Special Article
Photoelicitation: A useful tool to investigate management of the vulnerability of homeless women
Foto-elicitación: una herramienta útil para investigar la gestión de la vulnerabilidad de las mujeres sin hogar
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"etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">*</span>" "identificador" => "cor0005" ] ] ] 1 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "Teresa" "apellidos" => "González-Gil" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span>" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] ] ] 2 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "Ángel" "apellidos" => "Martín-García" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span>" "identificador" => "aff0010" ] ] ] 3 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "María Teresa" "apellidos" => "Alcolea-Cosín" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span>" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] ] ] ] "afiliaciones" => array:2 [ 0 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Sección Departamental de Enfermería, Departamento de Cirugía, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain" "etiqueta" => "a" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] 1 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Centro de Salud San Blas, Dirección Asistencial Sur, Gerencia Asistencial de Atención Primaria, Servicio Madrileño de Salud, Parla, Madrid, Spain" "etiqueta" => "b" "identificador" => "aff0010" ] ] "correspondencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "cor0005" "etiqueta" => "⁎" "correspondencia" => "Corresponding author." ] ] ] ] "titulosAlternativos" => array:1 [ "es" => array:1 [ "titulo" => "Foto-elicitación: una herramienta útil para investigar la gestión de la vulnerabilidad de las mujeres sin hogar" ] ] "resumenGrafico" => array:2 [ "original" => 0 "multimedia" => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0010" "etiqueta" => "Figure 2" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr2.jpeg" "Alto" => 2031 "Ancho" => 3289 "Tamanyo" => 768749 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0050" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Analysis of the material produced using photo-elicitation (Example 2).</p>" ] ] ] "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0065">Introduction</span><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">There is a long history of the use of photographs in qualitative research.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0150"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> Their potential for representing reality, condensing information while evoking lived experience<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0155"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> has contributed to the development of different data collection techniques using images and, more specifically, those taken by the core participants themselves.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0160"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3,4</span></a> Termed “participant-generated photography” or “native-image-making”,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0165"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4,5</span></a> the aim is to give informants more of a role in the “data creation process”,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0165"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a> alter researcher–participant power relationships and gain a deeper understanding of the phenomenon under study, understanding that images (and the debate generated around them) are an exceptional vehicle for achieving this.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0160"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3–5</span></a> The visual narratives “photonovel”, “photovoice” and “photo-elicitation” have been considered within this group of “participatory methods”.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0165"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4–8</span></a> This article will focus on this latter technique.</p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Photo-elicitation is based on the simple idea of inserting a photograph into a research interview,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0190"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a> and seeks to use images to obtain responses from informants.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0195"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a> It is based on the idea that “images evoke deeper elements of human consciousness than do words”<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0190"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a> enabling aspects to emerge that might not be present in the images.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0185"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8,11</span></a> There are different approaches to photo-elicitation; in “autodriven-photoelicitation” or “photo-elicitation with autodriving”<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0205"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12–14</span></a> the participants themselves are the authors of the images. The technique has been used relatively frequently for studying groups considered vulnerable such as children,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0220"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">15,16</span></a> battered women<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0230"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">17</span></a> and the homeless.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0160"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3,8,11</span></a> It has been used in the area of health to capture the experiences of hospitalised patients,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0235"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span></a> those undergoing chemotherapy,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0240"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">19</span></a> and those with chronic disease<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0245"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">20,21</span></a> or mental illness.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0255"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">22</span></a></p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">According to data published by the National Statistics Institute in their Homeless Person's Survey of 2012, there are 4513 homeless women, which constitutes 15% of the population who are in this situation.