Síndrome de burnout en distintas Unidades de Cuidados Intensivos

Resumen

Objetivos

Determinar la prevalencia del síndrome de desgaste profesional (burnout) en el personal sanitario de distintas Unidades de Cuidados Intensivos (UCI).Conocer la asociación entre el burnout, sus dimensiones y variables sociodemográficas-laborales. Comparar dimensiones del burnout, características del personal y de los pacientes de distintas UCI.

Material y métodos

Estudio analítico comparativo transversal, realizado en UCI de un hospital terciario, en noviembre de 2006. La muestra fue 289 profesionales. Se entregó el cuestionario Maslach Burnout Inventory y variables sociodemográficas-laborales. Se valoró en UCI: Therapeutic Intervention Scoring System (TISS), Nine Equivalents of Nursing Manpower Use Score (NEMS), mortalidad, estancia, aislamientos y desplazamientos terciarios. Se empleó la prueba de la χ², Fischer, Kruskall-Wallis y análisis multivariable de regresión logística.

Resultados

Contestaron el 73% de los trabajadores, edad 37 ± 9 y un 81% eran mujeres. Prevalencia de burnout 14%, afectados el 16% de enfermeros, 14% de residentes, 13% de médicos y 10% de auxiliares. El burnout se asoció a satisfacción profesional baja, relación con compañeros regular, reconocimiento laboral bajo, y tiempo trabajado y experiencia en UCI a un cansancio emocional elevado, con una p < 0,05. En la UCI Polivalente se obtuvieron valores más elevados de: TISS 42 ± 11, NEMS 35 ± 10, mortalidad 18%, estancia 5 ± 9, aislamientos 21%, síndrome burnout 17%, cansancio emocional elevado 49%, despersonalización elevada 63% y realización profesional baja 44%.

Conclusiones

La prevalencia del síndrome de burnout en nuestra muestra fue del 14%, siendo los profesionales de enfermería los más afectados. Detectamos niveles elevados de despersonalización y niveles medios de cansancio emocional y de realización profesional. Las variables relacionadas con el síndrome de desgaste profesional fueron satisfacción profesional baja, relación con compañeros regular, reconocimiento laboral bajo y un cansancio emocional elevado en el personal más experto. La UCI con mayor prevalencia de burnout, durante el mes estudiado, atendió a pacientes con mayor: TISS, NEMS, mortalidad, estancia y aislamientos.

Abstract

Objectives

To determine the prevalence of the professional burnout syndrome in health care personnel of different Intensive Care Units (ICUs). To know the association between burnout, its dimensions and sociodemographic-laboral variables. To compare the dimensions of burnout, characteristics of the personnel and of the patients of the different ICUs.

Material and methods

Analytic, comparative, cross-sectional study performed in the ICU of a tertiary hospital in November 2006 performed in a sample of 289 professionals. The Maslach Burnout Inventory questionnaire and sociodemographic-laboral variables were provided. The following were evaluated in the ICUs: Therapeutic Intervention Scoring System (TISS), Nine Equivalents of Nursing Manpower Use Score (NEMS), mortality, stay, isolations and travel of third parties. The χ² test, Fischer test, Kruskall-Wallis test and multivariate logistic regression analysis were used.

Results

A total of 73% of the workers answered. Ages ranged from 37 ± 9 and 81% were women. The prevalence of burnout was 14%, this affecting 16% of the nurses, 14% of residents, 13% physicians and 10% auxiliary workers. Burnout was associated to low professional satisfactions, relationship with regular colleagues, low work recognition and time worked and experience in the ICU to high emotional tiredness, with a p < 0.05. In a polyvalent ICU, higher values of the following were obtained: TISS 42 ± 11, NEMS 35 ± 10, mortality 18%, stay 5 ± 9, isolation 21%, burnout syndrome 17%, elevated emotional tiredness 49%, elevated depersonalization 63% and low professional performance 44%.

Conclusions

The prevalence of the burnout syndrome in our sample was 14%, those being affected most being the nursing professionals. We detected elevated levels of depersonalization and middle levels of emotional tiredness and professional performance. The variables related with professional burnout syndrome were low professional satisfaction, relationship with regular colleagues, low work recognition, and elevated emotional tiredness in the more expert personnel. The ICU with the greatest prevalence of burnout during the month studied attended patients with greater TISS, NEMS, mortality, stay and isolations.