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Cobo-Sánchez, I. Blanco-Mavillard" "autores" => array:2 [ 0 => array:5 [ "preGrado" => "MSc, RN" "nombre" => "J.L." "apellidos" => "Cobo-Sánchez" "email" => array:1 [ 0 => "joseluis.cobo@scsalud.es" ] "referencia" => array:3 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span>" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] 1 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span>" "identificador" => "aff0010" ] 2 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">*</span>" "identificador" => "cor0005" ] ] ] 1 => array:4 [ "preGrado" => "MSc, RN" "nombre" => "I." "apellidos" => "Blanco-Mavillard" "referencia" => array:2 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">c</span>" "identificador" => "aff0015" ] 1 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">d</span>" "identificador" => "aff0020" ] ] ] ] "afiliaciones" => array:4 [ 0 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Unidad de Apoyo a la Investigación, Área de Calidad, Formación, I+D+i de Enfermería, Hospital Universitario Marqués de Valdecilla, Servicio Cántabro de Salud, Santander, Spain" "etiqueta" => "a" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] 1 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Escuela de Enfermería Clínica Mompía, Universidad Católica de Ávila, Mompia, Cantabria, Spain" "etiqueta" => "b" "identificador" => "aff0010" ] 2 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Unidad de Calidad, Formación e Investigación, Hospital de Manacor, Manacor, Balearic Islands, Spain" "etiqueta" => "c" "identificador" => "aff0015" ] 3 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Departamento de Enfermería y Fisioterapia, Universidad de las Islas Baleares, Palma de Mallorca, Balearic Islands, Spain" "etiqueta" => "d" "identificador" => "aff0020" ] ] "correspondencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "cor0005" "etiqueta" => "⁎" "correspondencia" => "Corresponding author." ] ] ] ] "titulosAlternativos" => array:1 [ "es" => array:1 [ "titulo" => "Elementos nucleares para la elaboración de un proyecto de investigación con metodología cuantitativa" ] ] "resumenGrafico" => array:2 [ "original" => 0 "multimedia" => array:8 [ "identificador" => "fig0005" "etiqueta" => "Figure 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr1.jpeg" "Alto" => 1711 "Ancho" => 2917 "Tamanyo" => 255669 ] ] "detalles" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "at0005" "detalle" => "Figure " "rol" => "short" ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Diagram of the different types of quantitative epidemiological studies according to the investigator’s control of the factor under study.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3,4,7</span></a>.</p>" ] ] ] "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0005">Introduction</span><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The results of research form the body of knowledge of any scientific discipline, either to describe areas that are seldom described or to strengthen already known theories. Research is based on the use of the scientific method, formed by a systematic process for obtaining data that allows us to answer a relevant and specific research question. However, this first part is one of the most relevant for the construction of clinical research, being of varying complexity, depending on the skills and knowledge of the researchers. The approach to the research question will be adapted according to its methodological characteristics, whether qualitative or quantitative. Quantitative research enables a response to the study of the association or relationship between quantified variables, determining the strength of this relationship, its inference to a population, and even making causal inferences to explain why a phenomenon does or does not occur in a particular way.</p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The research project (RP) is a document that includes the proposal of the research team, expressing in writing all the core elements of the planning and design of the research study to be undertaken.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> The purpose of drafting a RP is<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a>:<ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0005"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0005"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">•</span><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">To guide and orient all the members of the research team in executing the study.</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0010"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">•</span><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">To standardise the tasks, activities and actions undertaken by members of the research team.</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0015"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">•</span><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">To request funding from agencies or institutions.</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0020"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">•</span><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">To request permission and authorisation to conduct the study from the clinical research ethics committees or institutions where the study is to be, carried out.</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0025"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">•</span><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">To guide the preparation of reports and other dissemination documents (articles, communications to congress, theses, etc.).</p></li></ul></p><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In short, the RP, in addition to guiding the researchers in executing the study, constitutes the letter of presentation of our research proposal to agencies and institutions. Therefore, its drafting must be agreed by all members of the research team under quality standards. Institutions and agencies usually have standard forms for writing an RP. Below we propose an RP structure (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a>) and what each section should include, as a guide to drafting the project.</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0010">Structure of a quantitative research project</span><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0010"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0030"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">1</span><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Title</p></li></ul></p><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The title should be explanatory, short (no more than 15 words), clear (avoid using acronyms) and precise. It should include: the type of study to be conducted, the population, and if possible, the scope.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2–4</span></a><ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0015"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0035"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">2</span><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Authors</p></li></ul></p><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The author of the RP is considered the person who has made substantial intellectual contributions to the project and is therefore responsible for all aspects of the project, ensuring reliability and integrity in its execution.