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0260"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">23</span></a> From this macro-survey, their profile would be 30–44 years of age, Spanish, with secondary education and unmarried. The survey highlighted that women face different challenges when they have no home. Little is known as to how they cope with the vulnerability they feel on the street and in shelters. Within the context of a research study that seeks to explore the management of the vulnerability of homeless women interest arose in the use of photo-elicitation as a data gathering technique. This article aims to analyse its use as a tool to investigate how to manage the vulnerability of homeless women.</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0070">Material and methods</span><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">This is a qualitative study, undertaken according to the theoretical proposal of grounded theory. The research project was approved by the Research Ethics Committee of the Autonomous University of Madrid. The idea to use photographs to gain a deeper understanding of the experience of women of living on the street and in shelters arose during the data collection and analysis process. We considered that photo-elicitation had the potential to bring the researcher closer to the reality of these women, placing them as protagonists and enabling them to talk about their experience with minimal imposition.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0185"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a> It was also considered a complementary strategy to other data collection techniques used until that time, i.e., participant observation (in 2 shelters for the homeless) and semi-structured interviews, understanding that this would reduce the possibility of omitting relevant aspects of the phenomenon being studied.</p><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The participants were selected by intentional theoretical sampling based on experiential features that were considered relevant to the phenomenon studied,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0265"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">24</span></a> such as age, time spent on the street or in the reception centre and the characteristics of the place in which they were accommodated (services offered, for example).</p><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The women were accessed through 4 shelters of Madrid's care network for the homeless, during the data collection process of the research which took place between February 2015 and February 2017. Six women were chosen; a first individual meeting took place with 5 to suggest their participation in the activity. In all cases a subsequent meeting was agreed a few days later, to give them enough time to consider whether they wanted to participate.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0200"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11</span></a> The first meeting was impossible with the sixth women, although she showed interest in taking part in the research; she did not attend the appointments arranged and decided to withdraw from the process. At the next meeting, the 5 women were given the information they had received orally in writing. They were given the informed consent document and were provided with a disposable camera with 27 photographs. This device was chosen because it is economical, light and easy to use.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0160"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3,25</span></a> A short user manual was provided with the camera. One of the women refused the camera and asked to use her mobile because it would be easier for her to take photographs without making the people around her suspicious. The women were given a field diary as well as the camera and user manual, to make notes about the photographs before and immediately after they had taken them.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0275"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">26</span></a></p><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">During this meeting it was established that although the images taken were the women's property, the camera should be used responsibly, ensuring the privacy of the people around them at all times.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0280"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">27</span></a> The women were informed that the images could only be used for academic purposes and if published it would be under pseudonyms, and that they would be treated so as to hide faces and other elements that might identify them or the people they had photographed.</p><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Three of the five women were asked to represent their experience of living on the street in their photographs. They could take photos of objects, places, activities, etc. that they considered significant in any way.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0160"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3,28,29</span></a> The other 2 informants were asked to give an account of their experience of living in the reception centre. No further instructions were given and the women were able take their photographs as freely as possible.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0180"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7,8,11</span></a></p><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">It was decided that taking photographs requires a process of “introspection” and “reflection”<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0180"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a> and that this takes time.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0165"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a> Based on this, the women were given a week to take the photos (which could be extended if necessary). Giving an ample and specific timeframe enabled the activity to be planned and for the photographs to be taken in different spaces and at different moments.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0165"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4,8</span></a></p><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Meetings were scheduled during the time that the women were in possession of the camera to solve any queries and to encourage them while they took the images.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0275"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">26</span></a> One women expressed concerns about her ability to produce photographs that met the researcher's expectations.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0165"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a> The efforts that the women had made were fully acknowledged and we stressed our interest in seeing everything that they had photographed.