women: an integrative review of the literature" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:3 [ 0 => "K.F. Alshammari" 1 => "J. McGarry" 2 => "G.M. Higginbottom" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1002/nop2.133" "Revista" => array:7 [ "tituloSerie" => "Nurs Open" "fecha" => "2018" "volumen" => "5" "numero" => "3" "paginaInicial" => "237" "paginaFinal" => "253" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30062016" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 13 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0070" "etiqueta" => "14" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Effect of educational training intervention on overcoming nurses’ barriers to screening intimate partner violence against women in outpatient clinics" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:2 [ 0 => "M.M. Arrab" 1 => "H.S. Ibrahim" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Am J Nurs Res." "fecha" => "2018" "volumen" => "6" "numero" => "4" "paginaInicial" => "198" "paginaFinal" => "207" ] ] ] ] ] ] 14 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0075" "etiqueta" => "15" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Nurse and midwifery education and intimate partner violence: a scoping review" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:3 [ 0 => "N. Crombie" 1 => "L. Hooker" 2 => "S. Reisenhofer" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1111/jocn.13376" "Revista" => array:7 [ "tituloSerie" => "J Clin Nurs" "fecha" => "2017" "volumen" => "26" "numero" => "15-16" "paginaInicial" => "2100" "paginaFinal" => "2125" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27412048" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 15 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0080" "etiqueta" => "16" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Prevalence, pattern and consequences of intimate partner violence during pregnancy at Abakaliki Southeast Nigeria" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:6 [ 0 => "R. Onoh" 1 => "O. Umeora" 2 => "O. Ezeonu" 3 => "A. Onyebuchi" 4 => "O. Lawani" 5 => "U. Agwu" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.4103/2141-9248.122048" "Revista" => array:7 [ "tituloSerie" => "Ann Med Health Sci Res" "fecha" => "2013" "volumen" => "3" "numero" => "3" "paginaInicial" => "484" "paginaFinal" => "491" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24379996" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 16 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0085" "etiqueta" => "17" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Prevalence and predictors of intimate partner violence among women attending infertility clinic in south-western Nigeria" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:4 [ 0 => "P.O. Aduloju" 1 => "N.B. Olagbuji" 2 => "A.B. Olofinbiyi" 3 => "J.O. Awoleke" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1016/j.ejogrb.2015.02.027" "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol." "fecha" => "2015" "volumen" => "188" "paginaInicial" => "66" "paginaFinal" => "69" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25794827" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 17 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0090" "etiqueta" => "18" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Detection of indices of violence against women by health professionals in a Nigerian teaching hospital" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:5 [ 0 => "A.B. Adeyemi" 1 => "O.O. Irinoye" 2 => "B.Y. Oladimeji" 3 => "F.O. Fatoye" 4 => "A.O. Fatusi" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:5 [ "tituloSerie" => "Trop J Obstet Gynaecol." "fecha" => "2005" "volumen" => "22" "paginaInicial" => "27" "paginaFinal" => "32" ] ] ] ] ] ] 18 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0095" "etiqueta" => "19" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "A tool for measuring physician readiness to manage intimate partner violence" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:4 [ 0 => "L.M. Short" 1 => "E. Alpert" 2 => "J.M. Harris Jr" 3 => "Z.J. Surprenant" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1016/j.amepre.2005.10.009" "Revista" => array:7 [ "tituloSerie" => "Am J Prev Med" "fecha" => "2006" "volumen" => "30" "numero" => "2" "paginaInicial" => "173" "paginaFinal" => "180" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16459217" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 19 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0100" "etiqueta" => "20" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "A cross sectional assessment of knowledge, attitude and practice towards Hepatitis B among healthy population of Quetta, Pakistan" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:6 [ 0 => "N. Haq" 1 => "M.A. Hassali" 2 => "A.A. Shafie" 3 => "F. Saleem" 4 => "M. Farooqui" 5 => "H. Aljadhey" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1186/1471-2458-12-1" "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "BMC Public Health." "fecha" => "2012" "volumen" => "12" "paginaInicial" => "1" "paginaFinal" => "8" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22214479" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 20 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0105" "etiqueta" => "21" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "referenciaCompleta" => "Odiyo O, Undie CC, Mak’anyengo M. Routine screening for intimate partner violence: a guide for trainers." ] ] ] 21 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0110" "etiqueta" => "22" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Training health care providers as first responders to victims of intimate partner violence" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => "S.E. Plunkett" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Libro" => array:2 [ "fecha" => "2009" "editorial" => "Indiana University" ] ] ] ] ] ] 22 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0115" "etiqueta" => "23" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Health Sciences Library Photograph Collection and Special Collections" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:2 [ 0 => "J. Watson" 1 => "Watson caring science institute" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Libro" => array:2 [ "fecha" => "2016" "editorial" => "University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus; Publications" ] ] ] ] ] ] 23 