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0020"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a> A distinction will be made between the principal investigator (as the project leader) and the other members of the research team (in order of intellectual contribution to the project), including the academic degree and affiliation of each team member.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> The composition of the research team is defined by the needs of the study itself. Funding agencies and clinical research ethics committees usually require the curriculum vitae of each member, usually in the standard format of the Spanish Foundation for Science and Technology (FECYT) (<a href="https://cvn.fecyt.es/">https://cvn.fecyt.es/</a>), or provide a form to that effect.<ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0020"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0040"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">3</span><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Abstract</p></li></ul></p><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">This is a structured outline, between 200 and 400 words, which reflects the essential aspects of the research to be carried out.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1–3</span></a> It is advisable to include:<ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0025"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0045"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">•</span><p id="par0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Objectives: what it is intended should be known after the study has been completed.</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0050"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">•</span><p id="par0085" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Methodology: including the design, scope, subjects to be studied, techniques, procedures, methods and tests that will be used to determine the main variables to be studied.</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0055"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">•</span><p id="par0090" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Interest for practice and strategic impact.</p></li></ul></p><p id="par0095" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">It is advisable to write the summary once the final version of the RP has been drafted, to ensure that it is as reliable as possible.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> Assessment agencies usually indicate that an English version of the abstract should be included.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a><ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0030"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0060"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">4</span><p id="par0100" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Keywords</p></li></ul></p><p id="par0105" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">These are terms that represent key concepts of the RP. It is advisable to use health science descriptors; DeCS (Descriptores en Ciencias de la Salud <a href="http://decs.bvs.br/E/homepagee.htm">http://decs.bvs.br/E/homepagee.htm</a>) and MeSH (Medical Subject Headings of the U.S. National Library of Medicine <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh</a>).<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1,3</span></a> It is advisable to include the terms used for the formulation of the problem under study.<ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0035"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0065"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">5</span><p id="par0110" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Background and current status of the subject</p></li></ul></p><p id="par0115" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The problem to be studied must be stated in this section, indicating its magnitude (macro and micro epidemiology), the contributions of previous research, emphasising what is known and what aspects remain to be analysed in the literature, being explicit about the need to address the problem under study. It is essential in this section to indicate the theoretical or conceptual framework in which the problem is framed, and the theoretical approaches used by other researchers to solve it, guiding the relationships that already exist after previous research. This section should guide the justification for undertaking the RP, and therefore the objectives of the project.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1,2,4,5</span></a><ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0040"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0070"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">6</span><p id="par0120" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Justification for the study</p></li></ul></p><p id="par0125" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">After the research question status, a description will be given as to why it is necessary to undertake the RP: what contribution will be made to existing knowledge and its relevance, indicating the inference of its results to the general population, possible applications and consequences of the knowledge it will generate, its contribution to theory and its potential to improve practice.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3,5,6</span></a><ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0045"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0075"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">7</span><p id="par0130" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">References</p></li></ul></p><p id="par0135" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The background and current status of the subject, as well as the methodology should be supported by a synthesis of relevant, current references (preferably from the last 5 years, unless there is a fundamental reference on this subject that is older) after a critical analysis. The use of literature reference managers is recommended for drafting and it should be adapted to the style required by the agency or institution to which it is to be presented. <ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0050"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0080"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">8</span><p id="par0140" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Hypothesis</p></li></ul></p><p id="par0145" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The hypothesis will guide the analysis of the data. It must be based on a well-established theoretical framework.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a> It is a provisional statement expressing the probable relationship between 2 or more variables, usually a cause and an assumed effect, which can be verified empirically.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0035"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a> The hypothesis statement should include the research variables, and the relationship between the variables and the population under study. After contrasting the explanatory hypothesis, there are 2 possibilities: the hypothesis is confirmed, or the hypothesis must be refuted.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0035"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a> In descriptive studies, no hypotheses of causality are formulated.