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0160"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3,4</span></a></p><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The material produced was analysed following the suggestion by González,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0150"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> based on the assumption that images with different layers of meaning would coexist. The figurative meaning of the image is explored initially, i.e., to make a primary or natural interpretation of what can be seen, placing ourselves as spectators of the image in order to then find the symbolic meaning of what is shown, delving into thematic content and concepts and ideas underlying the figurative image. In this case, analysis of the images required the photographs to be studied quite apart from the women's interpretations. In short, the aim was to approach the material seeking to recognise and identify that which was represented, paying attention to minimal details, attempting to “<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">ensure as much objectivity as possible in order to make full use of the data without running the risk of becoming biased due to the intention of the informant when they took the photograph</span>”.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0150"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> This first level of analysis took place immediately after the images were revealed and before the interview with the women. In addition to enabling a descriptive approach to the objects and/or people photographed, this also made it possible to ask immediate questions about the phenomenon under study. It was considered appropriate to bring these issues to the subsequent meeting: bearing in mind that these would be ad hoc questions which would only be addressed when they could be included in the women's discourse, and not forced.</p><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The interviews with the women were planned between 2 and 3 weeks after delivery of the photographic material so that the abovementioned work with the images could be completed. Following the suggestions of other authors who have used the technique, in these meetings the women were asked to talk about the meaning of the images, why they decided to take them and what they could detail about them.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0160"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3,4,11</span></a> The women also brought the notes that they had made in their diaries.</p><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Once the discourse had started, the interviews were transcribed to be analysed afterwards. This was followed by the second level of analysis linking the discourse to each of the photographs, going on to explore more interpretative aspects and constantly comparing with the most descriptive data obtained prior to analysis of the image itself.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0150"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a></p></span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0075">Results</span><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Of the 5 women who participated in the activity, only 3 completed the photographs and the subsequent interview. Two of the women's photographs referred to their experience of living on the street and those of the third referred to the shelters. They produced between 9 and 13 photographs. The participant who used her mobile chose to provide some photographs that she already had, because she considered that these gave a good account of her experience.</p><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The information gained from photo-elicitation contributed to the investigation as a whole by providing a deeper knowledge of the “The good professionals”, “The safe places in the street” and “The threats in the street” categories/subcategories, which had been established beforehand from the information obtained from the other data collection techniques used. <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#fig0005">Figs. 1 and 2</a> show two examples of the process of analysis of two photographs that were chosen for their evocative potential.</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0010"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0080">Discussion</span><p id="par0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In line with the references consulted, photo-elicitation enabled an approach to the women's experience and helped to create a special, unprecedented climate of intimacy during the interviews between the participants and the researcher.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0155"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2,7,11</span></a> Previous accounts of the use of photo-elicitation highlight how participants perceive the interview as “therapeutic” in helping them to connect/reconnect with people, places and parts of themselves that they had forgotten.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0165"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4,7,8</span></a> Occasionally painful episodes might be brought vividly to mind from the past by the images.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0165"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4,8</span></a> In our particular case, one of the women stated that having taken part in the technique had helped her forget her everyday existence and to reflect on her previous life.</p><p id="par0085" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Using the technique was not without problems. It is worth noting that it was down to the researcher not to force the discourse, and to avoid including too many questions other than those brought up by the women from the photographs. Here, when the discourse with one of the participants of the images rapidly became exhausted it resulted in part of the meeting resembling a “conventional” interview. In this case it would have been desirable to have finished the interview once the images had been discussed, and thus preserve the “essence” of the technique.</p><p id="par0090" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Photo-elicitation required some skill of the women in taking photographs.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0165"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a> Although all of them said that they had been trained, the quality of the photographs was occasionally not good. One participant complained that her photos could not be developed in places that were particularly significant for her. In his research study of homeless men, Packard stated that the participants’ lack of technical skill in taking the images affected the data that could be obtained in two ways: the difficulty in analysing what was shown and above all, it's potential to “inhibit” the discourse with the informants because they felt embarrassed when photographs with faults were shown.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0160"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a></p><p id="par0095" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Furthermore, the fact that one of the women chose to provide photographs of her own that she had taken previously to give an account of her experience causes us to ponder the creative intention of the photos and their imagined “audience”.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0165"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a> As indicated by Guillemin et al., the audience question is relevant, in that it affects the decision as to “<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">what image to produce, what to include, and what to exclude</span>”.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0165"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a> For this reason an in-depth exploration of why the woman had chosen those particular images would have been interesting.</p><p id="par0100" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Comparing the findings with those of similar studies, we conclude that although they have slightly different objectives, the studies found in the literature on the homeless and photo-elicitation, describe experiences similar to those evoked by the participants in our study.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0185"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8,11,28,29</span></a> It is common to find photographs featuring human figures, or more intentionally, people or faces that the homeless live or share experiences with, as well as places where they have lived or spent the night or other spaces to which they feel a special emotional connection. It is also worth highlighting the descriptive intention that appears to underlie the material produced. There are few photographs taken with a creative abstract or metaphoric intention.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0185"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a></p></span><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0085">Conclusions</span><p id="par0105" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Photo-elicitation enabled an approach to the experience of the participants with few impositions, allowing them a major part of the control over data production. Nonetheless, it proved a demanding technique for both the women and the researchers. They were required to perform an exercise of introspection in order to produce images that were representative of their experience.</p><p id="par0110" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The process requires laborious implementation on the part of the researchers, which is costly and time consuming, and is difficult in large groups of informants. Researchers must remain extremely vigilant in their role and avoid any impositions during production of the images and the subsequent interview.</p></span><span id="sec0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0090">Funding</span><p id="par0115" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The project from which this research study arose was awarded a prize in the XXXIII Nursing Competition “<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">San Juan de Dios</span>”, <span class="elsevierStyleGrantSponsor" id="gs1"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Universidad Pontificia Comillas</span></span> of Madrid.</p></span><span id="sec0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0095">Conflict of interests</span><p id="par0120" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors have no conflict of interest to declare.</p></span></span>" "textoCompletoSecciones" => array:1 [ "secciones" => array:13 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "xres912637" "titulo" => "Abstract" "secciones" => array:4 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0005" "titulo" => "Aims" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0010" "titulo" => "Methods" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0015" "titulo" => "Results" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0020" "titulo" => "Conclusions" ] ] ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xpalclavsec892249" "titulo" => "Keywords" ] 2 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "xres912638" "titulo" => "Resumen" "secciones" => array:4 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0025" "titulo" => "Objetivo" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0030" "titulo" => "Métodos" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0035" "titulo" => "Resultados" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0040" "titulo" => "Conclusiones" ] ] ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xpalclavsec892250" "titulo" => "Palabras clave" ] 4 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0005" "titulo" => "Introduction" ] 5 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0010" "titulo" => "Material and methods" ] 6 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0015" "titulo" => "Results" ] 7 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0020" "titulo" => "Discussion" ] 8 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0025" "titulo" => "Conclusions" ] 9 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0030" "titulo" => "Funding" ] 10 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0035" "titulo" => "Conflict of interests" ] 11 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xack304826" "titulo" => "Acknowledgements" ] 12 => array:1 [ "titulo" => "References" ] ] ] "pdfFichero" => "main.pdf" "tienePdf" => true "fechaRecibido" => "2017-01-16" "fechaAceptado" => "2017-05-16" "PalabrasClave" => array:2 [ "en" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "clase" => "keyword" "titulo" => "Keywords" "identificador" => "xpalclavsec892249" "palabras" => array:6 [ 0 => "Homeless" 1 => "Qualitative research" 2 => "Women" 3 => "Photography" 4 => "Narration" 5 => "Photo-elicitation" ] ] ] "es" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "clase" => "keyword" "titulo" => "Palabras clave" "identificador" => "xpalclavsec892250" "palabras" => array:6 [ 0 => "Personas sin hogar" 1 => "Investigación cualitativa" 2 => "Mujeres" 3 => "Fotografía" 4 => "Narración" 5 => "Foto-elicitación" ] ] ] ] "tieneResumen" => true "resumen" => array:2 [ "en" => array:3 [ "titulo" => "Abstract" "resumen" => "<span id="abst0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0010">Aims</span><p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">The proposal of the manuscript is to provide a methodological reflection on the use of photo-elicitation as a data gathering strategy to explore vulnerability management among homeless women.