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Perceived self-efficacy, personality and bioethics before a heart rehabilitation programme in primary health care
Autoeficacia percibida, rasgos de personalidad y biotipos previos a programa de rehabilitación cardíaca en atención primaria de salud
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"apellidos" => "Madueño Caro" "email" => array:1 [ 0 => "madu64@gmail.com" ] "referencia" => array:2 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span>" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] 1 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">*</span>" "identificador" => "cor0005" ] ] ] 1 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "Manuel Luis" "apellidos" => "Mellado Fernández" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span>" "identificador" => "aff0010" ] ] ] 2 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "Juana" "apellidos" => "Delgado Pacheco" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">c</span>" "identificador" => "aff0015" ] ] ] 3 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "Marta" "apellidos" => "Muñoz Ayllon" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">d</span>" "identificador" => "aff0020" ] ] ] 4 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "Manuel" "apellidos" => "Pardos Lafarga" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">d</span>" "identificador" => "aff0020" ] ] ] 5 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "Laura" "apellidos" => "Saez García" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">d</span>" "identificador" => "aff0020" ] ] ] ] "afiliaciones" => array:4 [ 0 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Medicina de familia, Centro de Salud La Laguna, Cádiz, Spain" "etiqueta" => "a" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] 1 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Medicina de familia, Centro de Salud Casines, Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain" "etiqueta" => "b" "identificador" => "aff0010" ] 2 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Hospital Universitario Puerta del Mar, Cádiz, Spain" "etiqueta" => "c" "identificador" => "aff0015" ] 3 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Medicina Interna, Centro de Salud La Laguna, Cádiz, Spain" "etiqueta" => "d" "identificador" => "aff0020" ] ] "correspondencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "cor0005" "etiqueta" => "⁎" "correspondencia" => "Corresponding author." ] ] ] ] "titulosAlternativos" => array:1 [ "es" => array:1 [ "titulo" => "Autoeficacia percibida, rasgos de personalidad y biotipos previos a programa de rehabilitación cardíaca en atención primaria de salud" ] ] "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><elsevierMultimedia ident="tb0005"></elsevierMultimedia></p><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0095">Introduction</span><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Cardiovascular disease is the primary cause of death in Spain, despite the fact that most risk factors are well-known and modifiable. Incidence could be reduced from prevention and rehabilitation.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a></p><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The World health Organisation defined cardiac rehabilitation (CR) as the sum of all the necessary measures to provide post-myocardial infarction patients (post MI) with the best possible physical, psychological and social conditions to allow them to recover as normal a position in society and as active and productive a life as possible.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> CR is cost-effective and should be considered part of the regime of care provided to patients who have had a myocardial infarction or other heart conditions.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1–6</span></a> CR is able to reduce morality in people with heart disease by between 20% and 32%. It is also able to reduce systolic and diastolic blood pressure, increase HDL, reduce total cholesterol, LDL and triglycerides just 3–6 months subsequent to programme initiation. Cardiac rehabilitation based on exercise also improves quality of life.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0035"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7–12</span></a></p><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">CR is classified into three stages, with the first (phase I) being initiated at the patient's bedside after suffering a cardiac event. Basic information is provided and an activity plan is drawn up. Phase II takes place after hospital discharge, but under the direct supervision of the cardiology service, comprising of both strictly cardiological, nursing and rehabilitation actions. Regular sessions take place, the number of which is dependent upon the stratification of the cardiovascular risk, physiotherapy and physical and educational rehabilitation, for changing life styles and habits.</p><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The role of nurses is essential, as proven from experience, as they offer both primary education and prevention care,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0060"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12</span></a> in addition to the development of theories for self-care of the patient at cardiovascular risk through the nursing process.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0065"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13</span></a> Several CR programmes have also appeared and form part of the multi-disciplinary therapy.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0070"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">14</span></a></p><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">However, and despite available evidence, CR is not used enough in many countries of the world. Lastly, phase III, or CR in primary care includes the whole follow-up process of the cardiac patient – those at the highest cardiovascular risk, together with physical activity, nutritional and interventional actions, cognitive and behavioural actions. Objectives regarding changes in life style risk factor control and quality of life improvements may thus take place. In Spain, the implementation of community-based CR is, if anything at all, anecdotal.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0075"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">15,16</span></a></p><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Despite existing evidence, little development has been made in the primary care setting of hospital CR units (CR phase II),<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0070"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">14,16–18</span></a> and most patients return home without having started a programme which can guide them on their condition and with essential change of habits for their recovery. Moreover, there are few provinces in Spain and very few centres which continue with stage III. This phase has the particularity that the person may already have been reincorporated into their daily activities and/or their work and the condition develops for the remainder of their life cycle.