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0120" "etiqueta" => "24" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Management of intimate partner violence: physician’s readiness in southwestern Nigeria (management of intimate partner violence)" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:4 [ 0 => "O. Olaleye Atinuke" 1 => "O. Jagun Omodele" 2 => "A. Ajose Adeola" 3 => "O. Sokeye Elizabeth" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "J Womens Health Care." "fecha" => "2015" "volumen" => "4" "numero" => "269" "paginaInicial" => "2167" "paginaFinal" => "2420" ] ] ] ] ] ] 24 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0125" "etiqueta" => "25" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Inclusion of intimate partner violence-related content within undergraduate health care professional curriculum: mixed methods study of academics’ attitudes and beliefs" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:3 [ 0 => "R. Lovi" 1 => "M. Hutchinson" 2 => "J. Hurley" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1080/10376178.2018.1530946" "Revista" => array:7 [ "tituloSerie" => "Contemp Nurse" "fecha" => "2018" "volumen" => "54" "numero" => "6" "paginaInicial" => "592" "paginaFinal" => "602" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30303044" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 25 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0130" "etiqueta" => "26" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Domestic violence at the intersections of race, class, and gender: Challenges and contributions to understanding violence against marginalized women in diverse communities" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:2 [ 0 => "N.J. Sokoloff" 1 => "I. Dupont" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1177/1077801204271476" "Revista" => array:7 [ "tituloSerie" => "Violence Against Women" "fecha" => "2005" "volumen" => "11" "numero" => "1" "paginaInicial" => "38" "paginaFinal" => "64" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16043540" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 26 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0135" "etiqueta" => "27" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "The effect of intimate partner violence education on nurse practitioners’ feelings of competence and ability to screen patients" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:5 [ 0 => "D. Hinderliter" 1 => "A.S. Doughty" 2 => "K. Delaney" 3 => "C.R. Pitula" 4 => "J. Campbell" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.3928/0148-4834-20031001-07" "Revista" => array:7 [ "tituloSerie" => "J Nurs Educ" "fecha" => "2003" "volumen" => "42" "numero" => "10" "paginaInicial" => "449" "paginaFinal" => "454" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14577731" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 27 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0140" "etiqueta" => "28" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "A knowledge, attitudes, and practice survey among obstetrician-gynaecologists on intimate partner violence in Flanders, Belgium" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:4 [ 0 => "K. Roelens" 1 => "H. Verstraelen" 2 => "K. Van Egmond" 3 => "M. Temmerman" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1186/1471-2458-6-238" "Revista" => array:5 [ "tituloSerie" => "BMC Public Health" "fecha" => "2006" "volumen" => "6" "paginaInicial" => "238" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17002786" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 28 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0145" "etiqueta" => "29" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Screening and intervention for intimate partner violence in healthcare settings: creating sustainable system-level programs" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:3 [ 0 => "L.K. Hamberger" 1 => "K. Rhodes" 2 => "J. Brown" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1089/jwh.2014.4861" "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "J Womens Health." "fecha" => "2015" "volumen" => "24" "numero" => "1" "paginaInicial" => "86" "paginaFinal" => "91" ] ] ] ] ] ] 29 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0150" "etiqueta" => "30" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "NurseâЄ™ s perception on non-disclosure of intimate partner violence by pregnant women: a cross-sectional study" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:4 [ 0 => "S. Githui" 1 => "M. Chege" 2 => "M.C. Wagoro" 3 => "J. Mwaura" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Int J Contemp Res Rev." "fecha" => "2018" "volumen" => "9" "numero" => "1" "paginaInicial" => "20198" "paginaFinal" => "20203" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] "agradecimientos" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "identificador" => "xack748763" "titulo" => "Acknowledgements" "texto" => "<p id="par0380" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors wish to acknowledge all the mothers who participated in the research.</p>" "vista" => "all" ] ] ] "idiomaDefecto" => "en" "url" => "/24451479/0000003300000005/v7_202406011233/S2445147923000413/v7_202406011233/en/main.assets" "Apartado" => array:4 [ "identificador" => "63169" "tipo" => "SECCION" "en" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Original articles" "idiomaDefecto" => true ] "idiomaDefecto" => "en" ] "PDF" => "https://static.elsevier.es/multimedia/24451479/0000003300000005/v7_202406011233/S2445147923000413/v7_202406011233/en/main.pdf?idApp=UINPBA00004N&text.app=https://www.elsevier.es/" "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S2445147923000413?idApp=UINPBA00004N" ]
Journal Information
Share
Download PDF
More article options
Original Article
Influence of educational intervention on nurse-midwives’ knowledge and management practices of Intimate Partner Violence (IPV) in healthcare Facilities in Ekiti-State, Nigeria
Influencia de una intervención educativa en el conocimiento y en el manejo de la violencia de pareja por parte de enfermeras obstetras en Nigeria
Theresa Olaitan Bamigboyea,
, Omolola Oladunni Irinoyeb, Emmanuel Olufemi Ayandiranb, Adekemi Eunice Olowokereb, Opeyemi Adeniyi Adedejic, Deborah Tolulope Esana
Corresponding author
a Department of Nursing, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Afe Babalola University, Ado-Ekiti, Nigeria
b Department of Nursing Science, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile Ife, Nigeria
c Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria