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Vol. 12. Issue 3.
Pages 110-126 (January 2001)
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Vol. 12. Issue 3.
Pages 110-126 (January 2001)
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Modificación de la práctica enfermera a través de la reflexión: una investigación-acción participativa1
Modification of nursing practice through reflection: participatory action research
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13546
P. Delgado Hito1,
Corresponding author
pdelgado@hsp.santpau.es

Correspondencia: Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos Generales Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau Avda. Sant Antoni M.ª Claret, 167 08025 Barcelona
1 Profesora Colaboradora de la Escuela Universitaria de Enfermería del Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau. Licenciada en Enfermería por la Universidad de Montreal
A. Sola Prado, I. Mirabete Rodríguez, R. Torrents Ros, M. Blasco Afonso, R. Barrero Pedraza, N. Catalá Gil, A. Mateos Dávila, M. Quinteiro Canedo
Diplomadas en Enfermería. Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos del Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau. Barcelona
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Resumen

En las unidades de cuidados intensivos, la tecnología y las técnicas complejas ocupan inevitablemente un lugar cada vez mayor y continúan marcando los cuidados enfermeros, llegando, en algunos casos, a deshumanizarlos. Por lo tanto, se hace necesaria la adopción de otro modelo de actuación enfermero. El objetivo general de este estudio es promover la reflexión sobre los cuidados enfermeros a partir de un proceso participativo de los interventores con el fin de aportar cambios en la práctica enfermera. Se ha utilizado una metodología cualitativa de tipo Investigación-Acción Participativa y el modelo Kemmis y McTaggart.

La recogida de datos se ha realizado mediante la observación sistemática, 7 reuniones de grupo y análisis de documentos. Han participado 8 enfermeras. Las reuniones se han grabado y transcrito íntegramente al ordenador. Se ha realizado un análisis del proceso y de la significación del verbatim (proceso de codificación/categorización y fichas de síntesis de documentos).

Los resultados de este estudio han permitido explorar el cambio de la práctica enfermera y poner en evidencia que el método de la reflexión-acción promueve cambios en la práctica. La nueva manera de concebir la acción enfermera ha provocado un aumento en la calidad y la humanización de los cuidados ya que tiene un mayor respeto del paciente, un mayor acercamiento y soporte a la familia, una mayor coordinación de los cuidados y una mayor colaboración interprofesional.

Como conclusión podemos afirmar que la Investigación-Acción Participativa es un método válido y pertinente para que las enfermeras asistenciales modifiquen su práctica cotidiana.

Palabras Clave:
Cuidados intensivos
Cambio
Reflexión-acción
Cualitativo
Humanización
Abstract

Technology and complex techniques are inevitably playing an increasing role in intensive care units. They continue to characterize nursing care and in some cases dehumanize it.

The general aim of this study was to stimulate reflection on nursing care. The study was based on the participation of the investigators with the goal of producing changes in nursing practice. Qualitative methodology in the form of participatory action research and the Kemmis and McTaggart method were used.

Data were collected through systematic observation, seven group meetings and document analysis. Eight nurses took part in the study. The meetings were recorded and transcribed verbatim into a computer. This process and the meaning of the verbatim transcription (codification/categorization process and document synthesis cards) were analyzed. The results of this study enabled exploration of the change in nursing practice and showed that the reflection in action method stimulates changes in practice. The new way of conceiving nursing action has increased nursing care quality and its humanization since it shows greater respect for the patient, provides families with closer contact and greater support, improves coordination of nursing care acts and increases collaboration among professionals.

In conclusion, participatory action research is a valid and appropriate method that nurses can use to modify their daily practice.

Key Words:
Critical care
Change
Reflection in action
Qualitative
Humanize
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Este estudio ha sido financiado por el Fondo de Investigación Sanitaria (FIS-00/0752). Primer premio SEEIUC-ABBOTT a la mejor comunicación presentada al XXVII Congreso Nacional de la Sociedad Española de Enfermería Intensiva y Unidades Coronarias. Las Palmas, 20-23 de Junio de 2001.

Este estudio está basado en la tesis del master en Ciencias de la Enfermería (M.Sc.) titulada “La modification des pratiques infirmières par la réflexion: une recherche-action participative à Barcelone”, presentada y aprobada por la Faculté des Études Supérieures de l’Université de Montréal.

Copyright © 2001. Elsevier España, S.L. y Sociedad Española de Enfermería Intensiva
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