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0095"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">19,20</span></a></p><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Suffering from a cardiopathy and particularly a myocardial infarction (MI) is a stressful life event which may lead to intense emotional reactions in the patient. High incidences of anxiety and major depression (up to 23%) have been reported in the literature, and are characterised by the presence of feelings of fear at suffering repeated MI or at dying from heart failure, disability, uncertainty about the future, irritability and feelings of guilt due to premorbid behavioural symptoms.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0105"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">21</span></a></p><p id="par0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The opposite pattern has also been described in patient behaviour with MI, characterised by the negation of the importance of the cardiac episode and its consequences. Medical treatment contributes to objectives outlined, and is aimed at improving the conditions of blood circulation around the heart and also controlling coronary risk factors. However, this intervention cannot be sufficient to achieve the intended aims if we take into account that MI not only deteriorates the state of the cardiovascular apparatus but also notably affects the behaviour of people in practically all areas of daily life mostly due to the subjective impact of the disease. Psychological factors play a major role in the process and treatment of the cardiovascular event. Patients actively construct models of their disease, treatment and recuperation, which affect their behaviour and emotions.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0110"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">22–24</span></a></p><p id="par0085" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Bandura suggests that perceived self-efficacy must be conceptualised specifically. Perceived self-efficacy refers to the beliefs people have about their own capabilities for achieving certain results.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0020"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a> The “self-efficacy” construct has been applied to different behaviour patterns, in different health areas (chronic illnesses, drug usage, sexual activity, smoking, exercising, losing weight and the ability to recover from health problems or avoid potential health risks). Research reveals that high levels of perceived self-efficacy has beneficial consequences on how an individual functions and their general well-being.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0125"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">25,26</span></a></p><p id="par0090" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">It therefore appears that for the achievement of CR aims both medical intervention<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0125"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">25</span></a> and psychological care help to alleviate the adverse consequences of the cardiac event and success in adherence to health behaviour patterns which reduce the risk of subsequent cardiac events.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0135"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">27,28</span></a></p><p id="par0095" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Recognition of the shortcomings of CR programmes based solely on physical exercise for overall rehabilitation of the cardiac patient has led to attempts at specifically psychological interventions focussing on certain aspects related to the rehabilitation problems of these patients. In Spain therapeutic aims have been proposed for the reduction of the emotional impact provoked by myocardial infarction, and the reduction in the probability of occurrence of posterior myocardial events.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0145"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">29</span></a> However, no reliable data on perceived self-efficacy related to individual health care are available in our environment.</p><p id="par0100" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The aim of our study was to discover the level of perceived self-efficacy on individual health care and the associations between it and levels of anxiety, depression, personality traits and biotypes, subsequent to termination of CR hospitalisation phase.</p></span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0100">Material and methods</span><p id="par0105" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Design:</span> descriptive, transversal.</p><p id="par0110" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Location</span>: primary care, La Laguna Health Centre, Cadiz. All the people from the study were received in this centre although they were registered with ten health centres belonging to the hospital area.</p><p id="par0115" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Participants</span>: patients of both genders who concluded phase II in the hospital CR unit of the university hospital Puerta del Mar (Cadiz) over 12 consecutive months.</p><p id="par0120" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Sample size and sample procedure</span>: the study population conforms to the total cohort of patients who were discharged from the cardiac rehabilitation unit of the Puerta del Mar Hospital, over the natural year (June 2013 to June 2014), which comprised 95 people. As soon as they were discharged from phase II of the CR and consecutively, the patients were informed of the study and their participation was requested with their informed written consent. A recording of no response or rejection to participate in the study for analysis of non response was made.</p><p id="par0125" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Exclusion criteria</span>: severe mental illnesses, difficulty in comprehending or expressing themselves in Spanish. Not belonging to the health area where the study was taking place.</p><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0105">Study variables</span><p id="par0130" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Universal and socio-demographic variables were determined: age, gender, location, health centre referral, stratification of risk on CR discharge from the hospital.</p><p id="par0135" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Psychometric variables: <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Baessler and Schwarner</span> general scale of self-efficacy<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0150"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">30</span></a>; Salamanca personality questionnaire<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0155"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">31</span></a>; Hamilton anxiety<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0160"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">32,33</span></a> and Beck depression index.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0170"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">34</span></a></p><p id="par0140" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Anthropometric variables: body mass index and somatotype.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0175"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">35</span></a></p></span><span id="sec0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0110">Statistical analysis</span><p id="par0145" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Descriptive statistical analysis was performed; distribution of absolute and relative frequencies for categorical variables and central tendency and spread for quantitative variables. Pearson correlations were made (as these were quantitative variables which follow normal distribution) so as to discover a possible association. Statistical analysis with a licence for the SPSS version 15.0 version for Windows (Copyright © SPSS Inc., 1989–2006) was performed.</p></span></span><span id="sec0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0115">Results</span><p id="par0150" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Ninety five patients met the inclusion criteria, 88 of them participating (response rate 92.%), the mean age being 5.01 years (SD 11.97). With regard to gender, 80.23% were male and 19.77% female. The mean body mass index was 28.59 (SD 3.85).</p><p id="par0155" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In the Hamilton anxiety questionnaire, the mean score was 14.27 (SD 11.54), and in the Beck depression inventory, the mean score was 10.05 (SD 9.36). The perceived self-efficacy questionnaire presented a mean of 27.31 (SD 6.25), with a range of 28 (minimum 12, maximum 40).</p><p id="par0160" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Perceived self-efficacy correlated inversely with scores obtained in the Hamilton anxiety questionnaire (Pearson <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">r</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>−0.04009, <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0.0018) and in the Beck depression index (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">r</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>−0.4152, <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0.0012). Similarly, the perceived self-efficacy score correlates inversely with that obtained for dependent (Pearson <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">r</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>−0.3175, <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0.0152), impulsive, unstable, antisocial or schizotypal personality traits. Correlations between anxiety, obesity and endomorphic biotype scores are also described, as are also the positive association between the score on depression and obesity and endomorphic biotype. Specific data are listed (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a>), obtained from the bivariate analysis between variables, Pearson correlations and their significance level.</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0120">Discussion</span><p id="par0165" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Cardiac rehabilitation has demonstrated its efficacy in terms of patient morbidity and mortality and also an increase in perceived self-efficacy to improve a human's manner of functioning and well-being. The scientific literature upholds the implementation of cardiac rehabilitation programmes and their third stage extension to primary health care.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1,6,22,24,25</span></a></p><p id="par0170" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">By interpreting results, we may affirm that there is a tendency to an association between perceived self-efficacy and mood in the population which suffers from cardiac events, as well as with certain personality traits and biotypes.</p><p id="par0175" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The results obtained in this study seem to confirm, on the one hand, the importance of perceived self-efficacy in the patient, for individual health care, in the light of its inverse correlation with the score recorded on the anxiety questionnaire or in the depression inventory. At the same time, the presence and relationship between certain personality traits (dependent personality, for example) and self-efficacy are to be found in abundance in the literature reporting personality traits close to obsessive-compulsive behaviour, dependence and/or anxiety most frequently seen in patient suffering from cardiac events. These data appear to differ from previous bibliographic references where the so-called type A personality (hostility, rage, competitiveness) was considered at “risk” of suffering from a cardiovascular event.</p><p id="par0180" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">It seems right to work from the primary care area, in proposals that tend, from reorganisation of health services, to improve results in the “self-efficacy” construct through systematic and systematised interventions, adapted to the practicability offered by the Spanish health system. The application of multidimensional interventions are beneficial to the characteristics of this patient group and the development of their heart condition. These interventions may be cognitive and behavioural to encourage acceptance, coping strategies, suppression of cognitive distortions, frequent in this group, and higher resilience from the patient after suffering a cardiac event. They may also comprise physical activity and nutrition, given that there is more frequently a presence of endomorphic biotypes, and their positive correlation with symptoms of anxiety, depression and a higher body mass index. Any intervention could be made from phase III of CR, including information, agreements of commitment and follow-up for meeting recommendations.</p><p id="par0185" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The role of nurses in both hospital cardiac rehabilitation units and in primary healthcare is essential in meeting objectives of improvements in these patients and is endorsed by theories such as the Dorothea Orem model,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0065"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13</span></a> where the care and procedures offered by the nurses is a tool where care is delivered through a systematic and rational planning method.</p><p id="par0190" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The limitations from the sample size are minimised by bearing in mind that participation was offered to the whole cohort of patients who finished phase II of CR in the hospital during the study inclusion period. However, the determination of a sample size matching that of the total population of the health area would improve the external validity of the study.</p></span><span id="sec0045" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0125">Conclusions</span><p id="par0195" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The results of this study demonstrate tendencies with statistical significance regarding correlations between personality traits, biotypes and perceived self-efficacy in the population studied. In order to confirm the clinical significance of results, the researcher team suggests the relevance of designing and testing the hypothesis of a primary care intervention programme on patients who have suffered from a cardiovascular event and who have concluded phase II of the hospital CR. The objectives should include the increase in self-efficacy by the patient and the reduction in symptoms of anxiety and related depressive moods.</p></span><span id="sec0050" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0130">Conflict of interests</span><p id="par0200" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors have no conflict of interests to declare.</p></span></span>" "textoCompletoSecciones" => array:1 [ "secciones" => array:12 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "xres950043" "titulo" => "Abstract" "secciones" => array:6 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0005" "titulo" => "Objectives" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0010" "titulo" => "Design" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0015" "titulo" => "Background, participants" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0020" "titulo" => "Main measurements" ] 4 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0025" "titulo" => "Results" ] 5 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0030" "titulo" => "Conclusions" ] ] ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xpalclavsec921955" "titulo" => "Keywords" ] 2 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "xres950042" "titulo" => "Resumen" "secciones" => array:6 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0035" "titulo" => "Objetivos" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0040" "titulo" => "Diseño" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0045" "titulo" => "Emplazamiento, participantes" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0050" "titulo" => "Mediciones principales" ] 4 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0055" "titulo" => "Resultados" ] 5 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0060" "titulo" => "Conclusiones" ] ] ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xpalclavsec921956" "titulo" => "Palabras clave" ] 4 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0015" "titulo" => "Introduction" ] 5 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "sec0020" "titulo" => "Material and methods" "secciones" => array:2 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0025" "titulo" => "Study variables" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0030" "titulo" => "Statistical analysis" ] ] ] 6 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0035" "titulo" => "Results" ] 7 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0040" "titulo" => "Discussion" ] 8 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0045" "titulo" => "Conclusions" ] 9 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0050" "titulo" => "Conflict of interests" ] 10 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xack321212" "titulo" => "Acknowledgements" ] 11 => array:1 [ "titulo" => "References" ] ] ] "pdfFichero" => "main.pdf" "tienePdf" => true "fechaRecibido" => "2017-03-09" "fechaAceptado" => "2017-04-18" "PalabrasClave" => array:2 [ "en" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "clase" => "keyword" "titulo" => "Keywords" "identificador" => "xpalclavsec921955" "palabras" => array:4 [ 0 => "Cardiac rehabilitation" 1 => "Primary care" 2 => "Self-efficacy" 3 => "Nursing" ] ] ] "es" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "clase" => "keyword" "titulo" => "Palabras clave" "identificador" => "xpalclavsec921956" "palabras" => array:4 [ 0 => "Rehabilitación cardíaca" 1 => "Atención primaria" 2 => "Autoeficacia" 3 => "Enfermería" ] ] ] ] "tieneResumen" => true "resumen" => array:2 [ "en" => array:3 [ "titulo" => "Abstract" "resumen" => "<span id="abst0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0010">Objectives</span><p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">There is a clear evidence of the benefit of cardiac rehabilitation after a cardiovascular event on patients’ mood and perceived self-efficacy in terms of their own health care. Our aim is to define the correlation between mood-related variables, biotype and self-efficacy in this population.</p></span> <span id="abst0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0015">Design</span><p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Descriptive study.</p></span> <span id="abst0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0020">Background, participants</span><p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">The entire population of patients discharged from the cardiac rehabilitation unit over 12 months.</p></span> <span id="abst0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0025">Main measurements</span><p id="spar0020" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Universal anthropometric and psychometric (general self-efficacy scale, Salamanca personality traits questionnaire, Hamilton anxiety scale and Beck depression inventory) variables are determined. Descriptive statistics and association between variables (correlation) is determined.</p></span> <span id="abst0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0030">Results</span><p id="spar0025" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">This study involved 88 patients, response rate 92%. The average age was 53 years old, 80.23% were males. Descriptive statistics and Pearson correlations for the main dependent variable and associated variables is performed. Significant evidence is shown, self-efficacy is negatively correlated with anxiety (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">r</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>−0.4009) and depression (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">r</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>−0.4152), as well as dependent (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">r</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>−03 175) and impulsive (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">r</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>−0.4243) personality traits. Higher levels of anxiety positively correlate with endomorph biotype (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">r</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0.3304), and depression-associated symptoms (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">r</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0.2563). Age and gender do not correlate with self-perceived efficacy.