Corporate social responsibility: Evolution through institutional and stakeholder perspectives | European Journal of Management and Business Economics

array:24 ["pii" => "S1019683815000591" "issn" => "24448451" "doi" => "10.1016/j.redee.2015.11.002" "estado" => "S300" "fechaPublicacion" => "2016-01-04" "aid" => "74" "copyright" => "AEDEM" "copyrightAnyo" => "2015" "documento" => "article" "crossmark" => 1 "licencia" => "http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/" "subdocumento" => "fla" "cita" => "European Journal of Management and Business Economics. 2016;25:8-14" "abierto" => array:3 [ "ES" => true "ES2" => true "LATM" => true ] "gratuito" => true "lecturas" => array:2 [ "total" => 4935 "formatos" => array:3 [ "EPUB" => 48 "HTML" => 4123 "PDF" => 764 ] ] "itemSiguiente" => array:19 [ "pii" => "S101968381500058X" "issn" => "24448451" "doi" => "10.1016/j.redee.2015.11.001" "estado" => "S300" "fechaPublicacion" => "2016-01-04" "aid" => "73" "copyright" => "AEDEM" "documento" => "article" "crossmark" => 1 "licencia" => "http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/" "subdocumento" => "fla" "cita" => "European Journal of Management and Business Economics. 2016;25:15-21" "abierto" => array:3 [ "ES" => true "ES2" => true "LATM" => true ] "gratuito" => true "lecturas" => array:2 [ "total" => 998 "formatos" => array:3 [ "EPUB" => 30 "HTML" => 641 "PDF" => 327 ] ] "en" => array:11 [ "idiomaDefecto" => true "cabecera" => "Article" "titulo" => "Taxation of capital gains and Lock-in effect in the Spanish Dual Income Tax" "tienePdf" => "en" "tieneTextoCompleto" => "en" "tieneResumen" => "en" "paginas" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "paginaInicial" => "15" "paginaFinal" => "21" ] ] "contieneResumen" => array:1 [ "en" => true ] "contieneTextoCompleto" => array:1 [ "en" => true ] "contienePdf" => array:1 [ "en" => true ] "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "autoresLista" => "Carlos Díaz Caro, Eva Crespo Cebada" "autores" => array:2 [ 0 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Carlos" "apellidos" => "Díaz Caro" ] 1 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Eva" "apellidos" => "Crespo Cebada" ] ] ] ] ] "idiomaDefecto" => "en" "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S101968381500058X?idApp=UINPBA00004N" "url" => "/24448451/0000002500000001/v1_201603150456/S101968381500058X/v1_201603150456/en/main.assets" ] "itemAnterior" => array:19 [ "pii" => "S1019683815000608" "issn" => "24448451" "doi" => "10.1016/j.redee.2015.11.003" "estado" => "S300" "fechaPublicacion" => "2016-01-04" "aid" => "75" "copyright" => "AEDEM" "documento" => "article" "crossmark" => 1 "licencia" => "http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/" "subdocumento" => "fla" "cita" => "European Journal of Management and Business Economics. 2016;25:2-7" "abierto" => array:3 [ "ES" => true "ES2" => true "LATM" => true ] "gratuito" => true "lecturas" => array:2 [ "total" => 2666 "formatos" => array:3 [ "EPUB" => 43 "HTML" => 2000 "PDF" => 623 ] ] "en" => array:12 [ "idiomaDefecto" => true "cabecera" => "Article" "titulo" => "Hedging foreign exchange rate risk: Multi-currency diversification" "tienePdf" => "en" "tieneTextoCompleto" => "en" "tieneResumen" => "en" "paginas" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "paginaInicial" => "2" "paginaFinal" => "7" ] ] "contieneResumen" => array:1 [ "en" => true ] "contieneTextoCompleto" => array:1 [ "en" => true ] "contienePdf" => array:1 [ "en" => true ] "resumenGrafico" => array:2 [ "original" => 0 "multimedia" => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0005" "etiqueta" => "Fig. 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr1.jpeg" "Alto" => 2201 "Ancho" => 1556 "Tamanyo" => 154654 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Mean-VaR and mean-CVaR portfolios for a long position in AUD." ] ] ] "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "autoresLista" => "Susana Álvarez-Díez, Eva Alfaro-Cid, Matilde O. Fernández-Blanco" "autores" => array:3 [ 0 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Susana" "apellidos" => "Álvarez-Díez" ] 1 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Eva" "apellidos" => "Alfaro-Cid" ] 2 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Matilde O." "apellidos" => "Fernández-Blanco" ] ] ] ] ] "idiomaDefecto" => "en" "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S1019683815000608?idApp=UINPBA00004N" "url" => "/24448451/0000002500000001/v1_201603150456/S1019683815000608/v1_201603150456/en/main.assets" ] "en" => array:19 [ "idiomaDefecto" => true "cabecera" => "Article" "titulo" => "Corporate social responsibility: Evolution through institutional and stakeholder perspectives" "tieneTextoCompleto" => true "paginas" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "paginaInicial" => "8" "paginaFinal" => "14" ] ] "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "autoresLista" => "Jesús Barrena Martínez, Macarena López Fernández, Pedro Miguel Romero Fernández" "autores" => array:3 [ 0 => array:4 [ "nombre" => "Jesús" "apellidos" => "Barrena Martínez" "email" => array:1 [ 0 => "jesus.barrena@uca.es" ] "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "*" "identificador" => "cor0005" ] ] ] 1 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Macarena" "apellidos" => "López Fernández" ] 2 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Pedro Miguel" "apellidos" => "Romero Fernández" ] ] "afiliaciones" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "entidad" => "Facultad de Ciencias Económicas y Empresariales, Departamento de Organización de Empresas, C/ Enrique Villegas, 2, 11002, Cadiz (Spain)" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] ] "correspondencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "cor0005" "etiqueta" => "⁎" "correspondencia" => "Corresponding author." ] ] ] ] "resumenGrafico" => array:2 [ "original" => 0 "multimedia" => array:8 [ "identificador" => "fig0005" "etiqueta" => "Fig. 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "fuente" => "Source: Elaborated based on <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0135">DiMaggio and Powell (1983)</a> and <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0075">Clarkson (1995)</a>." "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr1.jpeg" "Alto" => 1951 "Ancho" => 2340 "Tamanyo" => 172256 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Influence of institutional and stakeholder perspectives in the introduction of socially responsible behaviours." ] ] ] "textoCompleto" => "IntroductionThe increasing complexity and turbulence of the environment provokes that firms should develop competitive management models aimed not only at obtaining profit margins in the short term, but also to meet the balanced expectations of society and the different stakeholders involved in its activities in the long-term (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0095">Crane, Mcwilliams, Matten, Moon, & Siegel, 2008; Solano, Casado, & Ureba, 2015</a>).Regarding these requirements for companies, corporate social responsibility (CSR)<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fn0005">1</a> has been proclaimed in recent years as a key tool that helps companies to meet these environmental pressures as well as to improve its competitiveness as a result (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0005">Aguilera, Rupp, Williams, & Ganapathi, 2007; Boulouta & Pitelis, 2014; Carroll & Shabana, 2010</a>). The analysis of the concept CSR reveals that for a long period of time, organizations have played a fundamental and exclusive economic function in society, contributing actively in the distribution of goods and services, and the generation of wealth and employment.However, in recent decades, circumstances such as: (i) the growing number of corporate fiscal abuses and opportunistic strategies in the financial landscape (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0305">Sami, Odemilin, & Bampton, 2010</a>); (ii) the increase of social inequalities reflected in the poverty, hunger or discrimination among countries (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0130">De Neve, 2009</a>); (iii) the great power held by multinationals (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0030">Bouquet & Deutsch, 2008</a>); or (iv) the environmental degradation accused by the planet (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0245">Lindgreen, Maon, Reast, & Yani-De-Soriano, 2012</a>), have generated that the parties affected by firm's decisions and outcomes – shareholders, employees, unions, customers, suppliers, citizens, local community, government, etc. – the requirement of a greater commitment and responsibility from organizational activities.Given these requirements, in accordance with the fundamentals of institutional theory (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0110">Dacin, Kostova, & Roth, 2008</a>) and stakeholder perspective (1984), which argue that companies must gain the support of society and the various stakeholders to operate with greater freedom and guarantees of survival, companies are progressively adapting their behaviour and actions, guiding them to a greater commitment to these parts.Considering the previous frame, this article concentrates its efforts on providing an analysis of the literature on corporate social responsibility, focusing on two main theories (institutional and stakeholder), which have helped to develop, consolidate and internalize this concept and management philosophy as a necessary and crucial for organizational success. The manuscript also examines some controversy around the term corporate social responsibility and its implications for businesses today, thus providing future research lines.Literature review: origins and foundations, moving towards a change in responsible business modelResearch in social responsibility reveals that a large number of scholars have been reflecting on the raison d’etre of a company, and whether it should pursue a dual economic and social function (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0190">Friedman, 1970; Galbreath, 2010; Lozano, 1999</a>).Specifically, the origin of the debate on corporate social responsibility goes back to the early twentieth century, where the intensity where the intensity of increased production merges with the second phase of the Industrial Revolution highlighting Western Europe, United States of America and Japan. In this process, the consolidation of capitalism as an economic philosophy, the first proposals for a welfare state and/or labour shortages reflect some social and labour shortages in the management system (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0015">Araque-Padilla & Montero-Simó, 2006</a>).The situation experienced in this period led authors such as <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0370">Weber (1922)</a> and <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0070">Clark (1939)</a> to express the need to educate businesspeople towards a new framework of social responsibility. In these efforts, leading business schools, with Harvard as a reference point, and professional magazines like Fortune have joined in a common purpose: to demonstrate that executives and managers of companies, might achieve a competitive management model through responsible guidance of their actions from an economic point of view (i.e., ensuring the payment of wages for employees, suppliers responsibilities in contracts, reduction of risk for shareholders, etc.). Moreover, it is necessary from a social point of view to identify improvement aims for the common good of the community in which firms operate.Based on these initial contributions, the first work arose in the fifties, formally defining the concept of social responsibility as ‘the set of moral and personal obligations that the employer must follow, considering the exercise of policies, decisions or courses of action in terms of objectives and values desired by society’ (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0035">Bowen, 1953</a>: 6).With this argument Bowen, generally called the father of the term social responsibility, pointed out that companies can have a significant influence on the lives of citizens, and consequently firms should intervene in improving and solving their main economical and social imbalances. Therefore, in addition to considering the economic function, organizations should contemplate the social consequences resulting from their actions. From this work, the concept of social responsibility starts to take on increased interest as a research topic as <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0060">Carroll (1999)</a> postulates, a work which examines in detail the evolution of the concept, subdividing the decade into different key periods that have helped the progressive institutionalization of this mental attitude of responsibility between business and academia.Among these works, it is necessary to highlight the ideas of <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0160">Drucker (1954)</a> who discusses the need to take the factor of public opinion into account in the decision making process of any organization, regardless of size or industry. According to the author, this idea is based on the experiences of multinationals such as Ford and General Motors, which in the mid-50s received much criticism from the press, media and various national regulatory institutions, due to the development of behaviours qualified as ‘irresponsible’, which had not considered the interest of their communities. These companies had to take further action to regain the trust of these customers (creating channels of communication, collaborating with environmental organizations, implementing a social volunteer programme for employees, etc.). With these arguments Drucker reflects that even major companies are subjected to an environment of wide social pressure, which consequently determine their actions in the market in the long term.Regarding these ideas, in the early sixties, <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0120">Davis (1960)</a> contributed to the concept of social responsibility, suggesting that, depending on the number of agents affected by organizational actions, they must look after their interests in order to win their endorsement and support. Therefore, Davis advised that organizations that use their power without worrying about causing impact on the environment might lose the respect and trust of their stakeholders (customers, suppliers, employees, shareholders, etc.), qualities that Davis considers determinants for success and business consolidation. This idea will be developed in literature through the trend termed ‘corporate constitutionalism’, which contemplates the firm as a social institution that must exercise its power responsibly, with their groups’ interest at heart, in order not to be punished and expelled from the market (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0120">Davis, 1960</a>).Since the mid-sixties, <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0125">Davis (1967)</a> frames the studies of social responsibility as a macro organizational issue that goes beyond internal and technicians’ interest of any company. So far, the works published highlight how the assumption of greater responsibility on the part of the companies could improve their results in relation to particular interest groups. However, Davis’ proposals suggest the need for organizational activities to be developed in line with the institutional context that surrounds and affects businesses, it being necessary to know what other companies (competitors or firms which belong in the same sector) and institutions require in economic and social terms. This process, according to Davis, is what helps companies to redefine their responsibilities and commitments regarding their agents, who make up their community.Taking into account the previous contributions, <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0365">Walton (1967)</a> stressed that social responsibility emerges as a set of actions that managers try to implement for companies to improve their relationship with the broad range of interest groups that make up their environment. In addition, <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0365">Walton (1967)</a> made a decisive contribution to the understanding of what social responsibility is, and how it can be activated among organizations. In this regard, Walton highlights that the essential ingredient of social responsibility is the degree of voluntariness by business, because such action is not mandatory, and the decision to carry it out involves the assumption of a significant cost and risk, which can affect the success or failure of a business in a decisive way. Therefore, considering the imbalances and the investment required to develop social responsibility actions, authors like <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0360">Wallich and Mcgowan (1970)</a> added that, with regard to the viability of social responsibility action, which may ensure a company's success, and to conduct their activities without restrictions, they must maintain a balance between the economic and social interests of their stakeholders.The contributions examined in the fifties, sixties and early seventies help academics to understand the role that social responsibility plays in the adjustment process of the company, with the environment and with stakeholders.In the eighties, as <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0060">Carroll (1999)</a>, <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0205">Garriga and Melé (2004)</a> and <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0235">Lee (2008)</a> reflect, there is a great theoretical dispersion that aims at analyzing the benefits and advantages of implementing actions in terms of social responsibility by firms.After considering this large body of approaches, this study, unlike the study of <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0060">Carroll (1999)</a>, is focused on the analysis of social responsibility from two disciplines that, although separated, have evolved in parallel, and can provide a better explanation of the need to internalize socially responsible behaviour by firms in response to environmental pressures: the institutional theory (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0170">Fernández-Allés, 2001; Meyer & Rowan, 1991; Scott, 2007</a>); and the stakeholder theory (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0185">Freeman, 1984; Freeman, Harrison, Wicks, Parmar, & De Colle, 2010</a>).Contributions from institutional theory to the implementation of socially responsible behavioursFor decades organizational strategies and actions have been adapted to requirements and environmental pressures (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0175">Fernández-Allés & Valle-Cabrera, 2006</a>). Following this argument, the response to the context in which companies operate and keep their actions and behaviours consistent with principles demanded by external and internal context is considered vital for organizational survival (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0105">Dacin, 1997; Fuenfschilling & Truffer, 2014</a>).This internalization process of a set of norms, beliefs, values and principles accepted by society and the community allow organizations to achieve the support and backing of their activity, which is known as legitimacy (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0100">Cruz-Suárez, Prado-Román, & Díez-Martín, 2014; Suchman, 1995</a>). Among the advantages of the legitimation process, organizations could achieve more efficient access to resources from certain stakeholders – investor funds, support from government, increased sales and customer loyalty, access to the negotiation of contracts with different suppliers and distributors, obtaining the respect and commitment of employees, etc., as a process that helps to improve the organization's economic and financial performance (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0040">Brammer, Jackson, & Matten, 2012</a>).Internally, institutionalization and internalization of norms, values and social behaviours and structures arises from formal and informal processes, which take place between internal groups within the company (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0140">DiMaggio & Powell, 1991</a>). Moreover, the external environment is considered essential with regard to the possibility of establishing a set of relationships between the company and Government laws and regulations, professional associations (licensing and certification) and other organizations, especially those that are within the same sector (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0170">Fernández-Allés, 2001</a>).Regarding this, <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0135">DiMaggio and Powell (1983)</a> point out that companies will adapt more efficiently to their environment and can achieve legitimacy and the benefits they derive from it if they: (i) Consider the legal and political pressure exerted externally by agencies such as the Government – coercive isomorphism – due to the fact that there is a creator and regulatory power enhancer and promoter of change rules, which inspects and punishes accordingly; (ii) Mimic the processes, practices and strategies of the most successful companies – mimetic isomorphism. In this process it could be argued that cognitive power, i.e. a set of beliefs, assumptions and explicit knowledge, codified and specialized, is a framework through which to perform organizational routines that help internalize these best practices; and finally; (iii) Collaborate with professionals, taking into account the experience and previous training of managerial personnel to generate a professional knowledge that will address the problems of the environment for firms with greater confidence – normative isomorphism (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0170">Fernández-Allés, 2001</a>).Although the result of the mechanisms of isomorphism implies that organizations are very similar, empirical evidence shows that those using these processes can improve their position in the market, getting their business to be perceived as desired by public institutions and the wide range of their community stakeholders (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0310">Schultz & Wehmeier, 2010</a>).These contributions, framed within the approach of old institutionalism, help to explain why organizations view the imitation of behaviours identified in their environment as able to ensure the legitimacy of the groups