</p></span> <span id="abst0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0015">Methods</span><p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">A grounded theory study was carried out. Photoelicitation was one of the data gathering techniques used between February 2015 and February 2017. Five women were selected through intentional sampling. All of them were over 18 years old and residents in 4 shelters within the Madrid Care for the Homeless network. Participants used disposable cameras or mobile phones to record their experiences living in the shelters or on the street through photographs. An interview was conducted with each participant in order to explore the meaning of the photos after they were developed. Data analysis comprised, firstly, describing the obvious content of the photos and, secondly, comparing it with the latent content provided by participants during the interviews.</p></span> <span id="abst0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0020">Results</span><p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Only 3 women finished the task. Through data analysis some theoretical proposals were discovered, which contributed to a deeper knowledge of some previously established categories and subcategories such as: “The good professionals”, “The safe places in the street” and “The threats in the street”.</p></span> <span id="abst0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0025">Conclusions</span><p id="spar0020" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Photo-elicitation enabled an approach to participants’ experiences with minimal imposition, allowing them much of the control over the data production. However, it is a demanding technique that requires deep reflection before its implementation, on the part of both participants and researchers.</p></span>" "secciones" => array:4 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0005" "titulo" => "Aims" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0010" "titulo" => "Methods" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0015" "titulo" => "Results" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0020" "titulo" => "Conclusions" ] ] ] "es" => array:3 [ "titulo" => "Resumen" "resumen" => "<span id="abst0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0035">Objetivo</span><p id="spar0025" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">El propósito de este artículo es analizar el uso de la foto-elicitación como herramienta para explorar la gestión de la vulnerabilidad de las mujeres sin hogar.</p></span> <span id="abst0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0040">Métodos</span><p id="spar0030" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Estudio cualitativo orientado desde la teoría fundamentada. La foto-elicitación se empleó en la recogida de datos desarrollada de febrero de 2015 a febrero de 2017. Se seleccionaron mediante muestreo intencional 5 mujeres mayores de 18 años residentes en 4 centros de acogida de la red de atención a personas sin hogar de Madrid. Las participantes hicieron uso de cámaras fotográficas o teléfonos móviles para representar con imágenes su experiencia de vivir en la calle y en el centro de acogida. Reveladas las fotografías se exploró cara a cara su significado mediante entrevista. En el análisis de datos se describió el contenido manifiesto de las imágenes para luego su contraste con el contenido latente producido por las informantes durante la entrevista.</p></span> <span id="abst0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0045">Resultados</span><p id="spar0035" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Solo 3 mujeres de las participantes completaron la técnica. En el análisis del material discursivo y visual producido se hallaron construcciones teóricas que sirvieron para profundizar en el conocimiento de categorías/subcategorías previamente construidas, por ejemplo «Los buenos profesionales», «Los lugares seguros de la calle» y «Los peligros de la calle».</p></span> <span id="abst0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0050">Conclusiones</span><p id="spar0040" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">La foto-elicitación permite aproximarse a la experiencia de las participantes con mínimas imposiciones, cediéndoles buena parte del control sobre la producción de datos. No obstante, es una técnica exigente para participantes e investigadores que requiere de una profunda reflexión antes de su puesta en marcha.</p></span>" "secciones" => array:4 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0025" "titulo" => "Objetivo" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0030" "titulo" => "Métodos" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0035" "titulo" => "Resultados" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0040" "titulo" => "Conclusiones" ] ] ] ] "NotaPie" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "☆" "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0005">Please cite this article as: Oter-Quintana C, González-Gil T, Martín-García Á, Alcolea-Cosín MT. Foto-elicitación: una herramienta útil para investigar la gestión de la vulnerabilidad de las mujeres sin hogar. Enferm Clin. 2017;27:308–313.</p>" ] ] "multimedia" => array:2 [ 0 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0005" "etiqueta" => "Figure 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr1.jpeg" "Alto" => 1982 "Ancho" => 3333 "Tamanyo" => 662901 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0045" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Analysis of the material produced using photo-elicitation (Example 1).</p>" ] ] 1 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0010" "etiqueta" => "Figure 2" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr2.jpeg" "Alto" => 2031 "Ancho" => 3289 "Tamanyo" => 768749 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0050" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Analysis of the material produced using photo-elicitation (Example 2).</p>" ] ] ] "bibliografia" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "References" "seccion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "bibs0015" "bibliografiaReferencia" => array:29 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0150" "etiqueta" => "1" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "El papel de la fotografía en la investigación cualitativa" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => "T. 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