</p></span> <span id="abst0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0035">Conclusions</span><p id="spar0030" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Self-efficacy in the study population is correlated with personality traits, mood and body biotype.</p></span>" "secciones" => array:6 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0005" "titulo" => "Objectives" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0010" "titulo" => "Design" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0015" "titulo" => "Background, participants" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0020" "titulo" => "Main measurements" ] 4 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0025" "titulo" => "Results" ] 5 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0030" "titulo" => "Conclusions" ] ] ] "es" => array:3 [ "titulo" => "Resumen" "resumen" => "<span id="abst0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0045">Objetivos</span><p id="spar0035" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Existe evidencia del beneficio de la rehabilitación cardíaca tras evento cardiovascular sobre el estado de ánimo y la autoeficacia percibida por el paciente para con el cuidado de su salud. Se quiere conocer la correlación entre variables relacionadas con el estado anímico, biotipo y autoeficacia de esta población.</p></span> <span id="abst0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0050">Diseño</span><p id="spar0040" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Estudio descriptivo.</p></span> <span id="abst0045" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0055">Emplazamiento, participantes</span><p id="spar0045" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Sobre toda la población de pacientes dados de alta en unidad de rehabilitación cardíaca hospitalaria a lo largo de 12 meses.</p></span> <span id="abst0050" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0060">Mediciones principales</span><p id="spar0050" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Se determinan variables universales, psicométricas (escala general de autoeficacia, cuestionario de personalidad Salamanca, Hamilton ansiedad e índice de depresión de Beck) y antropométricas. Se realiza estadística descriptiva y correlaciones de Pearson entre la variable dependiente principal y variables asociadas.</p></span> <span id="abst0055" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0065">Resultados</span><p id="spar0055" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Se incluyó a 88 pacientes, tasa de respuesta 92%. La edad media fue 53 años, con el 80,23% varones. De forma significativa, la autoeficacia correlacionó negativamente con la ansiedad (r<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>-0,4009) y la depresión (r<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>-0,4152), así como con el rasgo dependiente de la personalidad (r<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>-03175) e impulsivo (r<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>-0,4243). El biotipo endomorfo correlaciona de forma positiva con niveles más altos de ansiedad (r<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0,3304) y síntomas relacionados con depresión (r<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0,2563). No hay diferencias según edad y sexo con la autoeficacia percibida.</p></span> <span id="abst0060" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0070">Conclusiones</span><p id="spar0060" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Existe correlación entre rasgos de personalidad, estado anímico y biotipo corporal con la autoeficacia percibida en la población a estudio.</p></span>" "secciones" => array:6 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0035" "titulo" => "Objetivos" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0040" "titulo" => "Diseño" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0045" "titulo" => "Emplazamiento, participantes" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0050" "titulo" => "Mediciones principales" ] 4 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0055" "titulo" => "Resultados" ] 5 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0060" "titulo" => "Conclusiones" ] ] ] ] "NotaPie" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "☆" "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0005">Please cite this article as: Madueño Caro AJ, Mellado Fernández ML, Delgado Pacheco J, Muñoz Ayllon M, Pardos Lafarga M, Saez García L. Autoeficacia percibida, rasgos de personalidad y biotipos previos a programa de rehabilitación cardíaca en atención primaria de salud. Enferm Clin. 2017;27:346–351.</p>" ] ] "multimedia" => array:2 [ 0 => array:8 [ "identificador" => "tbl0005" "etiqueta" => "Table 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "detalles" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "at1" "detalle" => "Table " "rol" => "short" ] ] "tabla" => array:1 [ "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "tabla" => array:1 [ 0 => """ <table border="0" frame="\n \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head " align="" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Self-efficacy \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Endomorphic biotype \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Mesomorphic biotype \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Ectomorphic biotype \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " colspan="5" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Personality traits</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Dependent \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">r</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>−0.3175, <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0.0152 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">r</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0.004, <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0.0808 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">r</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0.2292, <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0.0808 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">r</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>−0.1749, <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0.1853 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Impulsive, unstable \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">r</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>−0.4243, <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0.0009 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">r</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0.1010, <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0.4467 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">r</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0.2652m, <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0.0423 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">r</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>−0.3380, <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0.0880 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Borderline unstable \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">r</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>−0.2841, <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0.0307 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">r</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0.2910, <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0.0131 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">r</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>−0.2780, <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0.0180 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Antisocial \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">r</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>−0.2829, <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0.0314 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">r</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>−0.1887, <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0.1523 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">r</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0.2997, <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0.0743 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">r</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>−0.1196, <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0.3670 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Schizotypal \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">r</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>−0.2831, <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0.0313 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">r</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>−0.1168, <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0.3782 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">r</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>−0.0775, <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0.5596 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">r</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0.0667, <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0.0859 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Paranoid \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">r</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>−0.1321, <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0.3185 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">r</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0.0548, <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0.6801 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">r</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0.2266, <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0.0843 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">r</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>−0.1917, <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0.1458 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " colspan="5" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " colspan="5" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Mood swings</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Severity of anxiety (Hamilton) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">r</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>−0.4009, <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0.0018 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">r</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0.3304, <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0.0093 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">r</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0.1190, <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0.3694 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">r</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>−0.4640, <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0.0002 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Depression index (Beck) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">r</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>−0.4152, <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0.0012 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">r</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0.2565, <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0.0460 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">r</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0.2504, <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0.0558 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">r</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>−0.4890, <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0.0001 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Body mass index \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">r</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>−0.1845, <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0.1619 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">r</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0.5324, <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0.0001 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">r</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0.3019, <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0.0058 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">r</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>−0.9389, <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0.0001 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table> """ ] "imagenFichero" => array:1 [ 0 => "xTab1608738.png" ] ] ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0065" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Pearson correlations between variables for the perceived self-efficacy.</p>" ] ] 1 => array:5 [ "identificador" => "tb0005" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATEXTO" "mostrarFloat" => false "mostrarDisplay" => true "texto" => array:1 [ "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0085">What is known?</span><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0005"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0005"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">•</span><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">CR is cost-effective, reducing the mortality of people with coronary heart disease between 20% and 32%.</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0010"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">•</span><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Phase III, or primary care CR includes the entire process of follow-up care of the cardiac patient and comprises actions implemented by nursing and/or medical staff regarding physical activity, nutrition and cognitive-behavioural interventions, leading to goals achieved in terms of life style changes and improvement in quality of life.</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0015"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">•</span><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">There are no available reliable data regarding perceived self-efficacy by cardiac patients in terms of their own healthcare.</p></li></ul></p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0090">What does this study contribute?</span><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0010"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0020"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">•</span><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">There is a tendency to make associations between perceived self-efficacy and mood in patients who have suffered from a cardiac event, in addition to certain personality traits and body biotypes.</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0025"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">•</span><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The frequency of “dependent” and “anxious” personality traits, between patients suffering from cardiovascular events and the inverse relationship between mood and perceived self-efficacy is highlighted.</p></li></ul></p></span></span>" ] ] ] "bibliografia" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "References" "seccion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "bibs0015" "bibliografiaReferencia" => array:35 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0005" "etiqueta" => "1" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Temas de actualidad en cardiología: riesgo vascular y rehabilitación cardíaca" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:3 [ 0 => "E. Galve" 1 => "A. Castro" 2 => "A. Cordero" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1016/j.rec.2012.10.007" "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Rev Esp Cardiol" "fecha" => "2013" "volumen" => "66" "paginaInicial" => "124" "paginaFinal" => "130" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24775386" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 1 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0010" "etiqueta" => "2" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "titulo" => "Needs and priorities in cardiac rehabilitation and secondary prevention in patients with coronary heart disease. WHO Technical Report Series 831" ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Libro" => array:3 [ "fecha" => "1993" "editorial" => "World Health Organisation" "editorialLocalizacion" => "Geneva" ] ] ] ] ] ] 2 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0015" "etiqueta" => "3" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "LibroEditado" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Cardiac rehabilitation manual" "serieFecha" => "2011" ] ] ] ] ] ] 3 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0020" "etiqueta" => "4" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "AACVPR/ACCF/AHA 2010 update: performance measures on cardiac rehabilitation for referral to cardiac rehabilitation/secondary prevention services endorsed by the American College of Chest Physicians, the American College of Sports Medicine, the American Physical Therapy Association, the Canadian Association of Cardiac Rehabilitation, the Clinical Exercise Physiology Association, the European Association for Cardiovascular Prevention and Rehabilitation, the Inter-American Heart Foundation, the National Association of Clinical Nurse Specialists, the Preventive Cardiovascular Nurses Association, and the Society of Thoracic Surgeons" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:6 [ 0 => "R.J. Thomas" 1 => "M. King" 2 => "K. Lui" 3 => "M. Oldridge" 4 => "I.L. Piña" 5 => "J. Spertus" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1016/j.jacc.2010.06.006" "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "J Am Coll Cardiol" "fecha" => "2010" "volumen" => "56" "paginaInicial" => "1159" "paginaFinal" => "1167" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20863958" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 4 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0025" "etiqueta" => "5" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Exercise training in cardiac rehabilitation" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:2 [ 0 => "B. Bjarnason-Wehrens" 1 => "M. Halle" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "LibroEditado" => array:4 [ "titulo" => "Cardiac rehabilitation manual" "paginaInicial" => "89" "paginaFinal" => "119" "serieFecha" => "2011" ] ] ] ] ] ] 5 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0030" "etiqueta" => "6" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Change in self-efficacy during cardiac rehabilitation and the role of perceived over protectiveness" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:3 [ 0 => "M.A. Berkhuysen" 1 => "W. Nieuwland" 2 => "B.P. 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Grigg" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:5 [ "tituloSerie" => "Heart" "fecha" => "2012" "volumen" => "0" "paginaInicial" => "1" "paginaFinal" => "6" ] ] ] ] ] ] 7 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0040" "etiqueta" => "8" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Changes in cardiorespiratory fitness in cardiac rehabilitation patients: a meta-analysis" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:3 [ 0 => "G. Sandercock" 1 => "V. Hurtado" 2 => "F. Cardoso" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1016/j.ijcard.2011.06.042" "Revista" => array:3 [ "tituloSerie" => "Int J Cardiol" "fecha" => "2011" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21757243" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 8 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0045" "etiqueta" => "9" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Changing illness perceptions after myocardial infarctation: an early randomiced controlled trial" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:3 [ 0 => "K.J. Petrie" 1 => "I.D. Cameron" 2 => "I.J. 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