and institutions that shape it. However, the new institutional trend, conceived as neo-institutionalism, suggests that organizations and their strategies are substantially influenced by cultural factors, legal, historical and political institutions that define specific patterns of behaviour for different regions or countries (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0150">Doh & Guay, 2006; Powell & DiMaggio, 2012</a>).Support of this neo-institutional basis might explain what influence these factors have on the socially responsible actions undertaken by companies. Significant within this institutional contemporary framework is the theoretical support of <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0230">Keim (2003)</a>, who identifies several institutions that should be considered in the analysis of the context:(i) Formal institutions, which are constitutions, laws, policies and formal agreements created and validated by citizens from different localities and countries; (ii) informal institutions, which rule behaviour and mental models and are generated by individuals via cultural heritage, religious beliefs or policies. These rules, in the field of business, are coded as informal practices and routines. In addition, there are some key institutions for national and supranational political, legal and social legislation, from which jurisdiction specific to a particular territory or geographic area emanates. Following this classification, to examine the implementation of socially responsible behaviours among companies, the institutional environment is interpreted in contexts such as Europe and North America, traditionally marked by different historical and political factors, which affect the particular way in which respective companies make decisions about social responsibility.Focusing the analysis on European territory, due to Spain being the country in which the research is framed, it should be mentioned that there has been a high turnover of policies at the community level by different Member States, determining the generation of a large number of legislations to harmonize laws and regulations. For example: the Maastricht Treaty, 1993; Amsterdam Treaty, 1996; Treaty of Nice, 2000 (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0145">Doh, 1999; Doh & Guay, 2006</a>). The integration of these countries under a monetary system and common government influence can affect the reformulation of traditional relationships between businesses and Governments, aimed in this case at achieving a coherent system of welfare in these European countries (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0145">Doh, 1999</a>). Concretely, bodies such as the European Commission, the Parliament and the Spanish Council of Ministries are positioned as expert advisors on negotiation and improvement of these collective European interests.In terms of CSR at the European level, the elaboration and publication of the Green Book of CSR by the <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0085">European Commission (2001)</a> is highlighted as one of the prime manuscripts to promote a common framework in which responsible behaviour for entrepreneurs and managers may be developed within the European Union. Despite the importance of these European figures in the formulation of policies and procedures which promote social responsibility, according to <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0375">Doh and Teegen (2002)</a> and <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0150">Doh and Guay (2006)</a>, reflect that NGOs and the general public have been two of the main promoters at institutional level to have driven the imperative to develop socially responsible behaviours in firms during recent decades. More specifically, negative ecological impacts such as discharges of toxic air pollution by companies, or socially negative impacts such as gender inequalities or the use of child labour have led to several platforms being built and to NGOs expressing their dissatisfaction, expressing the need for more regulation of these aspects. With these arguments there is a progressive institutionalization and concern by companies to develop responsible behaviour, leading to numerous studies that have attempted to demonstrate the relevance and added value of including social responsibility as a part of organizational goals (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0045">Branco & Rodrigues, 2006</a>).Other factors such as the financial position in the market, the level of enterprise competitiveness, or a history of political baggage in some countries, encourage firms to position themselves as complementary constraints in the course of implementing socially responsible behaviour (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0055">Campbell, 2007; Sementelli, 2005</a>).In response to the ideas, and the need to respond to the demands of the institutional environment, there is a significant body of work that proclaims itself as essential to social responsibility, in its ability to respond to the large number of players involved in activity that influences business performance (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0185">Freeman, 1984; Greenwood & Anderson, 2009; Ley & Wood, 2014</a>). This framework represents the main support of stakeholder theory.Contributions from stakeholders theoryThe development of the stakeholder perspective implies the transformation of the traditional bilateral relationship established between the firm and only some of the relevant groups, such as shareholder or owners, into alternative multilateral relationships, which include the employees, unions, customers, suppliers, the Government, investors, media, competitors or the local community (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0020">Argandoña, 1998; Bridoux & Stoelhorst, 2014</a>).The origin of the stakeholder concept arises from the field of business management, introduced by Freeman and defined as ‘any group or individual who can affect or be affected by the decisions and the achievement of corporate objectives’ (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0185">Freeman, 1984</a>: 25). Given the multitude of parties involved in organizational activities, such as those stated by <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0185">Freeman (1984)</a>, <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0210">Goodpaster (1991)</a> and <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0075">Clarkson (1995)</a> it is necessary to differentiate between and prioritize them according to a single criterion in order to meet their expectations with a logical order. These previous works use a double distinction of stakeholders by way of consensus regarding their nature and the relationship established with the organization: (i) a primary group, which usually has a formal contract with the firm and is essential for its proper functioning (owners, shareholders, employees, unions, customers, suppliers, etc.) and (ii) a secondary group which, despite not being directly involved in the economic activities of the company and not having a contractual relationship with it, can exercise a significant influence on its activity (citizens, competitors, local community, the Government, public, etc.).The influence, power and claims that each of these parts have on the company has been analyzed in works such as <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0265">Mitchell, Agle, and Wood (1997)</a>. In this regard, a solid and broad theoretical framework has been built related to the stakeholders theory, that shows how satisfying the interests of these parties can help companies to improve their financial performance and subsequently their competitiveness and sustainability (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0220">Harrison, Bosse, & Phillips, 2010</a>). Specifically, <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0210">Goodpaster (1991)</a>, <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0155">Donaldson and Preston (1995)</a> and <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0165">Fassin (2009)</a> argue that there are different forms of analysing and studying the management of interest by companies. Thus, <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0210">Goodpaster (1991)</a> appreciates three theoretical trends that explain the behaviour of firms in relation to their stakeholders. Firstly, the strategic approach, which argues that stakeholders can facilitate or hinder the achievement of the organizational aims. Secondly, the responsibility approach, which explains how establishing a quality relationship with those groups of interest, can provide more benefits for companies through achieving their satisfaction. Thirdly, the convergent approach which stands as an intermediate trend from both previous approaches.Additionally, <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0155">Donaldson and Preston (1995)</a> propose another three trends to examine and analyze stakeholders management with accuracy: (i) the descriptive approach, which aims to explain that companies are defined by a broad set of different interests that must be balanced, a process that can induce better or worse results; (ii) the instrumental approach, which explains how the stakeholder management of the company is an instrument or a tool to meet specific, traditional organizational goals: profitability, stability and growth and (iii) the normative approach, supported by the fact that the management and satisfaction of stakeholder interests should be the main goal to be achieved by the company, leaving economic benefits in second place.In connection with the implementation of CSR actions according to <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0265">Mitchell et al. (1997)</a>, stakeholder theory shows that the behaviour of the company will be influenced not only by agents with great power and dependence on the organization (shareholders, employees, investors, etc.), but also by other outside groups such as social and environmental activists, professional critics, the media, the press, etc.For example, <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0225">Henriques and Sadorsky (1999)</a> found that the perception of interests and environmental demands of particular interest groups did significantly influence the level of environmental commitment adopted by companies in their practices. For these reasons, <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0280">Phillips, Freeman, and Wicks (2003)</a> proposed to adapt and modernize stakeholder's theory into a version able to capture and simplify these groups into five internal categories: financial control agents (e.g. shareholders), customers, suppliers, employees and communities in which the company operates (including competitors). Phillips also proposes six specific external groups: the Government, environmental organizations, NGOs, professional critics or experts, the media and others in general (citizens, local or those which affect or will be affected by companies). The reason why these groups may have an influence on the company, although they do not control essential resources, is explained by the legitimacy concept (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0385">Lee, 2011</a>). In the words of <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0320">Scott (2007: 45)</a> legitimacy ‘is not a commodity to be possessed or exchanged by companies, but rather a condition that reflects the cultural alignment, normative support, or consonance with the rules or laws of the environment’. This idea leads us to uncover a natural and complementary theoretical link between institutional theory and stakeholder approach, given the influence that interest groups could have on the implementation of socially responsible behaviour required of the companies by society.On the basis of theoretical arguments presented, we can conclude that both the institutional theory and stakeholders approach represent two solid pillars to explain and analyze the incorporation of corporate social responsibility actions by firms (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0180">Fernando & Lawrence, 2014; Marano & Kostova, 2015; Verbeke & Tung, 2013</a>) as <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig. 1</a> illustrates.<elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia>In this way, the institutional pillars proposed by <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0135">DiMaggio and Powell (1983)</a>, reflect how the pressure on companies may condition their decisions in terms of social responsibility actions. According to <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0075">Clarkson (1995)</a>, it will be necessary to distinguish and consider the influence they can further exert upon external groups affected by or affecting business activity interest. These mechanisms composing the external macro-context of the company are of great importance for companies’ attention, something that will determine their survival in the market. Internally, the micro-context would consist of those domestic interest groups with links to the company, able to exercise power over decisions on social responsibility as expressed in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig. 1</a>.The next section provides a structured review of the main contributions that have helped with the practical institutionalization among companies of socially responsible behaviour, facilitating its understanding and importance in the process of analyzing and responding to the pressures exerted by the environment and stakeholders of the company.Institutionalization of corporate social responsibilitySince the seventies, international organizations such as the Committee for Economic Development (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0090">CED, 1971</a>) have attempted to demonstrate the importance that social responsibility as a management model can exercise on growth and sustainability of companies in society. To achieve this process, CED proposes three key functions that companies must undertake to behave responsibly according to their role in society: (i) an internal function of an economic nature aimed at the distribution of products and services that will generate jobs and inject income into the community; (ii) an intermediate function that meets the expectations, values and social priorities of the stakeholders and (iii) an external function, which tries to reduce social and environmental imbalances in society. The characterization of these three commitments by the CED banishes simplified concepts of social responsibility that are defined only as isolated philanthropic actions or donations made by companies to legitimize their activities. Additionally, the CED proclaims that social responsibility must become a tool that helps companies to express their willingness to be part of the social and economic system in which they exist.In the late eighties and early nineties, an international institution known as the World Commission on Environment and Development (WCED) ratified in the Brundtland Report (1987), and later at the Earth Summit in Rio de Janeiro (1992) two important elements. On the one hand, the importance of studies by academics from the early seventies on sustainable and responsible behaviour undertaken by companies and, on the other hand, the relevance of meeting the needs and aspirations of the present without compromising the resources and capabilities available in the future.The contributions of the WCED underlies that the economic growth of companies must be underpinned by developing solutions to eliminate the main common problems that impact daily on society, like environmental contamination (pollution, non-renewable energy, lack of recycling, etc.) and social inequalities (poverty, hunger, underdevelopment within countries, etc.) in order to preserve its sustainability and responsible development. These contributions underline the need for companies to minimize their economic, social, and environmental ‘triple impact’ on society, in order to preserve a sustainable and balanced development within it.In the late nineties and early twenty-first century it will be the World Business Council for Sustainable and Development (WBCSD) which is positioned as a global partnership dedicated to exploring sustainable development alternatives for companies, sharing knowledge, experiences and efficient practices. The power and impact of this partnership lies in its cooperation with governments, NGOs and intergovernmental organizations, running and financing the business projects of energy efficiency and corporate sustainability. According to the WBCSD (1999) CSR can be understood as a commitment of business to contribute to sustainable economic development, working with employees, their families, the local community and society at large to improve the quality of life of their groups. This definition has placed more emphasis on the need to pursue the balanced and sustainable development of enterprises, highlighting specifically facets like the defining of employees and their families as a decisive interest group as well as the community in which enterprises operate.Other international initiatives that have helped to promote the importance of integrating social responsibility in business management are: the Principles of Global Compact promoted by the United Nations Global Compact (2000); the OECD Guidelines for Multinational Enterprises (2000); the CSR Green Book prepared by the Commission of the European Communities (2001), and the Tripartite Declaration of the International Labour Organization concerning Multinational Enterprises and Social Policy (2002). Concretely, within a European framework, the contribution of the Green Book on CSR is decisive, as prepared by the <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0085">Commission of the European Communities (2001: 3)</a>, which aims to promote corporate social responsibility at European and international level through the development of innovative practices, increased transparency and assessment tools to validate social responsibility among firms.In this respect the Green Book of CSR understands social responsibility as the voluntary integration by companies of social and environmental concerns in their business operations and their relationships with their partners. Additionally, according to the fundamentals of the Green Book, being ‘socially responsible’ does not mean only compliance with legal and statutory obligations, but also with those social duties which represent constant investment in human capital or the community in which the company participates. Therefore, this European initiative highlights the altruistic value of social responsibility actions, and its progressive support at European level.As a consequence of the gradual increase of definitions of CSR, not only by academics but also by institutions, <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0350">Van Marrewijk (2003)</a> emphasizes the multidisciplinary breadth and scope of CSR as well as a certain solid base of these contributions based on the support of institutional and stakeholder theories.Therefore, <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0350">Van Marrewijk (2003)</a> understands CSR as a tailored process in which each organization should select specific sustainability goals to adapt to the changes and challenges of the environment. Similarly, <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0260">McWilliams, Siegel, and Wright (2006)</a> argue that corporate social responsibility acts as an enabler for companies involved, according to their characteristics and objectives, social and environmental actions as well as other emerging demands of society, the industry and community. The above statements highlight how the size or organizational structure of a company may affect the definition of CSR objectives.In an attempt to extract commonalities and consensus in the literature regarding a definition of CSR, the bibliometric analysis conducted by <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0115">Dahlsrud (2008)</a> highlights that all of the definitions set up until this year have three points in common: (i) the importance given to the stakeholders; (ii) the voluntary degree of CSR actions by companies and (iii) the reference to these actions representing a set of social, economic and environmental obligations, and the association of these commitments with sustainable development. According to Dahlsrud after analyzing 37 definitions of CSR, there is no description arising out of optimum performance derivative actions on social responsibility, and how those can affect the decision making of the company. Additionally, the analysis of Dahlsrud shows that issues such as globalization, the new dynamic and competitive context in which business operates, the new actors and international laws are changing the expectations that society places on businesses and altering the way of citizens’ lives. From the work of Van Marrewijk and Dahlsrud it can be extracted that the term CSR has evolved in parallel with the environment and the expectations of society in business. Taking into consideration the conclusions of the previous authors, and in line with the stakeholders and institutional approaches, this research promotes as a most suitable the definition of CSR by the <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0080">European Commission (2011)</a> which understood CSR as the process of integration in the organizational activities of social, environmental, ethical and human concerns from their interest groups, with two objectives: (1) to maximize value creation for these parts, and (2) to identify, prevent and mitigate the adverse effects of organizational actions on the environment. The conceptualization of the European Commission highlights the importance of stakeholders, the need to create value for them as well as to respond to environmental or institutional pressures, trying to prevent the consequences of organizational actions.After this review of the concept CSR, we can state that there is no consensus on the definition of social responsibility. Additionally, a coherent and consistent pattern is appreciable in the conceptual proposal regarding CSR in the literature, describing a phenomenon increasingly latent in society, although there are still no tools or guidance on how to manage its effects. Indeed, there remains a distinct need for continuing to analyze the impacts of CSR on organizational performance.Conclusions, discussion and future linesThe review and analysis of the literature reveals the importance of carrying out socially responsible behaviour as a strategy of legitimation and survival for companies, basing this process on the basis of two main approaches such as institutional theory and the stakeholder approach. So far, many studies have reported the separate importance of these theoretical approaches where the relevance of socially responsible actions are concerned. Nevertheless, these works do not conclude that these approaches can act as complementary and may provide a significant degree of explanation of why companies adopt social responsibility practices, and the value derived from these actions for the stakeholders. Using this double theoretical approach, it can be argued that response to pressures and economic, social, ethical and environmental requirements of different stakeholders of the company that make up its environment, help to increase organizational competitiveness.However, despite the evidence and theoretical advances, there is a high heterogeneity and inconsistencies regarding the measurement of actions and results derived from an empirical point of view. In the meta-analysis made by authors such as <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0010">Allouche and Laroche (2005)</a>, <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0270">Moneva and Ortas (2010)</a> and <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0275">Orlitzky, Schmidt, and Rynnes (2003)</a> a number of limitations can be extracted that represent opportunities for future contributions in the field of corporate social responsibility at theoretical and empirical terms:<ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0005"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0005">(i)The lack of a single theoretical framework, which contributes to the theoretical dispersion phenomenon, is difficult to study and further research can begin prior contrasted with a support;</li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0010">(ii)The use of a wide variety of population (sizes, sectors, countries), which avoid the generation of inferences in statistical terms;</li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0015">(iii)Methodological shortcomings in measuring the impact of social responsibility actions on financial performance. Considering that CSR represents an intangible construct or latent variables of great complexity in its measurement, it is very difficult to find practical tools to provide an efficient support by researchers to compare the results of these actions on the profitability and performance of the company;</li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0020">(iv)The need to analyze the longitudinal basis of the relationship between social responsibility activities and performance indicators. The reason is that these social actions, until they are perceived and treated as actions that create value for stakeholders, requires a ripening period, which necessitates measuring this reaction in a large temporary space, which can be about two or three years.</li></ul>Regarding the limitations exposed, it is necessary to continue exploring the external and internal effects of CSR actions in tangible variables (economic and financial results), and intangible variables (innovation, intellectual capital, organizational reputation). Within these intangible effects, it will be extremely relevant to examine how corporate social responsibility can generate shared value. According to <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0285">Porter and Kramer (2011)</a>, the term-shared value involves creating economic value in a way that also creates value for society by addressing its needs and challenges. Considering the approaches reviewed in the current article, the concept of shared value is implicitly related to the essence of institutional perspectives and stakeholders, trying to provide a value in response to the needs and requirements of society and stakeholders. This value must go beyond the actual economic value, trying to create social and environmental value, helping companies to set goals that can ensure sustainability and an adequate future for all its citizens." "textoCompletoSecciones" => array:1 [ "secciones" => array:8 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "xres615117" "titulo" => "Abstract" "secciones" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "identificador" => "abst0005" ] ] ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xpalclavsec628783" "titulo" => "Keywords" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xpalclavsec628784" "titulo" => "JEL classification" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0005" "titulo" => "Introduction" ] 4 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "sec0010" "titulo" => "Literature review: origins and foundations, moving towards a change in responsible business model" "secciones" => array:2 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0015" "titulo" => "Contributions from institutional theory to the implementation of socially responsible behaviours" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0020" "titulo" => "Contributions from stakeholders theory" ] ] ] 5 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0025" "titulo" => "Institutionalization of corporate social responsibility" ] 6 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0040" "titulo" => "Conclusions, discussion and future lines" ] 7 => array:1 [ "titulo" => "References" ] ] ] "pdfFichero" => "main.pdf" "tienePdf" => true "fechaRecibido" => "2015-05-21" "fechaAceptado" => "2015-11-13" "PalabrasClave" => array:1 [ "en" => array:2 [ 0 => array:4 [ "clase" => "keyword" "titulo" => "Keywords" "identificador" => "xpalclavsec628783" "palabras" => array:4 [ 0 => "Business economics" 1 => "Corporate social responsibility" 2 => "Institutional theory" 3 => "Stakeholder theory" ] ] 1 => array:4 [ "clase" => "jel" "titulo" => "JEL classification" "identificador" => "xpalclavsec628784" "palabras" => array:3 [ 0 => "B52" 1 => "M2" 2 => "M14" ] ] ] ] "tieneResumen" => true "resumen" => array:1 [ "en" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Abstract" "resumen" => "This article presents a structured review of the literature about corporate social responsibility, from the origins and evolution of the discipline, as a field of research, until the present. A review is also presented on the main contributions of authors and institutions in relation to the promotion of social responsibility, focusing on two complementary trends that have gained prominence as theoretical support: institutional theory and stakeholder approach. Some controversies and discussions generated in the years around the concept are also discussed." ] ] "NotaPie" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "etiqueta" => "1" "nota" => "According to the European Commission, CSR is defined as “the process of integration in the organizational activities the social, environmental, ethical and human concerns from its groups of interest with two aims: (1) to maximize the value creation for these parts, and (2) to identify, prevent and mitigate the adverse effects of firm actions on the environment” (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0080">European Commission, 2011</a>: 6)." "identificador" => "fn0005" ] ] "multimedia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:8 [ "identificador" => "fig0005" "etiqueta" => "Fig. 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "fuente" => "Source: Elaborated based on <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0135">DiMaggio and Powell (1983)</a> and <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0075">Clarkson (1995)</a>." "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr1.jpeg" "Alto" => 1951 "Ancho" => 2340 "Tamanyo" => 172256 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Influence of institutional and stakeholder perspectives in the introduction of socially responsible behaviours." ] ] ] "bibliografia" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "References" "seccion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "bibs0005" "bibliografiaReferencia" => array:73 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0005" "etiqueta" => "Aguilera et al., 2007" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Putting the s back in corporate social responsibility: A multilevel theory of social change in organizations" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:4 [ 0 => "R. Aguilera" 1 => "D. Rupp" 2 => "C. Williams" 3 => "J. Ganapathi" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Academy of Management Review" "fecha" => "2007" "volumen" => "32" "numero" => "3" "paginaInicial" => "836" "paginaFinal" => "863" ] ] ] ] ] ] 1 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0010" "etiqueta" => "Allouche and Laroche, 2005" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "A meta-analytical investigation of the relationship between corporate social and financial performance" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:2 [ 0 => "J. Allouche" 1 => "P. Laroche" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Revue de Gestion des Ressources Humaines" "fecha" => "2005" "volumen" => "57" "numero" => "July–September" "paginaInicial" => "18" "paginaFinal" => "41" ] ] ] ] ] ] 2 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0015" "etiqueta" => "Araque-Padilla and Montero-Simó, 2006" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "La responsabilidad social de la empresa a debate" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:2 [ 0 => "R. Araque-Padilla" 1 => "M. Montero-Simó" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Libro" => array:3 [ "fecha" => "2006" "editorial" => "Icaria Editorial" "editorialLocalizacion" => "Barcelona" ] ] ] ] ] ] 3 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0020" "etiqueta" => "Argandoña, 1998" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "The stakeholder theory and the common good" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => "A. Argandoña" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Journal of Business Ethics" "fecha" => "1998" "volumen" => "17" "numero" => "10" "paginaInicial" => "1093" "paginaFinal" => "1102" ] ] ] ] ] ] 4 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0025" "etiqueta" => "Boulouta and Pitelis, 2014" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Who needs CSR? The impact of corporate social responsibility on national competitiveness" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:2 [ 0 => "I. Boulouta" 1 => "C.N. Pitelis" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Journal of Business Ethics" "fecha" => "2014" "volumen" => "119" "numero" => "3" "paginaInicial" => "349" "paginaFinal" => "364" ] ] ] ] ] ] 5 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0030" "etiqueta" => "Bouquet and Deutsch, 2008" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "The impact of corporate social performance on a firm's multinationality" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:2 [ 0 => "C. Bouquet" 1 => "Y. Deutsch" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Journal of Business Ethics" "fecha" => "2008" "volumen" => "80" "numero" => "4" "paginaInicial" => "755" "paginaFinal" => "769" ] ] ] ] ] ] 6 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0035" "etiqueta" => "Bowen, 1953" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Social responsibilities of the businessman" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => "H. Bowen" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Libro" => array:3 [ "fecha" => "1953" "editorial" => "Harper" "editorialLocalizacion" => "New York" ] ] ] ] ] ] 7 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0040" "etiqueta" => "Brammer et al., 2012" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Corporate social responsibility and institutional theory: New perspectives on private governance" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:3 [ 0 => "S. Brammer" 1 => "G. Jackson" 2 => "D. Matten" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Socio-Economic Review" "fecha" => "2012" "volumen" => "10" "numero" => "1" "paginaInicial" => "3" "paginaFinal" => "28" ] ] ] ] ] ] 8 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0045" "etiqueta" => "Branco and Rodrigues, 2006" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Corporate social responsibility and resource-based perspectives" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:2 [ 0 => "M. Branco" 1 => "L. Rodrigues" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Journal of Business Ethics" "fecha" => "2006" "volumen" => "69" "numero" => "2" "paginaInicial" => "111" "paginaFinal" => "132" ] ] ] ] ] ] 9 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0050" "etiqueta" => "Bridoux and Stoelhorst, 2014" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Microfoundations for stakeholder theory: Managing stakeholders with heterogeneous motives" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:2 [ 0 => "F. Bridoux" 1 => "J.W. Stoelhorst" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Strategic Management Journal" "fecha" => "2014" "volumen" => "35" "numero" => "1" "paginaInicial" => "107" "paginaFinal" => "125" ] ] ] ] ] ] 10 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0055" "etiqueta" => "Campbell, 2007" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Why would corporations behave in socially responsible ways? An institutional theory of corporate social responsibility" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => "J.L. Campbell" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Academy of Management Review" "fecha" => "2007" "volumen" => "32" "numero" => "3" "paginaInicial" => "946" "paginaFinal" => "967" ] ] ] ] ] ] 11 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0060" "etiqueta" => "Carroll, 1999" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Corporate social responsibility evolution of a definitional construct" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => "A. Carroll" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1016/j.ejmech.2016.02.052" "Revista" => array:7 [ "tituloSerie" => "Business & Society" "fecha" => "1999" "volumen" => "38" "numero" => "3" "paginaInicial" => "268" "paginaFinal" => "295" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26974382" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 12 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0065" "etiqueta" => "Carroll and Shabana, 2010" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "The business case for corporate social responsibility: A review of concepts, research and practice" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:2 [ 0 => "A. Carroll" 1 => "K. Shabana" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "International Journal of Management Reviews" "fecha" => "2010" "volumen" => "12" "numero" => "1" "paginaInicial" => "85" "paginaFinal" => "105" ] ] ] ] ] ] 13 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0070" "etiqueta" => "Clark, 1939" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Social control of business" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => "J.M. Clark" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Libro" => array:3 [ "fecha" => "1939" "editorial" => "McGraw-Hill" "editorialLocalizacion" => "New York" ] ] ] ] ] ] 14 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0075" "etiqueta" => "Clarkson, 1995" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "A stakeholder framework for analyzing and evaluating corporate social responsibility" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => "M. Clarkson" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Academy of Management Review" "fecha" => "1995" "volumen" => "20" "numero" => "1" "paginaInicial" => "92" "paginaFinal" => "118" ] ] ] ] ] ] 15 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0085" "etiqueta" => "Comisión Europea, 2001" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Promoting a European framework for corporate social responsibilities, COM (2001) 366 final, Brussels" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => "Comisión Europea" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Libro" => array:1 [ "fecha" => "2001" ] ] ] ] ] ] 16 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0080" "etiqueta" => "Comisión Europea, 2011" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Estrategia renovada de la UE para 2011–2014 sobre la responsabilidad social de las empresas. Bruselas, 25 de Octubre" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => "Comisión Europea" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Libro" => array:1 [ "fecha" => "2011" ] ] ] ] ] ] 17 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0090" "etiqueta" => "CED, 1971" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Social responsibilities of business corporations, New York" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => "Committee for Economic Development" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Libro" => array:1 [ "fecha" => "1971" ] ] ] ] ] ] 18 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0095" "etiqueta" => "Crane et al., 2008" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "The Oxford handbook of corporate social responsibilities" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:5 [ 0 => "A. Crane" 1 => "A. Mcwilliams" 2 => "D. Matten" 3 => "J. Moon" 4 => "D. Siegel" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Libro" => array:3 [ "fecha" => "2008" "editorial" => "Oxford University Press" "editorialLocalizacion" => "Oxford" ] ] ] ] ] ] 19 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0100" "etiqueta" => "Cruz-Suárez et al., 2014" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Por qué se institucionalizan las organizaciones" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:3 [ 0 => "A. Cruz-Suárez" 1 => "C. Prado-Román" 2 => "F. Díez-Martín" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Revista Europea de Dirección y Economía de la Empresa" "fecha" => "2014" "volumen" => "23" "numero" => "1" "paginaInicial" => "22" "paginaFinal" => "30" ] ] ] ] ] ] 20 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0105" "etiqueta" => "Dacin, 1997" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Isomorphism in context: The power and prescription of institutional norms" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => "M. Dacin" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Academy of Management Journal" "fecha" => "1997" "volumen" => "40" "numero" => "1" "paginaInicial" => "46" "paginaFinal" => "81" ] ] ] ] ] ] 21 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0110" "etiqueta" => "Dacin et al., 2008" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Institutional theory in the study of multinational corporations: A critique and new directions" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:3 [ 0 => "M. Dacin" 1 => "Y. Kostova" 2 => "K. Roth" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Academy of Management Review" "fecha" => "2008" "volumen" => "33" "numero" => "4" "paginaInicial" => "994" "paginaFinal" => "1006" ] ] ] ] ] ] 22 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0115" "etiqueta" => "Dahlsrud, 2008" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "How corporate social responsibility is defined: An analysis of 37 definitions" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => "A. Dahlsrud" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Corporate Social Responsibility and Environmental Management" "fecha" => "2008" "volumen" => "15" "numero" => "1" "paginaInicial" => "1" "paginaFinal" => "13" ] ] ] ] ] ] 23 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0120" "etiqueta" => "Davis, 1960" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Can business afford to ignore social responsibilities?" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => "K. Davis" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "California Management Review" "fecha" => "1960" "volumen" => "2" "numero" => "3" "paginaInicial" => "70" "paginaFinal" => "76" ] ] ] ] ] ] 24 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0125" "etiqueta" => "Davis, 1967" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Understanding the social responsibility puzzle: What does the businessman owe to society?" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => "K. Davis" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Business Horizons" "fecha" => "1967" "volumen" => "10" "numero" => "Winter" "paginaInicial" => "45" "paginaFinal" => "50" ] ] ] ] ] ] 25 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0130" "etiqueta" => "De Neve, 2009" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Power, inequality and corporate social responsibility: The politics of ethical compliance in the South Indian garment industry" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => "G. De Neve" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Economic and Political Weekly" "fecha" => "2009" "volumen" => "44" "numero" => "22" "paginaInicial" => "63" "paginaFinal" => "71" ] ] ] ] ] ] 26 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0135" "etiqueta" => "DiMaggio and Powell, 1983" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "The iron cage revisited institutional isomorphism and collective rationality in organizational fields" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:2 [ 0 => "P. DiMaggio" 1 => "W. Powell" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "American Sociological Review" "fecha" => "1983" "volumen" => "48" "numero" => "2" "paginaInicial" => "147" "paginaFinal" => "160" ] ] ] ] ] ] 27 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0140" "etiqueta" => "DiMaggio and Powell, 1991" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Introduction" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:2 [ 0 => "P. DiMaggio" 1 => "W. Powell" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "LibroEditado" => array:4 [ "titulo" => "The new institutionalism in organizational analysis" "paginaInicial" => "1" "paginaFinal" => "38" "serieFecha" => "1991" ] ] ] ] ] ] 28 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0145" "etiqueta" => "Doh, 1999" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Regional market integration and decentralization in Europe and North America" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => "J. Doh" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1016/j.ejmech.2016.02.052" "Revista" => array:7 [ "tituloSerie" => "Business & Society" "fecha" => "1999" "volumen" => "38" "numero" => "4" "paginaInicial" => "474" "paginaFinal" => "507" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26974382" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 29 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0150" "etiqueta" => "Doh and Guay, 2006" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Corporate social responsibility, public policy, and NGO activism in Europe and the United States: An institutional stakeholder perspective" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:2 [ 0 => "J. Doh" 1 => "T. Guay" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Journal of Management Studies" "fecha" => "2006" "volumen" => "43" "numero" => "1" "paginaInicial" => "47" "paginaFinal" => "73" ] ] ] ] ] ] 30 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0375" "etiqueta" => "Doh and Teegen, 2002" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Nongovernmental organizations as institutional actors in international business: Theory and implications" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:2 [ 0 => "J.P. Doh" 1 => "H. Teegen" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "International Business Review" "fecha" => "2002" "volumen" => "11" "numero" => "6" "paginaInicial" => "665" "paginaFinal" => "684" ] ] ] ] ] ] 31 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0155" "etiqueta" => "Donaldson and Preston, 1995" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "The stakeholder theory of the corporation: Concepts, evidence and implications" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:2 [ 0 => "T. Donaldson" 1 => "L. Preston" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Academy of Management Review" "fecha" => "1995" "volumen" => "20" "numero" => "1" "paginaInicial" => "65" "paginaFinal" => "91" ] ] ] ] ] ] 32 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0160" "etiqueta" => "Drucker, 1954" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "The practice of management" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => "P. Drucker" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Libro" => array:3 [ "fecha" => "1954" "editorial" => "Harper & Row" "editorialLocalizacion" => "New York" ] ] ] ] ] ] 33 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0165" "etiqueta" => "Fassin, 2009" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "The stakeholder model refined" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => "Y. Fassin" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Journal of Business Ethics" "fecha" => "2009" "volumen" => "84" "numero" => "1" "paginaInicial" => "113" "paginaFinal" => "135" ] ] ] ] ] ] 34 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0170" "etiqueta" => "Fernández-Allés, 2001" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Un análisis institucional del contexto y su incidencia en el proceso de cambio de la gestión de recursos humanos. Tres estudios de casos" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => "M. Fernández-Allés" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Libro" => array:2 [ "fecha" => "2001" "editorial" => "Universidad de Cadiz" ] ] ] ] ] ] 35 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0175" "etiqueta" => "Fernández-Allés and Valle-Cabrera, 2006" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Reconciling institutional theory with organizational theories: How neoinstitutionalism resolves five paradoxes" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:2 [ 0 => "M. Fernández-Allés" 1 => "R. Valle-Cabrera" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Journal of Organizational Change Management" "fecha" => "2006" "volumen" => "19" "numero" => "4" "paginaInicial" => "503" "paginaFinal" => "517" ] ] ] ] ] ] 36 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0180" "etiqueta" => "Fernando and Lawrence, 2014" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "A theoretical framework for CSR practices: Integrating legitimacy theory, stakeholder theory and institutional theory" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:2 [ 0 => "S. Fernando" 1 => "S. Lawrence" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Journal of Theoretical Accounting Research" "fecha" => "2014" "volumen" => "10" "numero" => "1" "paginaInicial" => "149" "paginaFinal" => "178" ] ] ] ] ] ] 37 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0185" "etiqueta" => "Freeman, 1984" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Strategic management: A stakeholder approach" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => "R. Freeman" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Libro" => array:3 [ "fecha" => "1984" "editorial" => "Pitman" "editorialLocalizacion" => "Boston" ] ] ] ] ] ] 38 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0380" "etiqueta" => "Freeman et al., 2010" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Stakeholder theory: The state of the art" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:5 [ 0 => "R.E. Freeman" 1 => "J.S. Harrison" 2 => "A.C. Wicks" 3 => "B.L. Parmar" 4 => "S. De Colle" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Libro" => array:2 [ "fecha" => "2010" "editorial" => "Cambridge University Press" ] ] ] ] ] ] 39 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0190" "etiqueta" => "Friedman, 1970" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "The social responsibility of business is to increase its profits" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => "M. Friedman" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:2 [ "tituloSerie" => "New York Times Magazine" "fecha" => "1970, September" ] ] ] ] ] ] 40 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0195" "etiqueta" => "Fuenfschilling and Truffer, 2014" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "The structuration of socio-technical regimes—Conceptual foundations from institutional theory" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:2 [ 0 => "L. Fuenfschilling" 1 => "B. Truffer" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Research Policy" "fecha" => "2014" "volumen" => "43" "numero" => "4" "paginaInicial" => "772" "paginaFinal" => "791" ] ] ] ] ] ] 41 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0200" "etiqueta" => "Galbreath, 2010" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "How does corporate social responsibility benefit firms? Evidence from Australia" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => "J. Galbreath" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "European Business Review" "fecha" => "2010" "volumen" => "22" "numero" => "4" "paginaInicial" => "411" "paginaFinal" => "431" ] ] ] ] ] ] 42 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0205" "etiqueta" => "Garriga and Melé, 2004" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Corporate social responsibility theories: Mapping the territory" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:2 [ 0 => "E. Garriga" 1 => "D. Melé" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Journal of Business Ethics" "fecha" => "2004" "volumen" => "53" "numero" => "1–2" "paginaInicial" => "51" "paginaFinal" => "71" ] ] ] ] ] ] 43 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0210" "etiqueta" => "Goodpaster, 1991" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Business ethics and stakeholder analysis" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => "K. Goodpaster" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Business Ethics Quarterly" "fecha" => "1991" "volumen" => "1" "numero" => "1" "paginaInicial" => "53" "paginaFinal" => "73" ] ] ] ] ] ] 44 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0215" "etiqueta" => "Greenwood and Anderson, 2009" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "I used to be an employee but now I am a stakeholder: Implications of labelling employees as stakeholders" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:2 [ 0 => "M. Greenwood" 1 => "E. Anderson" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Asia Pacific Journal of Human Resources" "fecha" => "2009" "volumen" => "47" "numero" => "2" "paginaInicial" => "186" "paginaFinal" => "200" ] ] ] ] ] ] 45 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0220" "etiqueta" => "Harrison et al., 2010" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Managing for stakeholders, stakeholder utility functions, and competitive advantage" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:3 [ 0 => "J. Harrison" 1 => "D. Bosse" 2 => "R. Phillips" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Strategic Management Journal" "fecha" => "2010" "volumen" => "31" "numero" => "1" "paginaInicial" => "58" "paginaFinal" => "74" ] ] ] ] ] ] 46 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0225" "etiqueta" => "Henriques and Sadorsky, 1999" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "The relationship between environmental commitment and managerial perceptions of stakeholder importance" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:2 [ 0 => "I. Henriques" 1 => "P. Sadorsky" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Academy of Management Journal" "fecha" => "1999" "volumen" => "42" "numero" => "1" "paginaInicial" => "87" "paginaFinal" => "99" ] ] ] ] ] ] 47 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0230" "etiqueta" => "Keim, 2003" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Nongovernmental organizations and business-government relations: The importance of institutions" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => "G. Keim" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "LibroEditado" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Globalization and NGOs: Transforming business, governments, and society" "serieFecha" => "2003" ] ] ] ] ] ] 48 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0235" "etiqueta" => "Lee, 2008" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "A review of the theories of corporate social responsibility: Its evolutionary path and the road ahead" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => "M. Lee" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "International Journal of Management Reviews" "fecha" => "2008" "volumen" => "10" "numero" => "1" "paginaInicial" => "53" "paginaFinal" => "73" ] ] ] ] ] ] 49 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0385" "etiqueta" => "Lee, 2011" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Contion of external influences: The combined effects of institutions and stakeholders on corporate social responsibility strategies" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => "M.-D. Lee" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Journal of Business Ethics" "fecha" => "2011" "volumen" => "102" "numero" => "2" "paginaInicial" => "281" "paginaFinal" => "298" ] ] ] ] ] ] 50 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0240" "etiqueta" => "Ley and Wood, 2014" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Teaching the new institutionalism: A cross-class simulation of executive branch decision-making and judicial review" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:2 [ 0 => "A.J. Ley" 1 => "R.S. Wood" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Libro" => array:1 [ "fecha" => "2014" ] ] ] ] ] ] 51 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0245" "etiqueta" => "Lindgreen et al., 2012" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Corporate social responsibility in controversial industry sectors" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:4 [ 0 => "A. Lindgreen" 1 => "F. Maon" 2 => "J. Reast" 3 => "M. Yani-De-Soriano" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Journal of Business Ethics" "fecha" => "2012" "volumen" => "110" "numero" => "4" "paginaInicial" => "393" "paginaFinal" => "395" ] ] ] ] ] ] 52 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0250" "etiqueta" => "Lozano, 1999" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Ética y Empresa" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => "J.M. Lozano" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Libro" => array:3 [ "fecha" => "1999" "editorial" => "Trotta" "editorialLocalizacion" => "Madrid" ] ] ] ] ] ] 53 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0255" "etiqueta" => "Marano and Kostova, 2015" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Unpacking the institutional complexity in adoption of CSR practices in multinational enterprises" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:2 [ 0 => "V. Marano" 1 => "T. Kostova" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1111/joms.12124" "Revista" => array:2 [ "tituloSerie" => "Journal of Management Studies" "fecha" => "2015" ] ] ] ] ] ] 54 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0260" "etiqueta" => "McWilliams et al., 2006" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Corporate social responsibility: Strategic implications" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:3 [ 0 => "A. McWilliams" 1 => "D.S. Siegel" 2 => "P.M. Wright" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Journal of Management Studies" "fecha" => "2006" "volumen" => "43" "numero" => "1" "paginaInicial" => "1" "paginaFinal" => "18" ] ] ] ] ] ] 55 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0390" "etiqueta" => "Meyer and Rowan, 1991" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Institutionalized organizations: Formal structure as myth and ceremony" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:2 [ 0 => "J.W. Meyer" 1 => "B. Rowan" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "LibroEditado" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "The new institutionalism in organizational analysis" "serieFecha" => "1991" ] ] ] ] ] ] 56 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0265" "etiqueta" => "Mitchell et al., 1997" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Toward a theory of stakeholder identification and salience: Defining the principle of who and what really counts" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:3 [ 0 => "R. Mitchell" 1 => "B. Agle" 2 => "D. Wood" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Academy of Management Review" "fecha" => "1997" "volumen" => "22" "numero" => "4" "paginaInicial" => "853" "paginaFinal" => "886" ] ] ] ] ] ] 57 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0270" "etiqueta" => "Moneva and Ortas, 2010" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Corporate environmental and financial performance: A multivariate approach" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:2 [ 0 => "J.M. Moneva" 1 => "E. Ortas" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1016/j.meatsci.2016.03.003" "Revista" => array:7 [ "tituloSerie" => "Industrial Management & Data Systems" "fecha" => "2010" "volumen" => "110" "numero" => "2" "paginaInicial" => "193" "paginaFinal" => "210" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26974595" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 58 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0275" "etiqueta" => "Orlitzky et al., 2003" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Corporate social and financial performance: A meta-analysis" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:3 [ 0 => "M. Orlitzky" 1 => "F. Schmidt" 2 => "S.L. Rynnes" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Organization Studies" "fecha" => "2003" "volumen" => "24" "numero" => "3" "paginaInicial" => "403" "paginaFinal" => "441" ] ] ] ] ] ] 59 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0280" "etiqueta" => "Phillips et al., 2003" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "What stakeholder theory is not" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:3 [ 0 => "R. Phillips" 1 => "R.E. Freeman" 2 => "A.C. Wicks" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Business Ethics Quarterly" "fecha" => "2003" "volumen" => "13" "numero" => "4" "paginaInicial" => "479" "paginaFinal" => "502" ] ] ] ] ] ] 60 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0285" "etiqueta" => "Porter and Kramer, 2011" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "La creación de valor compartido: Cómo reinventar el capitalismo y liberar una oleada de innovación y crecimiento" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:2 [ 0 => "M.E. Porter" 1 => "M.R. Kramer" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:4 [ "tituloSerie" => "Harvard Business Review AL" "fecha" => "2011" "paginaInicial" => "33" "paginaFinal" => "49" ] ] ] ] ] ] 61 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0290" "etiqueta" => "Powell and DiMaggio, 2012" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "LibroEditado" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "The new institutionalism in organizational analysis" "serieFecha" => "2012" ] ] ] ] ] ] 62 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0305" "etiqueta" => "Sami et al., 2010" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Corporate social responsibility: A strategy for sustainable business success. An analysis of 20 selected British companies" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:3 [ 0 => "M. Sami" 1 => "G. Odemilin" 2 => "R. Bampton" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Corporate Governance" "fecha" => "2010" "volumen" => "10" "numero" => "2" "paginaInicial" => "203" "paginaFinal" => "217" ] ] ] ] ] ] 63 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0310" "etiqueta" => "Schultz and Wehmeier, 2010" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Institutionalization of corporate social responsibility within corporate communications" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:2 [ 0 => "F. Schultz" 1 => "S. Wehmeier" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Corporate Communications" "fecha" => "2010" "volumen" => "15" "numero" => "1" "paginaInicial" => "9" "paginaFinal" => "29" ] ] ] ] ] ] 64 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0320" "etiqueta" => "Scott, 2007" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Institutions and organizations" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => "W.R. Scott" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Libro" => array:3 [ "fecha" => "2007" "editorial" => "Sage Publications" "editorialLocalizacion" => "Thousand Oaks" ] ] ] ] ] ] 65 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0330" "etiqueta" => "Sementelli, 2005" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Critical theory, institutions, and hegemony: Role obligation and the reconciliation of seemingly incompatible goals" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => "A.J. Sementelli" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "International Journal of Organization Theory and Behavior" "fecha" => "2005" "volumen" => "8" "numero" => "4" "paginaInicial" => "559" "paginaFinal" => "576" ] ] ] ] ] ] 66 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0340" "etiqueta" => "Solano et al., 2015" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Analisis de la divulgación de la información sobre la responsabilidad social corporativa en las empresas de transporte público urbano en españa" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:3 [ 0 => "S.E. Solano" 1 => "P.P. Casado" 2 => "S.F. Ureba" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1016/j.rcsar.2015.05.002" "Revista" => array:2 [ "tituloSerie" => "Revista de contabilidad" "fecha" => "2015" ] ] ] ] ] ] 67 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0345" "etiqueta" => "Suchman, 1995" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Managing legitimacy: Strategic and institutional approaches" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => "M.C. Suchman" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Academy of Management Review" "fecha" => "1995" "volumen" => "20" "numero" => "3" "paginaInicial" => "571" "paginaFinal" => "610" ] ] ] ] ] ] 68 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0350" "etiqueta" => "Van Marrewijk, 2003" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Concepts and definitions of CSR and corporate sustainability: Between agency and communion" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => "M. Van Marrewijk" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Journal of Business Ethics" "fecha" => "2003" "volumen" => "44" "numero" => "2/3" "paginaInicial" => "95" "paginaFinal" => "105" ] ] ] ] ] ] 69 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0355" "etiqueta" => "Verbeke and Tung, 2013" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "The future of stakeholder management theory: A temporal perspective" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:2 [ 0 => "A. Verbeke" 1 => "V. Tung" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Journal of Business Ethics" "fecha" => "2013" "volumen" => "112" "numero" => "3" "paginaInicial" => "529" "paginaFinal" => "543" ] ] ] ] ] ] 70 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0360" "etiqueta" => "Wallich and Mcgowan, 1970" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Stockholder interest and the corporation's role in social policy" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:2 [ 0 => "H.C. Wallich" 1 => "J.J. Mcgowan" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "LibroEditado" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "A new rationale for corporate social policy" "serieFecha" => "1970" ] ] ] ] ] ] 71 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0365" "etiqueta" => "Walton, 1967" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Corporate social responsibilities" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => "C.C. Walton" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Libro" => array:3 [ "fecha" => "1967" "editorial" => "Wadsworth" "editorialLocalizacion" => "Belmont, CA" ] ] ] ] ] ] 72 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0370" "etiqueta" => "Weber, 1922" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "The theory of social and economic organization" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => "M. Weber" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Libro" => array:3 [ "fecha" => "1922" "editorial" => "University of California Press" "editorialLocalizacion" => "New York, NY" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] "idiomaDefecto" => "en" "url" => "/24448451/0000002500000001/v1_201603150456/S1019683815000591/v1_201603150456/en/main.assets" "Apartado" => array:4 [ "identificador" => "49060" "tipo" => "SECCION" "en" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Artículo" "idiomaDefecto" => true ] "idiomaDefecto" => "en" ] "PDF" => "https://static.elsevier.es/multimedia/24448451/0000002500000001/v1_201603150456/S1019683815000591/v1_201603150456/en/main.pdf?idApp=UINPBA00004N&text.app=https://www.elsevier.es/" "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S1019683815000591?idApp=UINPBA00004N"]

Statistics

Article

Corporate social responsibility: Evolution through institutional and stakeholder perspectives

Jesús Barrena Martínez

Corresponding author

jesus.barrena@uca.es

Corresponding author.

, Macarena López Fernández, Pedro Miguel Romero Fernández

Facultad de Ciencias Económicas y Empresariales, Departamento de Organización de Empresas, C/ Enrique Villegas, 2, 11002, Cadiz (Spain)

Read

18179

Times
was read the article

2222

Total PDF

15957

Total HTML

Share statistics

 array:24 [
  "pii" => "S1019683815000591"
  "issn" => "24448451"
  "doi" => "10.1016/j.redee.2015.11.002"
  "estado" => "S300"
  "fechaPublicacion" => "2016-01-04"
  "aid" => "74"
  "copyright" => "AEDEM"
  "copyrightAnyo" => "2015"
  "documento" => "article"
  "crossmark" => 1
  "licencia" => "http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/"
  "subdocumento" => "fla"
  "cita" => "European Journal of Management and Business Economics. 2016;25:8-14"
  "abierto" => array:3 [
    "ES" => true
    "ES2" => true
    "LATM" => true
  ]
  "gratuito" => true
  "lecturas" => array:2 [
    "total" => 4935
    "formatos" => array:3 [
      "EPUB" => 48
      "HTML" => 4123
      "PDF" => 764
    ]
  ]
  "itemSiguiente" => array:19 [
    "pii" => "S101968381500058X"
    "issn" => "24448451"
    "doi" => "10.1016/j.redee.2015.11.001"
    "estado" => "S300"
    "fechaPublicacion" => "2016-01-04"
    "aid" => "73"
    "copyright" => "AEDEM"
    "documento" => "article"
    "crossmark" => 1
    "licencia" => "http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/"
    "subdocumento" => "fla"
    "cita" => "European Journal of Management and Business Economics. 2016;25:15-21"
    "abierto" => array:3 [
      "ES" => true
      "ES2" => true
      "LATM" => true
    ]
    "gratuito" => true
    "lecturas" => array:2 [
      "total" => 998
      "formatos" => array:3 [
        "EPUB" => 30
        "HTML" => 641
        "PDF" => 327
      ]
    ]
    "en" => array:11 [
      "idiomaDefecto" => true
      "cabecera" => "<span class="elsevierStyleTextfn">Article</span>"
      "titulo" => "Taxation of capital gains and Lock-in effect in the Spanish Dual Income Tax"
      "tienePdf" => "en"
      "tieneTextoCompleto" => "en"
      "tieneResumen" => "en"
      "paginas" => array:1 [
        0 => array:2 [
          "paginaInicial" => "15"
          "paginaFinal" => "21"
        ]
      ]
      "contieneResumen" => array:1 [
        "en" => true
      ]
      "contieneTextoCompleto" => array:1 [
        "en" => true
      ]
      "contienePdf" => array:1 [
        "en" => true
      ]
      "autores" => array:1 [
        0 => array:2 [
          "autoresLista" => "Carlos D&#237;az Caro, Eva Crespo Cebada"
          "autores" => array:2 [
            0 => array:2 [
              "nombre" => "Carlos"
              "apellidos" => "D&#237;az Caro"
            ]
            1 => array:2 [
              "nombre" => "Eva"
              "apellidos" => "Crespo Cebada"
            ]
          ]
        ]
      ]
    ]
    "idiomaDefecto" => "en"
    "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S101968381500058X?idApp=UINPBA00004N"
    "url" => "/24448451/0000002500000001/v1_201603150456/S101968381500058X/v1_201603150456/en/main.assets"
  ]
  "itemAnterior" => array:19 [
    "pii" => "S1019683815000608"
    "issn" => "24448451"
    "doi" => "10.1016/j.redee.2015.11.003"
    "estado" => "S300"
    "fechaPublicacion" => "2016-01-04"
    "aid" => "75"
    "copyright" => "AEDEM"
    "documento" => "article"
    "crossmark" => 1
    "licencia" => "http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/"
    "subdocumento" => "fla"
    "cita" => "European Journal of Management and Business Economics. 2016;25:2-7"
    "abierto" => array:3 [
      "ES" => true
      "ES2" => true
      "LATM" => true
    ]
    "gratuito" => true
    "lecturas" => array:2 [
      "total" => 2666
      "formatos" => array:3 [
        "EPUB" => 43
        "HTML" => 2000
        "PDF" => 623
      ]
    ]
    "en" => array:12 [
      "idiomaDefecto" => true
      "cabecera" => "<span class="elsevierStyleTextfn">Article</span>"
      "titulo" => "Hedging foreign exchange rate risk&#58; Multi-currency diversification"
      "tienePdf" => "en"
      "tieneTextoCompleto" => "en"
      "tieneResumen" => "en"
      "paginas" => array:1 [
        0 => array:2 [
          "paginaInicial" => "2"
          "paginaFinal" => "7"
        ]
      ]
      "contieneResumen" => array:1 [
        "en" => true
      ]
      "contieneTextoCompleto" => array:1 [
        "en" => true
      ]
      "contienePdf" => array:1 [
        "en" => true
      ]
      "resumenGrafico" => array:2 [
        "original" => 0
        "multimedia" => array:7 [
          "identificador" => "fig0005"
          "etiqueta" => "Fig&#46; 1"
          "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA"
          "mostrarFloat" => true
          "mostrarDisplay" => false
          "figura" => array:1 [
            0 => array:4 [
              "imagen" => "gr1.jpeg"
              "Alto" => 2201
              "Ancho" => 1556
              "Tamanyo" => 154654
            ]
          ]
          "descripcion" => array:1 [
            "en" => "<p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Mean-VaR and mean-CVaR portfolios for a long position in AUD&#46;</p>"
          ]
        ]
      ]
      "autores" => array:1 [
        0 => array:2 [
          "autoresLista" => "Susana &#193;lvarez-D&#237;ez, Eva Alfaro-Cid, Matilde O&#46; Fern&#225;ndez-Blanco"
          "autores" => array:3 [
            0 => array:2 [
              "nombre" => "Susana"
              "apellidos" => "&#193;lvarez-D&#237;ez"
            ]
            1 => array:2 [
              "nombre" => "Eva"
              "apellidos" => "Alfaro-Cid"
            ]
            2 => array:2 [
              "nombre" => "Matilde O&#46;"
              "apellidos" => "Fern&#225;ndez-Blanco"
            ]
          ]
        ]
      ]
    ]
    "idiomaDefecto" => "en"
    "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S1019683815000608?idApp=UINPBA00004N"
    "url" => "/24448451/0000002500000001/v1_201603150456/S1019683815000608/v1_201603150456/en/main.assets"
  ]
  "en" => array:19 [
    "idiomaDefecto" => true
    "cabecera" => "<span class="elsevierStyleTextfn">Article</span>"
    "titulo" => "Corporate social responsibility&#58; Evolution through institutional and stakeholder perspectives"
    "tieneTextoCompleto" => true
    "paginas" => array:1 [
      0 => array:2 [
        "paginaInicial" => "8"
        "paginaFinal" => "14"
      ]
    ]
    "autores" => array:1 [
      0 => array:4 [
        "autoresLista" => "Jes&#250;s Barrena Mart&#237;nez, Macarena L&#243;pez Fern&#225;ndez, Pedro Miguel Romero Fern&#225;ndez"
        "autores" => array:3 [
          0 => array:4 [
            "nombre" => "Jes&#250;s"
            "apellidos" => "Barrena Mart&#237;nez"
            "email" => array:1 [
              0 => "jesus&#46;barrena&#64;uca&#46;es"
            ]
            "referencia" => array:1 [
              0 => array:2 [
                "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#42;</span>"
                "identificador" => "cor0005"
              ]
            ]
          ]
          1 => array:2 [
            "nombre" => "Macarena"
            "apellidos" => "L&#243;pez Fern&#225;ndez"
          ]
          2 => array:2 [
            "nombre" => "Pedro Miguel"
            "apellidos" => "Romero Fern&#225;ndez"
          ]
        ]
        "afiliaciones" => array:1 [
          0 => array:2 [
            "entidad" => "Facultad de Ciencias Econ&#243;micas y Empresariales&#44; Departamento de Organizaci&#243;n de Empresas&#44; C&#47; Enrique Villegas&#44; 2&#44; 11002&#44; Cadiz &#40;Spain&#41;"
            "identificador" => "aff0005"
          ]
        ]
        "correspondencia" => array:1 [
          0 => array:3 [
            "identificador" => "cor0005"
            "etiqueta" => "&#8270;"
            "correspondencia" => "Corresponding author&#46;"
          ]
        ]
      ]
    ]
    "resumenGrafico" => array:2 [
      "original" => 0
      "multimedia" => array:8 [
        "identificador" => "fig0005"
        "etiqueta" => "Fig&#46; 1"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA"
        "mostrarFloat" => true
        "mostrarDisplay" => false
        "fuente" => "<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Source</span>&#58; Elaborated based on <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0135">DiMaggio and Powell &#40;1983&#41;</a> and <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0075">Clarkson &#40;1995&#41;</a>&#46;"
        "figura" => array:1 [
          0 => array:4 [
            "imagen" => "gr1.jpeg"
            "Alto" => 1951
            "Ancho" => 2340
            "Tamanyo" => 172256
          ]
        ]
        "descripcion" => array:1 [
          "en" => "<p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Influence of institutional and stakeholder perspectives in the introduction of socially responsible behaviours&#46;</p>"
        ]
      ]
    ]
    "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0020">Introduction</span><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The increasing complexity and turbulence of the environment provokes that firms should develop competitive management models aimed not only at obtaining profit margins in the short term&#44; but also to meet the balanced expectations of society and the different stakeholders involved in its activities in the long-term &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0095">Crane&#44; Mcwilliams&#44; Matten&#44; Moon&#44; &#38; Siegel&#44; 2008&#59; Solano&#44; Casado&#44; &#38; Ureba&#44; 2015</a>&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Regarding these requirements for companies&#44; corporate social responsibility &#40;CSR&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fn0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> has been proclaimed in recent years as a key tool that helps companies to meet these environmental pressures as well as to improve its competitiveness as a result &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0005">Aguilera&#44; Rupp&#44; Williams&#44; &#38; Ganapathi&#44; 2007&#59; Boulouta &#38; Pitelis&#44; 2014&#59; Carroll &#38; Shabana&#44; 2010</a>&#41;&#46; The analysis of the concept CSR reveals that for a long period of time&#44; organizations have played a fundamental and exclusive economic function in society&#44; contributing actively in the distribution of goods and services&#44; and the generation of wealth and employment&#46;</p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">However&#44; in recent decades&#44; circumstances such as&#58; &#40;i&#41; the growing number of corporate fiscal abuses and opportunistic strategies in the financial landscape &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0305">Sami&#44; Odemilin&#44; &#38; Bampton&#44; 2010</a>&#41;&#59; &#40;ii&#41; the increase of social inequalities reflected in the poverty&#44; hunger or discrimination among countries &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0130">De Neve&#44; 2009</a>&#41;&#59; &#40;iii&#41; the great power held by multinationals &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0030">Bouquet &#38; Deutsch&#44; 2008</a>&#41;&#59; or &#40;iv&#41; the environmental degradation accused by the planet &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0245">Lindgreen&#44; Maon&#44; Reast&#44; &#38; Yani-De-Soriano&#44; 2012</a>&#41;&#44; have generated that the parties affected by firm&#39;s decisions and outcomes &#8211; shareholders&#44; employees&#44; unions&#44; customers&#44; suppliers&#44; citizens&#44; local community&#44; government&#44; etc&#46; &#8211; the requirement of a greater commitment and responsibility from organizational activities&#46;</p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Given these requirements&#44; in accordance with the fundamentals of institutional theory &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0110">Dacin&#44; Kostova&#44; &#38; Roth&#44; 2008</a>&#41; and stakeholder perspective &#40;1984&#41;&#44; which argue that companies must gain the support of society and the various stakeholders to operate with greater freedom and guarantees of survival&#44; companies are progressively adapting their behaviour and actions&#44; guiding them to a greater commitment to these parts&#46;</p><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Considering the previous frame&#44; this article concentrates its efforts on providing an analysis of the literature on corporate social responsibility&#44; focusing on two main theories &#40;institutional and stakeholder&#41;&#44; which have helped to develop&#44; consolidate and internalize this concept and management philosophy as a necessary and crucial for organizational success&#46; The manuscript also examines some controversy around the term corporate social responsibility and its implications for businesses today&#44; thus providing future research lines&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0025">Literature review&#58; origins and foundations&#44; moving towards a change in responsible business model</span><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Research in social responsibility reveals that a large number of scholars have been reflecting on the raison d&#8217;etre of a company&#44; and whether it should pursue a dual economic and social function &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0190">Friedman&#44; 1970&#59; Galbreath&#44; 2010&#59; Lozano&#44; 1999</a>&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Specifically&#44; the origin of the debate on corporate social responsibility goes back to the early twentieth century&#44; where the intensity where the intensity of increased production merges with the second phase of the Industrial Revolution highlighting Western Europe&#44; United States of America and Japan&#46; In this process&#44; the consolidation of capitalism as an economic philosophy&#44; the first proposals for a welfare state and&#47;or labour shortages reflect some social and labour shortages in the management system &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0015">Araque-Padilla &#38; Montero-Sim&#243;&#44; 2006</a>&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The situation experienced in this period led authors such as <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0370">Weber &#40;1922&#41;</a> and <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0070">Clark &#40;1939&#41;</a> to express the need to educate businesspeople towards a new framework of social responsibility&#46; In these efforts&#44; leading business schools&#44; with Harvard as a reference point&#44; and professional magazines like Fortune have joined in a common purpose&#58; to demonstrate that executives and managers of companies&#44; might achieve a competitive management model through responsible guidance of their actions from an economic point of view &#40;i&#46;e&#46;&#44; ensuring the payment of wages for employees&#44; suppliers responsibilities in contracts&#44; reduction of risk for shareholders&#44; etc&#46;&#41;&#46; Moreover&#44; it is necessary from a social point of view to identify improvement aims for the common good of the community in which firms operate&#46;</p><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Based on these initial contributions&#44; the first work arose in the fifties&#44; formally defining the concept of social responsibility as &#8216;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">the set of moral and personal obligations that the employer must follow&#44; considering the exercise of policies&#44; decisions or courses of action in terms of objectives and values desired by society</span>&#8217; &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0035">Bowen&#44; 1953</a>&#58; 6&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">With this argument Bowen&#44; generally called the father of the term social responsibility&#44; pointed out that companies can have a significant influence on the lives of citizens&#44; and consequently firms should intervene in improving and solving their main economical and social imbalances&#46; Therefore&#44; in addition to considering the economic function&#44; organizations should contemplate the social consequences resulting from their actions&#46; From this work&#44; the concept of social responsibility starts to take on increased interest as a research topic as <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0060">Carroll &#40;1999&#41;</a> postulates&#44; a work which examines in detail the evolution of the concept&#44; subdividing the decade into different key periods that have helped the progressive institutionalization of this mental attitude of responsibility between business and academia&#46;</p><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Among these works&#44; it is necessary to highlight the ideas of <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0160">Drucker &#40;1954&#41;</a> who discusses the need to take the factor of public opinion into account in the decision making process of any organization&#44; regardless of size or industry&#46; According to the author&#44; this idea is based on the experiences of multinationals such as Ford and General Motors&#44; which in the mid-50s received much criticism from the press&#44; media and various national regulatory institutions&#44; due to the development of behaviours qualified as &#8216;irresponsible&#8217;&#44; which had not considered the interest of their communities&#46; These companies had to take further action to regain the trust of these customers &#40;creating channels of communication&#44; collaborating with environmental organizations&#44; implementing a social volunteer programme for employees&#44; etc&#46;&#41;&#46; With these arguments Drucker reflects that even major companies are subjected to an environment of wide social pressure&#44; which consequently determine their actions in the market in the long term&#46;</p><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Regarding these ideas&#44; in the early sixties&#44; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0120">Davis &#40;1960&#41;</a> contributed to the concept of social responsibility&#44; suggesting that&#44; depending on the number of agents affected by organizational actions&#44; they must look after their interests in order to win their endorsement and support&#46; Therefore&#44; Davis advised that organizations that use their power without worrying about causing impact on the environment might lose the respect and trust of their stakeholders &#40;customers&#44; suppliers&#44; employees&#44; shareholders&#44; etc&#46;&#41;&#44; qualities that Davis considers determinants for success and business consolidation&#46; This idea will be developed in literature through the trend termed &#8216;corporate constitutionalism&#8217;&#44; which contemplates the firm as a social institution that must exercise its power responsibly&#44; with their groups&#8217; interest at heart&#44; in order not to be punished and expelled from the market &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0120">Davis&#44; 1960</a>&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Since the mid-sixties&#44; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0125">Davis &#40;1967&#41;</a> frames the studies of social responsibility as a macro organizational issue that goes beyond internal and technicians&#8217; interest of any company&#46; So far&#44; the works published highlight how the assumption of greater responsibility on the part of the companies could improve their results in relation to particular interest groups&#46; However&#44; Davis&#8217; proposals suggest the need for organizational activities to be developed in line with the institutional context that surrounds and affects businesses&#44; it being necessary to know what other companies &#40;competitors or firms which belong in the same sector&#41; and institutions require in economic and social terms&#46; This process&#44; according to Davis&#44; is what helps companies to redefine their responsibilities and commitments regarding their agents&#44; who make up their community&#46;</p><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Taking into account the previous contributions&#44; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0365">Walton &#40;1967&#41;</a> stressed that social responsibility emerges as a set of actions that managers try to implement for companies to improve their relationship with the broad range of interest groups that make up their environment&#46; In addition&#44; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0365">Walton &#40;1967&#41;</a> made a decisive contribution to the understanding of what social responsibility is&#44; and how it can be activated among organizations&#46; In this regard&#44; Walton highlights that the essential ingredient of social responsibility is the degree of voluntariness by business&#44; because such action is not mandatory&#44; and the decision to carry it out involves the assumption of a significant cost and risk&#44; which can affect the success or failure of a business in a decisive way&#46; Therefore&#44; considering the imbalances and the investment required to develop social responsibility actions&#44; authors like <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0360">Wallich and Mcgowan &#40;1970&#41;</a> added that&#44; with regard to the viability of social responsibility action&#44; which may ensure a company&#39;s success&#44; and to conduct their activities without restrictions&#44; they must maintain a balance between the economic and social interests of their stakeholders&#46;</p><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The contributions examined in the fifties&#44; sixties and early seventies help academics to understand the role that social responsibility plays in the adjustment process of the company&#44; with the environment and with stakeholders&#46;</p><p id="par0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In the eighties&#44; as <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0060">Carroll &#40;1999&#41;</a>&#44; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0205">Garriga and Mel&#233; &#40;2004&#41;</a> and <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0235">Lee &#40;2008&#41;</a> reflect&#44; there is a great theoretical dispersion that aims at analyzing the benefits and advantages of implementing actions in terms of social responsibility by firms&#46;</p><p id="par0085" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">After considering this large body of approaches&#44; this study&#44; unlike the study of <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0060">Carroll &#40;1999&#41;</a>&#44; is focused on the analysis of social responsibility from two disciplines that&#44; although separated&#44; have evolved in parallel&#44; and can provide a better explanation of the need to internalize socially responsible behaviour by firms in response to environmental pressures&#58; the institutional theory &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0170">Fern&#225;ndez-All&#233;s&#44; 2001&#59; Meyer &#38; Rowan&#44; 1991&#59; Scott&#44; 2007</a>&#41;&#59; and the stakeholder theory &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0185">Freeman&#44; 1984&#59; Freeman&#44; Harrison&#44; Wicks&#44; Parmar&#44; &#38; De Colle&#44; 2010</a>&#41;&#46;</p><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0030">Contributions from institutional theory to the implementation of socially responsible behaviours</span><p id="par0090" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">For decades organizational strategies and actions have been adapted to requirements and environmental pressures &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0175">Fern&#225;ndez-All&#233;s &#38; Valle-Cabrera&#44; 2006</a>&#41;&#46; Following this argument&#44; the response to the context in which companies operate and keep their actions and behaviours consistent with principles demanded by external and internal context is considered vital for organizational survival &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0105">Dacin&#44; 1997&#59; Fuenfschilling &#38; Truffer&#44; 2014</a>&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0095" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">This internalization process of a set of norms&#44; beliefs&#44; values and principles accepted by society and the community allow organizations to achieve the support and backing of their activity&#44; which is known as legitimacy &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0100">Cruz-Su&#225;rez&#44; Prado-Rom&#225;n&#44; &#38; D&#237;ez-Mart&#237;n&#44; 2014&#59; Suchman&#44; 1995</a>&#41;&#46; Among the advantages of the legitimation process&#44; organizations could achieve more efficient access to resources from certain stakeholders &#8211; investor funds&#44; support from government&#44; increased sales and customer loyalty&#44; access to the negotiation of contracts with different suppliers and distributors&#44; obtaining the respect and commitment of employees&#44; etc&#46;&#44; as a process that helps to improve the organization&#39;s economic and financial performance &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0040">Brammer&#44; Jackson&#44; &#38; Matten&#44; 2012</a>&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0100" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Internally&#44; institutionalization and internalization of norms&#44; values and social behaviours and structures arises from formal and informal processes&#44; which take place between internal groups within the company &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0140">DiMaggio &#38; Powell&#44; 1991</a>&#41;&#46; Moreover&#44; the external environment is considered essential with regard to the possibility of establishing a set of relationships between the company and Government laws and regulations&#44; professional associations &#40;licensing and certification&#41; and other organizations&#44; especially those that are within the same sector &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0170">Fern&#225;ndez-All&#233;s&#44; 2001</a>&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0105" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Regarding this&#44; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0135">DiMaggio and Powell &#40;1983&#41;</a> point out that companies will adapt more efficiently to their environment and can achieve legitimacy and the benefits they derive from it if they&#58; &#40;i&#41; Consider the legal and political pressure exerted externally by agencies such as the Government &#8211; coercive isomorphism &#8211; due to the fact that there is a creator and regulatory power enhancer and promoter of change rules&#44; which inspects and punishes accordingly&#59; &#40;ii&#41; Mimic the processes&#44; practices and strategies of the most successful companies &#8211; mimetic isomorphism&#46; In this process it could be argued that cognitive power&#44; i&#46;e&#46; a set of beliefs&#44; assumptions and explicit knowledge&#44; codified and specialized&#44; is a framework through which to perform organizational routines that help internalize these best practices&#59; and finally&#59; &#40;iii&#41; Collaborate with professionals&#44; taking into account the experience and previous training of managerial personnel to generate a professional knowledge that will address the problems of the environment for firms with greater confidence &#8211; normative isomorphism &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0170">Fern&#225;ndez-All&#233;s&#44; 2001</a>&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0110" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Although the result of the mechanisms of isomorphism implies that organizations are very similar&#44; empirical evidence shows that those using these processes can improve their position in the market&#44; getting their business to be perceived as desired by public institutions and the wide range of their community stakeholders &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0310">Schultz &#38; Wehmeier&#44; 2010</a>&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0115" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">These contributions&#44; framed within the approach of old institutionalism&#44; help to explain why organizations view the imitation of behaviours identified in their environment as able to ensure the legitimacy of the groups and institutions that shape it&#46; However&#44; the new institutional trend&#44; conceived as neo-institutionalism&#44; suggests that organizations and their strategies are substantially influenced by cultural factors&#44; legal&#44; historical and political institutions that define specific patterns of behaviour for different regions or countries &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0150">Doh &#38; Guay&#44; 2006&#59; Powell &#38; DiMaggio&#44; 2012</a>&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0120" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Support of this neo-institutional basis might explain what influence these factors have on the socially responsible actions undertaken by companies&#46; Significant within this institutional contemporary framework is the theoretical support of <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0230">Keim &#40;2003&#41;</a>&#44; who identifies several institutions that should be considered in the analysis of the context&#58;</p><p id="par0125" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">&#40;i&#41; Formal institutions&#44; which are constitutions&#44; laws&#44; policies and formal agreements created and validated by citizens from different localities and countries&#59; &#40;ii&#41; informal institutions&#44; which rule behaviour and mental models and are generated by individuals via cultural heritage&#44; religious beliefs or policies&#46; These rules&#44; in the field of business&#44; are coded as informal practices and routines&#46; In addition&#44; there are some key institutions for national and supranational political&#44; legal and social legislation&#44; from which jurisdiction specific to a particular territory or geographic area emanates&#46; Following this classification&#44; to examine the implementation of socially responsible behaviours among companies&#44; the institutional environment is interpreted in contexts such as Europe and North America&#44; traditionally marked by different historical and political factors&#44; which affect the particular way in which respective companies make decisions about social responsibility&#46;</p><p id="par0130" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Focusing the analysis on European territory&#44; due to Spain being the country in which the research is framed&#44; it should be mentioned that there has been a high turnover of policies at the community level by different Member States&#44; determining the generation of a large number of legislations to harmonize laws and regulations&#46; For example&#58; the Maastricht Treaty&#44; 1993&#59; Amsterdam Treaty&#44; 1996&#59; Treaty of Nice&#44; 2000 &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0145">Doh&#44; 1999&#59; Doh &#38; Guay&#44; 2006</a>&#41;&#46; The integration of these countries under a monetary system and common government influence can affect the reformulation of traditional relationships between businesses and Governments&#44; aimed in this case at achieving a coherent system of welfare in these European countries &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0145">Doh&#44; 1999</a>&#41;&#46; Concretely&#44; bodies such as the European Commission&#44; the Parliament and the Spanish Council of Ministries are positioned as expert advisors on negotiation and improvement of these collective European interests&#46;</p><p id="par0135" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In terms of CSR at the European level&#44; the elaboration and publication of the Green Book of CSR by the <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0085">European Commission &#40;2001&#41;</a> is highlighted as one of the prime manuscripts to promote a common framework in which responsible behaviour for entrepreneurs and managers may be developed within the European Union&#46; Despite the importance of these European figures in the formulation of policies and procedures which promote social responsibility&#44; according to <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0375">Doh and Teegen &#40;2002&#41;</a> and <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0150">Doh and Guay &#40;2006&#41;</a>&#44; reflect that NGOs and the general public have been two of the main promoters at institutional level to have driven the imperative to develop socially responsible behaviours in firms during recent decades&#46; More specifically&#44; negative ecological impacts such as discharges of toxic air pollution by companies&#44; or socially negative impacts such as gender inequalities or the use of child labour have led to several platforms being built and to NGOs expressing their dissatisfaction&#44; expressing the need for more regulation of these aspects&#46; With these arguments there is a progressive institutionalization and concern by companies to develop responsible behaviour&#44; leading to numerous studies that have attempted to demonstrate the relevance and added value of including social responsibility as a part of organizational goals &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0045">Branco &#38; Rodrigues&#44; 2006</a>&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0140" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Other factors such as the financial position in the market&#44; the level of enterprise competitiveness&#44; or a history of political baggage in some countries&#44; encourage firms to position themselves as complementary constraints in the course of implementing socially responsible behaviour &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0055">Campbell&#44; 2007&#59; Sementelli&#44; 2005</a>&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0145" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In response to the ideas&#44; and the need to respond to the demands of the institutional environment&#44; there is a significant body of work that proclaims itself as essential to social responsibility&#44; in its ability to respond to the large number of players involved in activity that influences business performance &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0185">Freeman&#44; 1984&#59; Greenwood &#38; Anderson&#44; 2009&#59; Ley &#38; Wood&#44; 2014</a>&#41;&#46; This framework represents the main support of stakeholder theory&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0035">Contributions from stakeholders theory</span><p id="par0150" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The development of the stakeholder perspective implies the transformation of the traditional bilateral relationship established between the firm and only some of the relevant groups&#44; such as shareholder or owners&#44; into alternative multilateral relationships&#44; which include the employees&#44; unions&#44; customers&#44; suppliers&#44; the Government&#44; investors&#44; media&#44; competitors or the local community &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0020">Argando&#241;a&#44; 1998&#59; Bridoux &#38; Stoelhorst&#44; 2014</a>&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0155" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The origin of the stakeholder concept arises from the field of business management&#44; introduced by Freeman and defined as &#8216;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">any group or individual who can affect or be affected by the decisions and the achievement of corporate objectives</span>&#8217; &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0185">Freeman&#44; 1984</a>&#58; 25&#41;&#46; Given the multitude of parties involved in organizational activities&#44; such as those stated by <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0185">Freeman &#40;1984&#41;</a>&#44; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0210">Goodpaster &#40;1991&#41;</a> and <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0075">Clarkson &#40;1995&#41;</a> it is necessary to differentiate between and prioritize them according to a single criterion in order to meet their expectations with a logical order&#46; These previous works use a double distinction of stakeholders by way of consensus regarding their nature and the relationship established with the organization&#58; &#40;i&#41; a primary group&#44; which usually has a formal contract with the firm and is essential for its proper functioning &#40;owners&#44; shareholders&#44; employees&#44; unions&#44; customers&#44; suppliers&#44; etc&#46;&#41; and &#40;ii&#41; a secondary group which&#44; despite not being directly involved in the economic activities of the company and not having a contractual relationship with it&#44; can exercise a significant influence on its activity &#40;citizens&#44; competitors&#44; local community&#44; the Government&#44; public&#44; etc&#46;&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0160" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The influence&#44; power and claims that each of these parts have on the company has been analyzed in works such as <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0265">Mitchell&#44; Agle&#44; and Wood &#40;1997&#41;</a>&#46; In this regard&#44; a solid and broad theoretical framework has been built related to the stakeholders theory&#44; that shows how satisfying the interests of these parties can help companies to improve their financial performance and subsequently their competitiveness and sustainability &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0220">Harrison&#44; Bosse&#44; &#38; Phillips&#44; 2010</a>&#41;&#46; Specifically&#44; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0210">Goodpaster &#40;1991&#41;</a>&#44; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0155">Donaldson and Preston &#40;1995&#41;</a> and <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0165">Fassin &#40;2009&#41;</a> argue that there are different forms of analysing and studying the management of interest by companies&#46; Thus&#44; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0210">Goodpaster &#40;1991&#41;</a> appreciates three theoretical trends that explain the behaviour of firms in relation to their stakeholders&#46; Firstly&#44; the strategic approach&#44; which argues that stakeholders can facilitate or hinder the achievement of the organizational aims&#46; Secondly&#44; the responsibility approach&#44; which explains how establishing a quality relationship with those groups of interest&#44; can provide more benefits for companies through achieving their satisfaction&#46; Thirdly&#44; the convergent approach which stands as an intermediate trend from both previous approaches&#46;</p><p id="par0165" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Additionally&#44; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0155">Donaldson and Preston &#40;1995&#41;</a> propose another three trends to examine and analyze stakeholders management with accuracy&#58; &#40;i&#41; the descriptive approach&#44; which aims to explain that companies are defined by a broad set of different interests that must be balanced&#44; a process that can induce better or worse results&#59; &#40;ii&#41; the instrumental approach&#44; which explains how the stakeholder management of the company is an instrument or a tool to meet specific&#44; traditional organizational goals&#58; profitability&#44; stability and growth and &#40;iii&#41; the normative approach&#44; supported by the fact that the management and satisfaction of stakeholder interests should be the main goal to be achieved by the company&#44; leaving economic benefits in second place&#46;</p><p id="par0170" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In connection with the implementation of CSR actions according to <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0265">Mitchell et al&#46; &#40;1997&#41;</a>&#44; stakeholder theory shows that the behaviour of the company will be influenced not only by agents with great power and dependence on the organization &#40;shareholders&#44; employees&#44; investors&#44; etc&#46;&#41;&#44; but also by other outside groups such as social and environmental activists&#44; professional critics&#44; the media&#44; the press&#44; etc&#46;</p><p id="par0175" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">For example&#44; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0225">Henriques and Sadorsky &#40;1999&#41;</a> found that the perception of interests and environmental demands of particular interest groups did significantly influence the level of environmental commitment adopted by companies in their practices&#46; For these reasons&#44; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0280">Phillips&#44; Freeman&#44; and Wicks &#40;2003&#41;</a> proposed to adapt and modernize stakeholder&#39;s theory into a version able to capture and simplify these groups into five internal categories&#58; financial control agents &#40;e&#46;g&#46; shareholders&#41;&#44; customers&#44; suppliers&#44; employees and communities in which the company operates &#40;including competitors&#41;&#46; Phillips also proposes six specific external groups&#58; the Government&#44; environmental organizations&#44; NGOs&#44; professional critics or experts&#44; the media and others in general &#40;citizens&#44; local or those which affect or will be affected by companies&#41;&#46; The reason why these groups may have an influence on the company&#44; although they do not control essential resources&#44; is explained by the legitimacy concept &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0385">Lee&#44; 2011</a>&#41;&#46; In the words of <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0320">Scott &#40;2007&#58; 45&#41;</a> legitimacy &#8216;is not a commodity to be possessed or exchanged by companies&#44; but rather a condition that reflects the cultural alignment&#44; normative support&#44; or consonance with the rules or laws of the environment&#8217;&#46; This idea leads us to uncover a natural and complementary theoretical link between institutional theory and stakeholder approach&#44; given the influence that interest groups could have on the implementation of socially responsible behaviour required of the companies by society&#46;</p><p id="par0180" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">On the basis of theoretical arguments presented&#44; we can conclude that both the institutional theory and stakeholders approach represent two solid pillars to explain and analyze the incorporation of corporate social responsibility actions by firms &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0180">Fernando &#38; Lawrence&#44; 2014&#59; Marano &#38; Kostova&#44; 2015&#59; Verbeke &#38; Tung&#44; 2013</a>&#41; as <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig&#46; 1</a> illustrates&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0185" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In this way&#44; the institutional pillars proposed by <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0135">DiMaggio and Powell &#40;1983&#41;</a>&#44; reflect how the pressure on companies may condition their decisions in terms of social responsibility actions&#46; According to <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0075">Clarkson &#40;1995&#41;</a>&#44; it will be necessary to distinguish and consider the influence they can further exert upon external groups affected by or affecting business activity interest&#46; These mechanisms composing the external macro-context of the company are of great importance for companies&#8217; attention&#44; something that will determine their survival in the market&#46; Internally&#44; the micro-context would consist of those domestic interest groups with links to the company&#44; able to exercise power over decisions on social responsibility as expressed in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig&#46; 1</a>&#46;</p><p id="par0190" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The next section provides a structured review of the main contributions that have helped with the practical institutionalization among companies of socially responsible behaviour&#44; facilitating its understanding and importance in the process of analyzing and responding to the pressures exerted by the environment and stakeholders of the company&#46;</p></span></span><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0040">Institutionalization of corporate social responsibility</span><p id="par0195" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Since the seventies&#44; international organizations such as the Committee for Economic Development &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0090">CED&#44; 1971</a>&#41; have attempted to demonstrate the importance that social responsibility as a management model can exercise on growth and sustainability of companies in society&#46; To achieve this process&#44; CED proposes three key functions that companies must undertake to behave responsibly according to their role in society&#58; &#40;i&#41; an internal function of an economic nature aimed at the distribution of products and services that will generate jobs and inject income into the community&#59; &#40;ii&#41; an intermediate function that meets the expectations&#44; values and social priorities of the stakeholders and &#40;iii&#41; an external function&#44; which tries to reduce social and environmental imbalances in society&#46; The characterization of these three commitments by the CED banishes simplified concepts of social responsibility that are defined only as isolated philanthropic actions or donations made by companies to legitimize their activities&#46; Additionally&#44; the CED proclaims that social responsibility must become a tool that helps companies to express their willingness to be part of the social and economic system in which they exist&#46;</p><p id="par0200" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In the late eighties and early nineties&#44; an international institution known as the World Commission on Environment and Development &#40;WCED&#41; ratified in the Brundtland Report &#40;1987&#41;&#44; and later at the Earth Summit in Rio de Janeiro &#40;1992&#41; two important elements&#46; On the one hand&#44; the importance of studies by academics from the early seventies on sustainable and responsible behaviour undertaken by companies and&#44; on the other hand&#44; the relevance of meeting the needs and aspirations of the present without compromising the resources and capabilities available in the future&#46;</p><p id="par0205" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The contributions of the WCED underlies that the economic growth of companies must be underpinned by developing solutions to eliminate the main common problems that impact daily on society&#44; like environmental contamination &#40;pollution&#44; non-renewable energy&#44; lack of recycling&#44; etc&#46;&#41; and social inequalities &#40;poverty&#44; hunger&#44; underdevelopment within countries&#44; etc&#46;&#41; in order to preserve its sustainability and responsible development&#46; These contributions underline the need for companies to minimize their economic&#44; social&#44; and environmental &#8216;triple impact&#8217; on society&#44; in order to preserve a sustainable and balanced development within it&#46;</p><p id="par0210" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In the late nineties and early twenty-first century it will be the <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">World Business Council for Sustainable and Development</span> &#40;WBCSD&#41; which is positioned as a global partnership dedicated to exploring sustainable development alternatives for companies&#44; sharing knowledge&#44; experiences and efficient practices&#46; The power and impact of this partnership lies in its cooperation with governments&#44; NGOs and intergovernmental organizations&#44; running and financing the business projects of energy efficiency and corporate sustainability&#46; According to the WBCSD &#40;1999&#41; CSR can be understood as a commitment of business to contribute to sustainable economic development&#44; working with employees&#44; their families&#44; the local community and society at large to improve the quality of life of their groups&#46; This definition has placed more emphasis on the need to pursue the balanced and sustainable development of enterprises&#44; highlighting specifically facets like the defining of employees and their families as a decisive interest group as well as the community in which enterprises operate&#46;</p><p id="par0215" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Other international initiatives that have helped to promote the importance of integrating social responsibility in business management are&#58; the Principles of Global Compact promoted by the United Nations Global Compact &#40;2000&#41;&#59; the OECD Guidelines for Multinational Enterprises &#40;2000&#41;&#59; the CSR Green Book prepared by the Commission of the European Communities &#40;2001&#41;&#44; and the Tripartite Declaration of the International Labour Organization concerning Multinational Enterprises and Social Policy &#40;2002&#41;&#46; Concretely&#44; within a European framework&#44; the contribution of the Green Book on CSR is decisive&#44; as prepared by the <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0085">Commission of the European Communities &#40;2001&#58; 3&#41;</a>&#44; which <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">aims to promote corporate social responsibility at European and international level through the development of innovative practices&#44; increased transparency and assessment tools to validate social responsibility among firms</span>&#46;</p><p id="par0220" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In this respect the Green Book of CSR understands social responsibility as the voluntary integration by companies of social and environmental concerns in their business operations and their relationships with their partners&#46; Additionally&#44; according to the fundamentals of the Green Book&#44; being &#8216;socially responsible&#8217; does not mean only compliance with legal and statutory obligations&#44; but also with those social duties which represent constant investment in human capital or the community in which the company participates&#46; Therefore&#44; this European initiative highlights the altruistic value of social responsibility actions&#44; and its progressive support at European level&#46;</p><p id="par0225" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">As a consequence of the gradual increase of definitions of CSR&#44; not only by academics but also by institutions&#44; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0350">Van Marrewijk &#40;2003&#41;</a> emphasizes the multidisciplinary breadth and scope of CSR as well as a certain solid base of these contributions based on the support of institutional and stakeholder theories&#46;</p><p id="par0230" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Therefore&#44; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0350">Van Marrewijk &#40;2003&#41;</a> understands CSR as a tailored process in which each organization should select specific sustainability goals to adapt to the changes and challenges of the environment&#46; Similarly&#44; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0260">McWilliams&#44; Siegel&#44; and Wright &#40;2006&#41;</a> argue that corporate social responsibility acts as an enabler for companies involved&#44; according to their characteristics and objectives&#44; social and environmental actions as well as other emerging demands of society&#44; the industry and community&#46; The above statements highlight how the size or organizational structure of a company may affect the definition of CSR objectives&#46;</p><p id="par0235" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In an attempt to extract commonalities and consensus in the literature regarding a definition of CSR&#44; the bibliometric analysis conducted by <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0115">Dahlsrud &#40;2008&#41;</a> highlights that all of the definitions set up until this year have three points in common&#58; &#40;i&#41; the importance given to the stakeholders&#59; &#40;ii&#41; the voluntary degree of CSR actions by companies and &#40;iii&#41; the reference to these actions representing a set of social&#44; economic and environmental obligations&#44; and the association of these commitments with sustainable development&#46; According to Dahlsrud after analyzing 37 definitions of CSR&#44; there is no description arising out of optimum performance derivative actions on social responsibility&#44; and how those can affect the decision making of the company&#46; Additionally&#44; the analysis of Dahlsrud shows that issues such as globalization&#44; the new dynamic and competitive context in which business operates&#44; the new actors and international laws are changing the expectations that society places on businesses and altering the way of citizens&#8217; lives&#46; From the work of Van Marrewijk and Dahlsrud it can be extracted that the term CSR has evolved in parallel with the environment and the expectations of society in business&#46; Taking into consideration the conclusions of the previous authors&#44; and in line with the stakeholders and institutional approaches&#44; this research promotes as a most suitable the definition of CSR by the <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0080">European Commission &#40;2011&#41;</a> which understood CSR as <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">the process of integration in the organizational activities of social&#44; environmental&#44; ethical and human concerns from their interest groups&#44; with two objectives&#58; &#40;1&#41; to maximize value creation for these parts&#44; and &#40;2&#41; to identify&#44; prevent and mitigate the adverse effects of organizational actions on the environment</span>&#46; The conceptualization of the European Commission highlights the importance of stakeholders&#44; the need to create value for them as well as to respond to environmental or institutional pressures&#44; trying to prevent the consequences of organizational actions&#46;</p><p id="par0240" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">After this review of the concept CSR&#44; we can state that there is no consensus on the definition of social responsibility&#46; Additionally&#44; a coherent and consistent pattern is appreciable in the conceptual proposal regarding CSR in the literature&#44; describing a phenomenon increasingly latent in society&#44; although there are still no tools or guidance on how to manage its effects&#46; Indeed&#44; there remains a distinct need for continuing to analyze the impacts of CSR on organizational performance&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0045">Conclusions&#44; discussion and future lines</span><p id="par0245" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The review and analysis of the literature reveals the importance of carrying out socially responsible behaviour as a strategy of legitimation and survival for companies&#44; basing this process on the basis of two main approaches such as institutional theory and the stakeholder approach&#46; So far&#44; many studies have reported the separate importance of these theoretical approaches where the relevance of socially responsible actions are concerned&#46; Nevertheless&#44; these works do not conclude that these approaches can act as complementary and may provide a significant degree of explanation of why companies adopt social responsibility practices&#44; and the value derived from these actions for the stakeholders&#46; Using this double theoretical approach&#44; it can be argued that response to pressures and economic&#44; social&#44; ethical and environmental requirements of different stakeholders of the company that make up its environment&#44; help to increase organizational competitiveness&#46;</p><p id="par0250" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">However&#44; despite the evidence and theoretical advances&#44; there is a high heterogeneity and inconsistencies regarding the measurement of actions and results derived from an empirical point of view&#46; In the meta-analysis made by authors such as <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0010">Allouche and Laroche &#40;2005&#41;</a>&#44; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0270">Moneva and Ortas &#40;2010&#41;</a> and <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0275">Orlitzky&#44; Schmidt&#44; and Rynnes &#40;2003&#41;</a> a number of limitations can be extracted that represent opportunities for future contributions in the field of corporate social responsibility at theoretical and empirical terms&#58;<ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0005"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0005"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">&#40;i&#41;</span><p id="par0255" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The lack of a single theoretical framework&#44; which contributes to the theoretical dispersion phenomenon&#44; is difficult to study and further research can begin prior contrasted with a support&#59;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0010"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">&#40;ii&#41;</span><p id="par0260" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The use of a wide variety of population &#40;sizes&#44; sectors&#44; countries&#41;&#44; which avoid the generation of inferences in statistical terms&#59;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0015"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">&#40;iii&#41;</span><p id="par0265" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Methodological shortcomings in measuring the impact of social responsibility actions on financial performance&#46; Considering that CSR represents an intangible construct or latent variables of great complexity in its measurement&#44; it is very difficult to find practical tools to provide an efficient support by researchers to compare the results of these actions on the profitability and performance of the company&#59;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0020"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">&#40;iv&#41;</span><p id="par0270" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The need to analyze the longitudinal basis of the relationship between social responsibility activities and performance indicators&#46; The reason is that these social actions&#44; until they are perceived and treated as actions that create value for stakeholders&#44; requires a ripening period&#44; which necessitates measuring this reaction in a large temporary space&#44; which can be about two or three years&#46;</p></li></ul></p><p id="par0275" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Regarding the limitations exposed&#44; it is necessary to continue exploring the external and internal effects of CSR actions in tangible variables &#40;economic and financial results&#41;&#44; and intangible variables &#40;innovation&#44; intellectual capital&#44; organizational reputation&#41;&#46; Within these intangible effects&#44; it will be extremely relevant to examine how corporate social responsibility can generate shared value&#46; According to <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0285">Porter and Kramer &#40;2011&#41;</a>&#44; the term-shared value involves creating economic value in a way that also creates value for society by addressing its needs and challenges&#46; Considering the approaches reviewed in the current article&#44; the concept of shared value is implicitly related to the essence of institutional perspectives and stakeholders&#44; trying to provide a value in response to the needs and requirements of society and stakeholders&#46; This value must go beyond the actual economic value&#44; trying to create social and environmental value&#44; helping companies to set goals that can ensure sustainability and an adequate future for all its citizens&#46;</p></span></span>"
    "textoCompletoSecciones" => array:1 [
      "secciones" => array:8 [
        0 => array:3 [
          "identificador" => "xres615117"
          "titulo" => "Abstract"
          "secciones" => array:1 [
            0 => array:1 [
              "identificador" => "abst0005"
            ]
          ]
        ]
        1 => array:2 [
          "identificador" => "xpalclavsec628783"
          "titulo" => "Keywords"
        ]
        2 => array:2 [
          "identificador" => "xpalclavsec628784"
          "titulo" => "JEL classification"
        ]
        3 => array:2 [
          "identificador" => "sec0005"
          "titulo" => "Introduction"
        ]
        4 => array:3 [
          "identificador" => "sec0010"
          "titulo" => "Literature review&#58; origins and foundations&#44; moving towards a change in responsible business model"
          "secciones" => array:2 [
            0 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "sec0015"
              "titulo" => "Contributions from institutional theory to the implementation of socially responsible behaviours"
            ]
            1 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "sec0020"
              "titulo" => "Contributions from stakeholders theory"
            ]
          ]
        ]
        5 => array:2 [
          "identificador" => "sec0025"
          "titulo" => "Institutionalization of corporate social responsibility"
        ]
        6 => array:2 [
          "identificador" => "sec0040"
          "titulo" => "Conclusions&#44; discussion and future lines"
        ]
        7 => array:1 [
          "titulo" => "References"
        ]
      ]
    ]
    "pdfFichero" => "main.pdf"
    "tienePdf" => true
    "fechaRecibido" => "2015-05-21"
    "fechaAceptado" => "2015-11-13"
    "PalabrasClave" => array:1 [
      "en" => array:2 [
        0 => array:4 [
          "clase" => "keyword"
          "titulo" => "Keywords"
          "identificador" => "xpalclavsec628783"
          "palabras" => array:4 [
            0 => "Business economics"
            1 => "Corporate social responsibility"
            2 => "Institutional theory"
            3 => "Stakeholder theory"
          ]
        ]
        1 => array:4 [
          "clase" => "jel"
          "titulo" => "JEL classification"
          "identificador" => "xpalclavsec628784"
          "palabras" => array:3 [
            0 => "B52"
            1 => "M2"
            2 => "M14"
          ]
        ]
      ]
    ]
    "tieneResumen" => true
    "resumen" => array:1 [
      "en" => array:2 [
        "titulo" => "Abstract"
        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">This article presents a structured review of the literature about corporate social responsibility&#44; from the origins and evolution of the discipline&#44; as a field of research&#44; until the present&#46; A review is also presented on the main contributions of authors and institutions in relation to the promotion of social responsibility&#44; focusing on two complementary trends that have gained prominence as theoretical support&#58; institutional theory and stakeholder approach&#46; Some controversies and discussions generated in the years around the concept are also discussed&#46;</p></span>"
      ]
    ]
    "NotaPie" => array:1 [
      0 => array:3 [
        "etiqueta" => "1"
        "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0005">According to the European Commission&#44; CSR is defined as &#8220;the process of integration in the organizational activities the social&#44; environmental&#44; ethical and human concerns from its groups of interest with two aims&#58; &#40;1&#41; to maximize the value creation for these parts&#44; and &#40;2&#41; to identify&#44; prevent and mitigate the adverse effects of firm actions on the environment&#8221; &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0080">European Commission&#44; 2011</a>&#58; 6&#41;&#46;</p>"
        "identificador" => "fn0005"
      ]
    ]
    "multimedia" => array:1 [
      0 => array:8 [
        "identificador" => "fig0005"
        "etiqueta" => "Fig&#46; 1"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA"
        "mostrarFloat" => true
        "mostrarDisplay" => false
        "fuente" => "<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Source</span>&#58; Elaborated based on <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0135">DiMaggio and Powell &#40;1983&#41;</a> and <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0075">Clarkson &#40;1995&#41;</a>&#46;"
        "figura" => array:1 [
          0 => array:4 [
            "imagen" => "gr1.jpeg"
            "Alto" => 1951
            "Ancho" => 2340
            "Tamanyo" => 172256
          ]
        ]
        "descripcion" => array:1 [
          "en" => "<p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Influence of institutional and stakeholder perspectives in the introduction of socially responsible behaviours&#46;</p>"
        ]
      ]
    ]
    "bibliografia" => array:2 [
      "titulo" => "References"
      "seccion" => array:1 [
        0 => array:2 [
          "identificador" => "bibs0005"
          "bibliografiaReferencia" => array:73 [
            0 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0005"
              "etiqueta" => "Aguilera et al&#46;&#44; 2007"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Putting the s back in corporate social responsibility&#58; A multilevel theory of social change in organizations"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:4 [
                            0 => "R&#46; Aguilera"
                            1 => "D&#46; Rupp"
                            2 => "C&#46; Williams"
                            3 => "J&#46; Ganapathi"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Academy of Management Review"
                        "fecha" => "2007"
                        "volumen" => "32"
                        "numero" => "3"
                        "paginaInicial" => "836"
                        "paginaFinal" => "863"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            1 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0010"
              "etiqueta" => "Allouche and Laroche&#44; 2005"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "A meta-analytical investigation of the relationship between corporate social and financial performance"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:2 [
                            0 => "J&#46; Allouche"
                            1 => "P&#46; Laroche"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Revue de Gestion des Ressources Humaines"
                        "fecha" => "2005"
                        "volumen" => "57"
                        "numero" => "July&#8211;September"
                        "paginaInicial" => "18"
                        "paginaFinal" => "41"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            2 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0015"
              "etiqueta" => "Araque-Padilla and Montero-Sim&#243;&#44; 2006"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "La responsabilidad social de la empresa a debate"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:2 [
                            0 => "R&#46; Araque-Padilla"
                            1 => "M&#46; Montero-Sim&#243;"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Libro" => array:3 [
                        "fecha" => "2006"
                        "editorial" => "Icaria Editorial"
                        "editorialLocalizacion" => "Barcelona"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            3 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0020"
              "etiqueta" => "Argando&#241;a&#44; 1998"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "The stakeholder theory and the common good"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:1 [
                            0 => "A&#46; Argando&#241;a"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Journal of Business Ethics"
                        "fecha" => "1998"
                        "volumen" => "17"
                        "numero" => "10"
                        "paginaInicial" => "1093"
                        "paginaFinal" => "1102"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            4 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0025"
              "etiqueta" => "Boulouta and Pitelis&#44; 2014"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Who needs CSR&#63; The impact of corporate social responsibility on national competitiveness"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:2 [
                            0 => "I&#46; Boulouta"
                            1 => "C&#46;N&#46; Pitelis"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Journal of Business Ethics"
                        "fecha" => "2014"
                        "volumen" => "119"
                        "numero" => "3"
                        "paginaInicial" => "349"
                        "paginaFinal" => "364"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            5 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0030"
              "etiqueta" => "Bouquet and Deutsch&#44; 2008"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "The impact of corporate social performance on a firm&#39;s multinationality"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:2 [
                            0 => "C&#46; Bouquet"
                            1 => "Y&#46; Deutsch"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Journal of Business Ethics"
                        "fecha" => "2008"
                        "volumen" => "80"
                        "numero" => "4"
                        "paginaInicial" => "755"
                        "paginaFinal" => "769"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            6 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0035"
              "etiqueta" => "Bowen&#44; 1953"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Social responsibilities of the businessman"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:1 [
                            0 => "H&#46; Bowen"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Libro" => array:3 [
                        "fecha" => "1953"
                        "editorial" => "Harper"
                        "editorialLocalizacion" => "New York"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            7 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0040"
              "etiqueta" => "Brammer et al&#46;&#44; 2012"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Corporate social responsibility and institutional theory&#58; New perspectives on private governance"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:3 [
                            0 => "S&#46; Brammer"
                            1 => "G&#46; Jackson"
                            2 => "D&#46; Matten"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Socio-Economic Review"
                        "fecha" => "2012"
                        "volumen" => "10"
                        "numero" => "1"
                        "paginaInicial" => "3"
                        "paginaFinal" => "28"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            8 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0045"
              "etiqueta" => "Branco and Rodrigues&#44; 2006"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Corporate social responsibility and resource-based perspectives"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:2 [
                            0 => "M&#46; Branco"
                            1 => "L&#46; Rodrigues"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Journal of Business Ethics"
                        "fecha" => "2006"
                        "volumen" => "69"
                        "numero" => "2"
                        "paginaInicial" => "111"
                        "paginaFinal" => "132"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            9 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0050"
              "etiqueta" => "Bridoux and Stoelhorst&#44; 2014"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Microfoundations for stakeholder theory&#58; Managing stakeholders with heterogeneous motives"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:2 [
                            0 => "F&#46; Bridoux"
                            1 => "J&#46;W&#46; Stoelhorst"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Strategic Management Journal"
                        "fecha" => "2014"
                        "volumen" => "35"
                        "numero" => "1"
                        "paginaInicial" => "107"
                        "paginaFinal" => "125"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            10 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0055"
              "etiqueta" => "Campbell&#44; 2007"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Why would corporations behave in socially responsible ways&#63; An institutional theory of corporate social responsibility"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:1 [
                            0 => "J&#46;L&#46; Campbell"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Academy of Management Review"
                        "fecha" => "2007"
                        "volumen" => "32"
                        "numero" => "3"
                        "paginaInicial" => "946"
                        "paginaFinal" => "967"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            11 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0060"
              "etiqueta" => "Carroll&#44; 1999"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Corporate social responsibility evolution of a definitional construct"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:1 [
                            0 => "A&#46; Carroll"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1016/j.ejmech.2016.02.052"
                      "Revista" => array:7 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Business &#38; Society"
                        "fecha" => "1999"
                        "volumen" => "38"
                        "numero" => "3"
                        "paginaInicial" => "268"
                        "paginaFinal" => "295"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26974382"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            12 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0065"
              "etiqueta" => "Carroll and Shabana&#44; 2010"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "The business case for corporate social responsibility&#58; A review of concepts&#44; research and practice"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:2 [
                            0 => "A&#46; Carroll"
                            1 => "K&#46; Shabana"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "International Journal of Management Reviews"
                        "fecha" => "2010"
                        "volumen" => "12"
                        "numero" => "1"
                        "paginaInicial" => "85"
                        "paginaFinal" => "105"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            13 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0070"
              "etiqueta" => "Clark&#44; 1939"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Social control of business"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:1 [
                            0 => "J&#46;M&#46; Clark"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Libro" => array:3 [
                        "fecha" => "1939"
                        "editorial" => "McGraw-Hill"
                        "editorialLocalizacion" => "New York"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            14 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0075"
              "etiqueta" => "Clarkson&#44; 1995"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "A stakeholder framework for analyzing and evaluating corporate social responsibility"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:1 [
                            0 => "M&#46; Clarkson"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Academy of Management Review"
                        "fecha" => "1995"
                        "volumen" => "20"
                        "numero" => "1"
                        "paginaInicial" => "92"
                        "paginaFinal" => "118"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            15 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0085"
              "etiqueta" => "Comisi&#243;n Europea&#44; 2001"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Promoting a European framework for corporate social responsibilities&#44; COM &#40;2001&#41; 366 final&#44; Brussels"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:1 [
                            0 => "Comisi&#243;n Europea"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Libro" => array:1 [
                        "fecha" => "2001"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            16 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0080"
              "etiqueta" => "Comisi&#243;n Europea&#44; 2011"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Estrategia renovada de la UE para 2011&#8211;2014 sobre la responsabilidad social de las empresas&#46; Bruselas&#44; 25 de Octubre"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:1 [
                            0 => "Comisi&#243;n Europea"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Libro" => array:1 [
                        "fecha" => "2011"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            17 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0090"
              "etiqueta" => "CED&#44; 1971"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Social responsibilities of business corporations&#44; New York"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:1 [
                            0 => "Committee for Economic Development"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Libro" => array:1 [
                        "fecha" => "1971"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            18 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0095"
              "etiqueta" => "Crane et al&#46;&#44; 2008"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "The Oxford handbook of corporate social responsibilities"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:5 [
                            0 => "A&#46; Crane"
                            1 => "A&#46; Mcwilliams"
                            2 => "D&#46; Matten"
                            3 => "J&#46; Moon"
                            4 => "D&#46; Siegel"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Libro" => array:3 [
                        "fecha" => "2008"
                        "editorial" => "Oxford University Press"
                        "editorialLocalizacion" => "Oxford"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            19 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0100"
              "etiqueta" => "Cruz-Su&#225;rez et al&#46;&#44; 2014"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Por qu&#233; se institucionalizan las organizaciones"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:3 [
                            0 => "A&#46; Cruz-Su&#225;rez"
                            1 => "C&#46; Prado-Rom&#225;n"
                            2 => "F&#46; D&#237;ez-Mart&#237;n"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Revista Europea de Direcci&#243;n y Econom&#237;a de la Empresa"
                        "fecha" => "2014"
                        "volumen" => "23"
                        "numero" => "1"
                        "paginaInicial" => "22"
                        "paginaFinal" => "30"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            20 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0105"
              "etiqueta" => "Dacin&#44; 1997"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Isomorphism in context&#58; The power and prescription of institutional norms"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:1 [
                            0 => "M&#46; Dacin"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Academy of Management Journal"
                        "fecha" => "1997"
                        "volumen" => "40"
                        "numero" => "1"
                        "paginaInicial" => "46"
                        "paginaFinal" => "81"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            21 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0110"
              "etiqueta" => "Dacin et al&#46;&#44; 2008"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Institutional theory in the study of multinational corporations&#58; A critique and new directions"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:3 [
                            0 => "M&#46; Dacin"
                            1 => "Y&#46; Kostova"
                            2 => "K&#46; Roth"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Academy of Management Review"
                        "fecha" => "2008"
                        "volumen" => "33"
                        "numero" => "4"
                        "paginaInicial" => "994"
                        "paginaFinal" => "1006"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            22 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0115"
              "etiqueta" => "Dahlsrud&#44; 2008"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "How corporate social responsibility is defined&#58; An analysis of 37 definitions"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:1 [
                            0 => "A&#46; Dahlsrud"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Corporate Social Responsibility and Environmental Management"
                        "fecha" => "2008"
                        "volumen" => "15"
                        "numero" => "1"
                        "paginaInicial" => "1"
                        "paginaFinal" => "13"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            23 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0120"
              "etiqueta" => "Davis&#44; 1960"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Can business afford to ignore social responsibilities&#63;"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:1 [
                            0 => "K&#46; Davis"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "California Management Review"
                        "fecha" => "1960"
                        "volumen" => "2"
                        "numero" => "3"
                        "paginaInicial" => "70"
                        "paginaFinal" => "76"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            24 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0125"
              "etiqueta" => "Davis&#44; 1967"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Understanding the social responsibility puzzle&#58; What does the businessman owe to society&#63;"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:1 [
                            0 => "K&#46; Davis"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Business Horizons"
                        "fecha" => "1967"
                        "volumen" => "10"
                        "numero" => "Winter"
                        "paginaInicial" => "45"
                        "paginaFinal" => "50"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            25 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0130"
              "etiqueta" => "De Neve&#44; 2009"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Power&#44; inequality and corporate social responsibility&#58; The politics of ethical compliance in the South Indian garment industry"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:1 [
                            0 => "G&#46; De Neve"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Economic and Political Weekly"
                        "fecha" => "2009"
                        "volumen" => "44"
                        "numero" => "22"
                        "paginaInicial" => "63"
                        "paginaFinal" => "71"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            26 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0135"
              "etiqueta" => "DiMaggio and Powell&#44; 1983"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "The iron cage revisited institutional isomorphism and collective rationality in organizational fields"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:2 [
                            0 => "P&#46; DiMaggio"
                            1 => "W&#46; Powell"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "American Sociological Review"
                        "fecha" => "1983"
                        "volumen" => "48"
                        "numero" => "2"
                        "paginaInicial" => "147"
                        "paginaFinal" => "160"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            27 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0140"
              "etiqueta" => "DiMaggio and Powell&#44; 1991"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Introduction"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:2 [
                            0 => "P&#46; DiMaggio"
                            1 => "W&#46; Powell"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "LibroEditado" => array:4 [
                        "titulo" => "The new institutionalism in organizational analysis"
                        "paginaInicial" => "1"
                        "paginaFinal" => "38"
                        "serieFecha" => "1991"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            28 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0145"
              "etiqueta" => "Doh&#44; 1999"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Regional market integration and decentralization in Europe and North America"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:1 [
                            0 => "J&#46; Doh"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1016/j.ejmech.2016.02.052"
                      "Revista" => array:7 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Business &#38; Society"
                        "fecha" => "1999"
                        "volumen" => "38"
                        "numero" => "4"
                        "paginaInicial" => "474"
                        "paginaFinal" => "507"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26974382"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            29 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0150"
              "etiqueta" => "Doh and Guay&#44; 2006"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Corporate social responsibility&#44; public policy&#44; and NGO activism in Europe and the United States&#58; An institutional stakeholder perspective"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:2 [
                            0 => "J&#46; Doh"
                            1 => "T&#46; Guay"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Journal of Management Studies"
                        "fecha" => "2006"
                        "volumen" => "43"
                        "numero" => "1"
                        "paginaInicial" => "47"
                        "paginaFinal" => "73"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            30 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0375"
              "etiqueta" => "Doh and Teegen&#44; 2002"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Nongovernmental organizations as institutional actors in international business&#58; Theory and implications"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:2 [
                            0 => "J&#46;P&#46; Doh"
                            1 => "H&#46; Teegen"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "International Business Review"
                        "fecha" => "2002"
                        "volumen" => "11"
                        "numero" => "6"
                        "paginaInicial" => "665"
                        "paginaFinal" => "684"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            31 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0155"
              "etiqueta" => "Donaldson and Preston&#44; 1995"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "The stakeholder theory of the corporation&#58; Concepts&#44; evidence and implications"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:2 [
                            0 => "T&#46; Donaldson"
                            1 => "L&#46; Preston"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Academy of Management Review"
                        "fecha" => "1995"
                        "volumen" => "20"
                        "numero" => "1"
                        "paginaInicial" => "65"
                        "paginaFinal" => "91"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            32 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0160"
              "etiqueta" => "Drucker&#44; 1954"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "The practice of management"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:1 [
                            0 => "P&#46; Drucker"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Libro" => array:3 [
                        "fecha" => "1954"
                        "editorial" => "Harper &#38; Row"
                        "editorialLocalizacion" => "New York"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            33 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0165"