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a><ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0055"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0085"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">9</span><p id="par0150" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Objectives</p></li></ul></p><p id="par0155" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">An objective has to be<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3,7</span></a>:<ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0060"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0090"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">•</span><p id="par0160" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Measurable, observable, achievable: this means that they must be expressed so as to allow the qualities or characteristics of the object of investigation to be measured.</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0095"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">•</span><p id="par0165" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Specific: expressed briefly and in simple language (without ambiguity).</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0100"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">•</span><p id="par0170" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Logical and pertinent: they must be attainable and consistent with the study hypothesis, providing an answer to it.</p></li></ul></p><p id="par0175" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A single general objective is usually formulated, headed by a verb in the infinitive that specifically indicates measurement (e.g.: determine, compare, analyse, etc.). Like the hypothesis, it must include the main variable under study and the population. These elements will determine the design of the study.</p><p id="par0180" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Specific objectives should only be included if they cover detailed actions that are not included in the general objective. Between 4 and 6 should be drafted and put in chronological order or in ascending order of complexity.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a><ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0065"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0105"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">10</span><p id="par0185" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Methodology</p></li></ul></p><p id="par0190" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The procedure to be followed to achieve the proposed objectives and thus be able to confirm or otherwise the proposed hypothesis<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0030"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a> is included in this section. It includes different aspects:<ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0070"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0110"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">•</span><p id="par0195" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Study design</span>. This will be adapted to the problem or research question and must be described clearly and concisely (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">Table 2</a> and <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig. 1</a>). Depending on the object of study, a mixed design may be proposed although in general it is not advisable to include different designs in the same RP.</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0010"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0115"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">•</span><p id="par0200" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Reference and study population</span>. The reference population is the one in which we want to generalise the results obtained in our study, defining its characteristics (sociodemographic, clinical, exposure), which may be individuals, groups or objects susceptible to study. The study population is the subset of the reference population that we intend to study. It is defined by previously established selection criteria and has certain geographical and temporal characteristics that make it accessible to researchers. The sample will comprise the set of individuals eventually studied.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0020"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a></p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0120"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">•</span><p id="par0205" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Inclusion and exclusion criteria</span>. These must be established in realistic terms that allow the inclusion of the desired number of subjects in the expected time. The inclusion criteria describe the characteristics that the study participants must have. The exclusion criteria describe the characteristics that imply a participant not being included in the study. They usually refer to sociodemographic characteristics of the disease or exposure, accessibility or other.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3,4</span></a></p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0125"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">•</span><p id="par0210" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Sample size and sampling procedure</span>. Sample size refers to the number of patients needed to achieve the study objectives, either to be able to estimate a specific parameter with the desired level of confidence, or to be able to perform a hypothesis contrast (detect a particular difference between the study groups, if one exists). The premises used for its calculation should be specified: prevalence values, incidence or means, standard deviations and types of errors. If this is not possible to calculate this, it can be described on the basis of the population number that can be included in the study period. If it is not possible to include a minimum number of cases, it is advisable to conduct a multicentre study. The sampling procedure should be described, indicating whether case selection will be by random, systematic, consecutive or other types of sampling. If the proposed design is a randomised clinical trial, how subjects will be assigned to the different study groups will be specified.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3,4</span></a></p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0130"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">•</span><p id="par0215" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Variables (dependent and independent)</span>. In this section, the variables should be described so as to avoid ambiguities, indicating in the categorical variables all the possible measurement categories, and in the numerical variables the scales and units of measurement. A distinction should be made between independent variables (exposure factors, confounding factors, etc.) and dependent variables (response, result or outcome variables).<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3,4,7</span></a></p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0135"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">•</span><p id="par0220" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Data collection and information sources</span>. Information sources, instruments and measurement procedures should be described (how measurements are to be carried out on the subjects, by whom, where and when).</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0140"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">•</span><p id="par0225" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Data analysis</span>. The statistical analysis strategy will be indicated in this section: descriptive (frequencies and percentages for qualitative variables, and means, standard deviations, maximum and minimum values for quantitative measurements), bivariate (techniques used to check relationships between 2 variables, an independent and a dependent variable) or multivariate (when seeking simultaneous relationships between a dependent variable and several independent variables).<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3,4</span></a></p></li></ul></p><p id="par1225" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis3055"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti5225"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">11</span><p id="par0230" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Ethical considerations</p></li></ul></p><p id="par0235" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The following aspects should be made explicit, in accordance with current legislation<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0035"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a>:<ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0075"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0150"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">1)</span><p id="par0240" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The known benefits and risks for the subjects participating in the study.</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0155"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">2)</span><p id="par0245" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The precise description of the information to be provided to the participating subjects and when it will be communicated orally or in writing</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0160"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">3)</span><p id="par0250" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">How the confidentiality of the participants’ information will be preserved.</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0165"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">4)</span><p id="par0255" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The requirement for informed consent.</p></li></ul><ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis3455"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti1225"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">12</span><p id="par0260" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Difficulties and limitations of the study</p></li></ul></p><p id="par0265" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The problems that could arise when carrying out the research will be outlined, also explaining the mechanisms that the researchers will use to ensure the quality of the project, and/or justify how far these mechanisms do not have to modify what is to be measured or highlight the fact that it is inevitable that they occur.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3,4</span></a><ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0080"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0175"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">13</span><p id="par0270" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Work plan</p></li></ul></p><p id="par0275" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The detailed RP implementation plan will be outlined, by preparing a schedule, with the distribution of tasks for each of the participating researchers and time period (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Fig. 2</a>).<ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0085"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0180"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">14</span><p id="par0280" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Experience of the research team in the study area</p></li></ul></p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0010"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0285" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The experience of the researchers in the subject must be highlighted in this section, indicating the lines of research on which the project applicants have worked within the subject to be investigated, since it supports the feasibility of the project and is a strength when it comes to being awarded funding in competitive bids. If it is a study that is not within the line of research of the team members, other strengths can be expressed, for example: previous experience of the team members participating in other studies, clinical experience in the subject under study, previous lines of research related to the current subject, etc., and created for the project. It is not necessary to describe in detail the research curriculum since normally the complete curriculum of each member of the team that comprises it is attached to the RP.<ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0090"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0185"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">15</span><p id="par0290" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Applicability and practical usefulness of the results</p></li></ul></p><p id="par0295" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">This section is of vital importance, as it specifies the relevance of the research and the extent of its applicability. This section will also include the impact of the project (at clinical, economic and social levels), its capacity for transfer and innovation, and alignment with institutional strategic lines.<ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0095"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0190"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">16</span><p id="par0300" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Available means to undertake the project</p></li></ul></p><p id="par0305" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Both the material and the human resources available for which funding will not be required will be detailed (multiparametric monitors, computers, digital library, etc.).<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0050"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a><ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0100"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0195"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">17</span><p id="par0310" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Justification of the support requested</p></li></ul></p><p id="par0315" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The necessary resources that are not available for implementing the RP will be indicated and their detailed justification.<ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0105"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0200"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">18</span><p id="par0320" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Budget requested</p></li></ul></p><p id="par0325" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">This is usually represented using a table with the breakdown of the budget into items<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3,7</span></a>:<ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0110"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0205"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">•</span><p id="par0330" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Personnel expenses: salary of scholarship holders, research or administrative staff.</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0210"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">•</span><p id="par0335" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Implementation costs: inventoriable material (infrastructure and equipment), consumables (stationery, etc.).</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0215"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">•</span><p id="par0340" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Contracting of services: statistician, translator and publications costs.</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0220"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">•</span><p id="par0345" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Travel/expenses: travel, registration and daily allowance for meetings, conferences or scientific congresses.</p></li></ul><ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis4030"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0225"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">19</span><p id="par0350" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Annexes</p></li></ul></p><p id="par0355" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">This section will include the documents that complement the RP in a relevant way: data collection notebook, measuring instruments, ethics committee approval, etc.</p></span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0015">Conclusions</span><p id="par0360" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">This guide to the core elements of an RP is intended to guide scientific writing for new and emerging researchers. Thus, the complete drafting of these elements can help to improve the scientific quality of the entire content and be adapted according to the call for competitive bids to which the RP request is presented.</p></span><span id="sec3040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect1100">Conflict of interests</span><p id="par0365" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors have no conflict of interest to declare.</p></span></span>" "textoCompletoSecciones" => array:1 [ "secciones" => array:5 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0005" "titulo" => "Introduction" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0010" "titulo" => "Structure of a quantitative research project" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0015" "titulo" => "Conclusions" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec3040" "titulo" => "Conflict of interests" ] 4 => array:1 [ "titulo" => "References" ] ] ] "pdfFichero" => "main.pdf" "tienePdf" => true "NotaPie" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "☆" "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0005">Please cite this article as: Cobo-Sánchez JL, Blanco-Mavillard I. Elementos nucleares para la elaboración de un proyecto de investigación con metodología cuantitativa. Enferm Intensiva. 2020;31:35–40.</p>" ] ] "multimedia" => array:4 [ 0 => array:8 [ "identificador" => "fig0005" "etiqueta" => "Figure 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr1.jpeg" "Alto" => 1711 "Ancho" => 2917 "Tamanyo" => 255669 ] ] "detalles" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "at0005" "detalle" => "Figure " "rol" => "short" ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Diagram of the different types of quantitative epidemiological studies according to the investigator’s control of the factor under study.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3,4,7</span></a>.</p>" ] ] 1 => array:8 [ "identificador" => "fig0010" "etiqueta" => "Figure 2" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr2.jpeg" "Alto" => 527 "Ancho" => 2083 "Tamanyo" => 70229 ] ] "detalles" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "at0010" "detalle" => "Figure " "rol" => "short" ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Schedule model to guide the work plan.</p>" ] ] 2 => array:8 [ "identificador" => "tbl0005" "etiqueta" => "Table 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "detalles" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "at0015" "detalle" => "Table " "rol" => "short" ] ] "tabla" => array:1 [ "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "tabla" => array:1 [ 0 => """ <table border="0" frame="\n \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n \t\t\t\t" class=""><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">1. Title</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">2. Authors</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">3. Abstract</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">4. Keywords</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">5. Background and current status of the subject</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">6. Justification for the study</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">7. References</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">8. Hypothesis</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">9. Objectives</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">10. Methodology</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>-Study design \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>-Reference and study population \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>-Inclusion and exclusion criteria \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>-Sample size and sampling procedure \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>-Variables (dependent and independent) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>-Data collection and information sources \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>-Data analysis \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">11. Ethical considerations</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">12. Difficulties and limitations of the study</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">13. Work plan</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">14. Experience of the research team on the subject</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">15. Applicability and practical utility of the results</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">16. Means available to undertake the project</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">17. Justification for grant requested</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">18. Budget requested</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">19. Annexes</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table> """ ] "imagenFichero" => array:1 [ 0 => "xTab2248347.png" ] ] ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Structure of a quantitative research project.</p>" ] ] 3 => array:8 [ "identificador" => "tbl0010" "etiqueta" => "Table 2" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "detalles" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "at0020" "detalle" => "Table " "rol" => "short" ] ] "tabla" => array:2 [ "leyenda" => "<p id="spar0025" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Source: Rodríguez del Águila et al.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a>; Argimón Pallás and Jiménez Villa,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0020"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a> and Lucas Domínguez et al.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0035"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a>.</p>" "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "tabla" => array:1 [ 0 => """ <table border="0" frame="\n \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Axis \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Classification \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Assignment of study factors \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">1. Experimental.</span> The researcher will assign the study factor (therapy or diagnosis) randomly or otherwise, depending on whether we will have: \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Clinical trial (CT)</span>, if the study factor is to be compared between 2 or more groups by randomising that measure. It is advisable to use the CONSORT (Consolidated Standards of Reporting Trials) guide for its drafting (available at <span class="elsevierStyleInterRef" id="intr0005" href="http://www.consort-statement.org/downloads/translations">http://www.consort-statement.org/downloads/translations</span>) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Quasi-experimental study</span>, there is no individual randomisation, but rather group randomisation. It is the group that receives a given intervention. It is advisable to use the guidelines of the TREND statement (Transparent Reporting of Evaluations with Non-Randomized Designs),<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0040"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a> available at <span class="elsevierStyleInterRef" id="intr0010" href="https://www.cdc.gov/trendstatement/index.html">https://www.cdc.gov/trendstatement/index.html</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Community intervention studies</span>, similar to quasi-experimental, except that there is no randomisation in group assignment \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">2. Observational</span>. The researcher does not assign any study factors. Depending on the purpose of the study, they are classified as: \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2.1. <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Descriptive</span>, establishing a causal hypothesis is not intended, their purpose is purely descriptive. Types: \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>a) <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Case reports or case series</span>: description of clinical observations of isolated cases or groups of patients with the same diagnosis \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>b) <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Ecological study</span>: using grouped data, 2 variables are related determined in geographical or temporal areas to a population level. \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>c) <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Prevalence or cross-sectional study</span>: the proportion of individuals is determined presenting a characteristic or problem at a given time \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">For preparing observational studies and their subtypes it is advisable to use the STROBE guide (The Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology),<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0045"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a> available at <span class="elsevierStyleInterRef" id="intr0015" href="https://www.equator-network.org/reporting-guidelines/strobe/">https://www.equator-network.org/reporting-guidelines/strobe/</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2.2. <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Analytical</span>, when its purpose is to assess an alleged causal relationship between a factor and an effect, response or result. Types: \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>a) <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Cohort study</span>: this starts with individuals who are exposed and not exposed to a risk factor. After follow-up, the frequency of new cases is compared between exposed and non-exposed \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>b) <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Case-control study</span>: exposure to a risk factor is determined from a group of patients (cases) and another group of healthy people (controls) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Time sequence \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">1. Longitudinal</span>. There is a time lapse between the different variables that are assessed, and therefore a time sequence can be established between them. It will be defined as prospective if the direction of the relationship is forwards and retrospective if it is backwards. In analytical studies, the direction of time will be taken into account: it can go from the cause to the outcome (experimental studies and cohort studies) or from the outcome to the cause (case-control studies) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">2. Transversal</span>. The relationship is described between the presence, absence or different degrees of a characteristic or disease and a series of variables at a given time (or short Interval). Cross-sectional studies are by definition descriptive \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table> """ ] "imagenFichero" => array:1 [ 0 => "xTab2248346.png" ] ] ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0020" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Classification of types of quantitative epidemiological studies.</p>" ] ] ] "bibliografia" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "References" "seccion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "bibs0005" "bibliografiaReferencia" => array:10 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0005" "etiqueta" => "1" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Cómo cumplimentar una solicitud de un proyecto de investigación en ciencias de la salud" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:2 [ 0 => "M.T. Icart Isern" 1 => "A.M. Pulpón Segura" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1016/s0212-6567(00)78571-4" "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Aten Primaria." "fecha" => "2000" "volumen" => "25" "paginaInicial" => "576" "paginaFinal" => "583" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10876953" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 1 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0010" "etiqueta" => "2" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Elaboración del protocolo de investigación" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:3 [ 0 => "A. Pulido" 1 => "P. Palomino" 2 => "A. Frías" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:5 [ "tituloSerie" => "Matronas Profesión." 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Special Article: education
Nuclear elements for drafting a research project with quantitative methodology
Elementos nucleares para la elaboración de un proyecto de investigación con metodología cuantitativa
a Unidad de Apoyo a la Investigación, Área de Calidad, Formación, I+D+i de Enfermería, Hospital Universitario Marqués de Valdecilla, Servicio Cántabro de Salud, Santander, Spain
b Escuela de Enfermería Clínica Mompía, Universidad Católica de Ávila, Mompia, Cantabria, Spain
c Unidad de Calidad, Formación e Investigación, Hospital de Manacor, Manacor, Balearic Islands, Spain
d Departamento de Enfermería y Fisioterapia, Universidad de las Islas Baleares, Palma de Mallorca, Balearic Islands, Spain