              "etiqueta" => "Fassin&#44; 2009"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "The stakeholder model refined"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:1 [
                            0 => "Y&#46; Fassin"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Journal of Business Ethics"
                        "fecha" => "2009"
                        "volumen" => "84"
                        "numero" => "1"
                        "paginaInicial" => "113"
                        "paginaFinal" => "135"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            34 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0170"
              "etiqueta" => "Fern&#225;ndez-All&#233;s&#44; 2001"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Un an&#225;lisis institucional del contexto y su incidencia en el proceso de cambio de la gesti&#243;n de recursos humanos&#46; Tres estudios de casos"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:1 [
                            0 => "M&#46; Fern&#225;ndez-All&#233;s"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Libro" => array:2 [
                        "fecha" => "2001"
                        "editorial" => "Universidad de Cadiz"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            35 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0175"
              "etiqueta" => "Fern&#225;ndez-All&#233;s and Valle-Cabrera&#44; 2006"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Reconciling institutional theory with organizational theories&#58; How neoinstitutionalism resolves five paradoxes"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:2 [
                            0 => "M&#46; Fern&#225;ndez-All&#233;s"
                            1 => "R&#46; Valle-Cabrera"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Journal of Organizational Change Management"
                        "fecha" => "2006"
                        "volumen" => "19"
                        "numero" => "4"
                        "paginaInicial" => "503"
                        "paginaFinal" => "517"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            36 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0180"
              "etiqueta" => "Fernando and Lawrence&#44; 2014"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "A theoretical framework for CSR practices&#58; Integrating legitimacy theory&#44; stakeholder theory and institutional theory"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:2 [
                            0 => "S&#46; Fernando"
                            1 => "S&#46; Lawrence"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Journal of Theoretical Accounting Research"
                        "fecha" => "2014"
                        "volumen" => "10"
                        "numero" => "1"
                        "paginaInicial" => "149"
                        "paginaFinal" => "178"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            37 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0185"
              "etiqueta" => "Freeman&#44; 1984"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Strategic management&#58; A stakeholder approach"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:1 [
                            0 => "R&#46; Freeman"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Libro" => array:3 [
                        "fecha" => "1984"
                        "editorial" => "Pitman"
                        "editorialLocalizacion" => "Boston"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            38 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0380"
              "etiqueta" => "Freeman et al&#46;&#44; 2010"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Stakeholder theory&#58; The state of the art"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:5 [
                            0 => "R&#46;E&#46; Freeman"
                            1 => "J&#46;S&#46; Harrison"
                            2 => "A&#46;C&#46; Wicks"
                            3 => "B&#46;L&#46; Parmar"
                            4 => "S&#46; De Colle"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Libro" => array:2 [
                        "fecha" => "2010"
                        "editorial" => "Cambridge University Press"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            39 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0190"
              "etiqueta" => "Friedman&#44; 1970"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "The social responsibility of business is to increase its profits"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:1 [
                            0 => "M&#46; Friedman"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:2 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "New York Times Magazine"
                        "fecha" => "1970&#44; September"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            40 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0195"
              "etiqueta" => "Fuenfschilling and Truffer&#44; 2014"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "The structuration of socio-technical regimes&#8212;Conceptual foundations from institutional theory"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:2 [
                            0 => "L&#46; Fuenfschilling"
                            1 => "B&#46; Truffer"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Research Policy"
                        "fecha" => "2014"
                        "volumen" => "43"
                        "numero" => "4"
                        "paginaInicial" => "772"
                        "paginaFinal" => "791"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            41 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0200"
              "etiqueta" => "Galbreath&#44; 2010"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "How does corporate social responsibility benefit firms&#63; Evidence from Australia"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:1 [
                            0 => "J&#46; Galbreath"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "European Business Review"
                        "fecha" => "2010"
                        "volumen" => "22"
                        "numero" => "4"
                        "paginaInicial" => "411"
                        "paginaFinal" => "431"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            42 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0205"
              "etiqueta" => "Garriga and Mel&#233;&#44; 2004"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Corporate social responsibility theories&#58; Mapping the territory"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:2 [
                            0 => "E&#46; Garriga"
                            1 => "D&#46; Mel&#233;"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Journal of Business Ethics"
                        "fecha" => "2004"
                        "volumen" => "53"
                        "numero" => "1&#8211;2"
                        "paginaInicial" => "51"
                        "paginaFinal" => "71"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            43 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0210"
              "etiqueta" => "Goodpaster&#44; 1991"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Business ethics and stakeholder analysis"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:1 [
                            0 => "K&#46; Goodpaster"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Business Ethics Quarterly"
                        "fecha" => "1991"
                        "volumen" => "1"
                        "numero" => "1"
                        "paginaInicial" => "53"
                        "paginaFinal" => "73"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            44 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0215"
              "etiqueta" => "Greenwood and Anderson&#44; 2009"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "I used to be an employee but now I am a stakeholder&#58; Implications of labelling employees as stakeholders"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:2 [
                            0 => "M&#46; Greenwood"
                            1 => "E&#46; Anderson"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Asia Pacific Journal of Human Resources"
                        "fecha" => "2009"
                        "volumen" => "47"
                        "numero" => "2"
                        "paginaInicial" => "186"
                        "paginaFinal" => "200"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            45 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0220"
              "etiqueta" => "Harrison et al&#46;&#44; 2010"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Managing for stakeholders&#44; stakeholder utility functions&#44; and competitive advantage"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:3 [
                            0 => "J&#46; Harrison"
                            1 => "D&#46; Bosse"
                            2 => "R&#46; Phillips"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Strategic Management Journal"
                        "fecha" => "2010"
                        "volumen" => "31"
                        "numero" => "1"
                        "paginaInicial" => "58"
                        "paginaFinal" => "74"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            46 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0225"
              "etiqueta" => "Henriques and Sadorsky&#44; 1999"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "The relationship between environmental commitment and managerial perceptions of stakeholder importance"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:2 [
                            0 => "I&#46; Henriques"
                            1 => "P&#46; Sadorsky"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Academy of Management Journal"
                        "fecha" => "1999"
                        "volumen" => "42"
                        "numero" => "1"
                        "paginaInicial" => "87"
                        "paginaFinal" => "99"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            47 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0230"
              "etiqueta" => "Keim&#44; 2003"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Nongovernmental organizations and business-government relations&#58; The importance of institutions"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:1 [
                            0 => "G&#46; Keim"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "LibroEditado" => array:2 [
                        "titulo" => "Globalization and NGOs&#58; Transforming business&#44; governments&#44; and society"
                        "serieFecha" => "2003"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            48 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0235"
              "etiqueta" => "Lee&#44; 2008"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "A review of the theories of corporate social responsibility&#58; Its evolutionary path and the road ahead"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:1 [
                            0 => "M&#46; Lee"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "International Journal of Management Reviews"
                        "fecha" => "2008"
                        "volumen" => "10"
                        "numero" => "1"
                        "paginaInicial" => "53"
                        "paginaFinal" => "73"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            49 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0385"
              "etiqueta" => "Lee&#44; 2011"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Contion of external influences&#58; The combined effects of institutions and stakeholders on corporate social responsibility strategies"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:1 [
                            0 => "M&#46;-D&#46; Lee"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Journal of Business Ethics"
                        "fecha" => "2011"
                        "volumen" => "102"
                        "numero" => "2"
                        "paginaInicial" => "281"
                        "paginaFinal" => "298"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            50 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0240"
              "etiqueta" => "Ley and Wood&#44; 2014"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Teaching the new institutionalism&#58; A cross-class simulation of executive branch decision-making and judicial review"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:2 [
                            0 => "A&#46;J&#46; Ley"
                            1 => "R&#46;S&#46; Wood"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Libro" => array:1 [
                        "fecha" => "2014"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            51 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0245"
              "etiqueta" => "Lindgreen et al&#46;&#44; 2012"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Corporate social responsibility in controversial industry sectors"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:4 [
                            0 => "A&#46; Lindgreen"
                            1 => "F&#46; Maon"
                            2 => "J&#46; Reast"
                            3 => "M&#46; Yani-De-Soriano"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Journal of Business Ethics"
                        "fecha" => "2012"
                        "volumen" => "110"
                        "numero" => "4"
                        "paginaInicial" => "393"
                        "paginaFinal" => "395"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            52 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0250"
              "etiqueta" => "Lozano&#44; 1999"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "&#201;tica y Empresa"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:1 [
                            0 => "J&#46;M&#46; Lozano"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Libro" => array:3 [
                        "fecha" => "1999"
                        "editorial" => "Trotta"
                        "editorialLocalizacion" => "Madrid"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            53 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0255"
              "etiqueta" => "Marano and Kostova&#44; 2015"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Unpacking the institutional complexity in adoption of CSR practices in multinational enterprises"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:2 [
                            0 => "V&#46; Marano"
                            1 => "T&#46; Kostova"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1111/joms.12124"
                      "Revista" => array:2 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Journal of Management Studies"
                        "fecha" => "2015"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            54 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0260"
              "etiqueta" => "McWilliams et al&#46;&#44; 2006"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Corporate social responsibility&#58; Strategic implications"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:3 [
                            0 => "A&#46; McWilliams"
                            1 => "D&#46;S&#46; Siegel"
                            2 => "P&#46;M&#46; Wright"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Journal of Management Studies"
                        "fecha" => "2006"
                        "volumen" => "43"
                        "numero" => "1"
                        "paginaInicial" => "1"
                        "paginaFinal" => "18"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            55 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0390"
              "etiqueta" => "Meyer and Rowan&#44; 1991"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Institutionalized organizations&#58; Formal structure as myth and ceremony"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:2 [
                            0 => "J&#46;W&#46; Meyer"
                            1 => "B&#46; Rowan"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "LibroEditado" => array:2 [
                        "titulo" => "The new institutionalism in organizational analysis"
                        "serieFecha" => "1991"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            56 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0265"
              "etiqueta" => "Mitchell et al&#46;&#44; 1997"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Toward a theory of stakeholder identification and salience&#58; Defining the principle of who and what really counts"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:3 [
                            0 => "R&#46; Mitchell"
                            1 => "B&#46; Agle"
                            2 => "D&#46; Wood"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Academy of Management Review"
                        "fecha" => "1997"
                        "volumen" => "22"
                        "numero" => "4"
                        "paginaInicial" => "853"
                        "paginaFinal" => "886"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            57 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0270"
              "etiqueta" => "Moneva and Ortas&#44; 2010"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Corporate environmental and financial performance&#58; A multivariate approach"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:2 [
                            0 => "J&#46;M&#46; Moneva"
                            1 => "E&#46; Ortas"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1016/j.meatsci.2016.03.003"
                      "Revista" => array:7 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Industrial Management &#38; Data Systems"
                        "fecha" => "2010"
                        "volumen" => "110"
                        "numero" => "2"
                        "paginaInicial" => "193"
                        "paginaFinal" => "210"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26974595"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            58 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0275"
              "etiqueta" => "Orlitzky et al&#46;&#44; 2003"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Corporate social and financial performance&#58; A meta-analysis"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:3 [
                            0 => "M&#46; Orlitzky"
                            1 => "F&#46; Schmidt"
                            2 => "S&#46;L&#46; Rynnes"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Organization Studies"
                        "fecha" => "2003"
                        "volumen" => "24"
                        "numero" => "3"
                        "paginaInicial" => "403"
                        "paginaFinal" => "441"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            59 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0280"
              "etiqueta" => "Phillips et al&#46;&#44; 2003"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "What stakeholder theory is not"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:3 [
                            0 => "R&#46; Phillips"
                            1 => "R&#46;E&#46; Freeman"
                            2 => "A&#46;C&#46; Wicks"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Business Ethics Quarterly"
                        "fecha" => "2003"
                        "volumen" => "13"
                        "numero" => "4"
                        "paginaInicial" => "479"
                        "paginaFinal" => "502"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            60 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0285"
              "etiqueta" => "Porter and Kramer&#44; 2011"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "La creaci&#243;n de valor compartido&#58; C&#243;mo reinventar el capitalismo y liberar una oleada de innovaci&#243;n y crecimiento"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:2 [
                            0 => "M&#46;E&#46; Porter"
                            1 => "M&#46;R&#46; Kramer"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:4 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Harvard Business Review AL"
                        "fecha" => "2011"
                        "paginaInicial" => "33"
                        "paginaFinal" => "49"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            61 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0290"
              "etiqueta" => "Powell and DiMaggio&#44; 2012"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:1 [
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "LibroEditado" => array:2 [
                        "titulo" => "The new institutionalism in organizational analysis"
                        "serieFecha" => "2012"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            62 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0305"
              "etiqueta" => "Sami et al&#46;&#44; 2010"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Corporate social responsibility&#58; A strategy for sustainable business success&#46; An analysis of 20 selected British companies"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:3 [
                            0 => "M&#46; Sami"
                            1 => "G&#46; Odemilin"
                            2 => "R&#46; Bampton"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Corporate Governance"
                        "fecha" => "2010"
                        "volumen" => "10"
                        "numero" => "2"
                        "paginaInicial" => "203"
                        "paginaFinal" => "217"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            63 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0310"
              "etiqueta" => "Schultz and Wehmeier&#44; 2010"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Institutionalization of corporate social responsibility within corporate communications"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:2 [
                            0 => "F&#46; Schultz"
                            1 => "S&#46; Wehmeier"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Corporate Communications"
                        "fecha" => "2010"
                        "volumen" => "15"
                        "numero" => "1"
                        "paginaInicial" => "9"
                        "paginaFinal" => "29"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            64 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0320"
              "etiqueta" => "Scott&#44; 2007"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Institutions and organizations"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:1 [
                            0 => "W&#46;R&#46; Scott"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Libro" => array:3 [
                        "fecha" => "2007"
                        "editorial" => "Sage Publications"
                        "editorialLocalizacion" => "Thousand Oaks"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            65 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0330"
              "etiqueta" => "Sementelli&#44; 2005"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Critical theory&#44; institutions&#44; and hegemony&#58; Role obligation and the reconciliation of seemingly incompatible goals"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:1 [
                            0 => "A&#46;J&#46; Sementelli"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "International Journal of Organization Theory and Behavior"
                        "fecha" => "2005"
                        "volumen" => "8"
                        "numero" => "4"
                        "paginaInicial" => "559"
                        "paginaFinal" => "576"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            66 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0340"
              "etiqueta" => "Solano et al&#46;&#44; 2015"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Analisis de la divulgaci&#243;n de la informaci&#243;n sobre la responsabilidad social corporativa en las empresas de transporte p&#250;blico urbano en espa&#241;a"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:3 [
                            0 => "S&#46;E&#46; Solano"
                            1 => "P&#46;P&#46; Casado"
                            2 => "S&#46;F&#46; Ureba"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1016/j.rcsar.2015.05.002"
                      "Revista" => array:2 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Revista de contabilidad"
                        "fecha" => "2015"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            67 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0345"
              "etiqueta" => "Suchman&#44; 1995"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Managing legitimacy&#58; Strategic and institutional approaches"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:1 [
                            0 => "M&#46;C&#46; Suchman"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Academy of Management Review"
                        "fecha" => "1995"
                        "volumen" => "20"
                        "numero" => "3"
                        "paginaInicial" => "571"
                        "paginaFinal" => "610"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            68 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0350"
              "etiqueta" => "Van Marrewijk&#44; 2003"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Concepts and definitions of CSR and corporate sustainability&#58; Between agency and communion"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:1 [
                            0 => "M&#46; Van Marrewijk"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Journal of Business Ethics"
                        "fecha" => "2003"
                        "volumen" => "44"
                        "numero" => "2&#47;3"
                        "paginaInicial" => "95"
                        "paginaFinal" => "105"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            69 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0355"
              "etiqueta" => "Verbeke and Tung&#44; 2013"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "The future of stakeholder management theory&#58; A temporal perspective"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:2 [
                            0 => "A&#46; Verbeke"
                            1 => "V&#46; Tung"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Journal of Business Ethics"
                        "fecha" => "2013"
                        "volumen" => "112"
                        "numero" => "3"
                        "paginaInicial" => "529"
                        "paginaFinal" => "543"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            70 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0360"
              "etiqueta" => "Wallich and Mcgowan&#44; 1970"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Stockholder interest and the corporation&#39;s role in social policy"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:2 [
                            0 => "H&#46;C&#46; Wallich"
                            1 => "J&#46;J&#46; Mcgowan"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "LibroEditado" => array:2 [
                        "titulo" => "A new rationale for corporate social policy"
                        "serieFecha" => "1970"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            71 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0365"
              "etiqueta" => "Walton&#44; 1967"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Corporate social responsibilities"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:1 [
                            0 => "C&#46;C&#46; Walton"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Libro" => array:3 [
                        "fecha" => "1967"
                        "editorial" => "Wadsworth"
                        "editorialLocalizacion" => "Belmont&#44; CA"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            72 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0370"
              "etiqueta" => "Weber&#44; 1922"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "The theory of social and economic organization"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:1 [
                            0 => "M&#46; Weber"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Libro" => array:3 [
                        "fecha" => "1922"
                        "editorial" => "University of California Press"
                        "editorialLocalizacion" => "New York&#44; NY"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
          ]
        ]
      ]
    ]
  ]
  "idiomaDefecto" => "en"
  "url" => "/24448451/0000002500000001/v1_201603150456/S1019683815000591/v1_201603150456/en/main.assets"
  "Apartado" => array:4 [
    "identificador" => "49060"
    "tipo" => "SECCION"
    "en" => array:2 [
      "titulo" => "Art&#237;culo"
      "idiomaDefecto" => true
    ]
    "idiomaDefecto" => "en"
  ]
  "PDF" => "https://static.elsevier.es/multimedia/24448451/0000002500000001/v1_201603150456/S1019683815000591/v1_201603150456/en/main.pdf?idApp=UINPBA00004N&text.app=https://www.elsevier.es/"
  "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S1019683815000591?idApp=UINPBA00004N"
]

Article information

ISSN: 24448451
Original language: English

DOI:10.1016/j.redee.2015.11.002

The statistics are updated each day

Year/Month	Html	Pdf	Total

2024 November	7	0	7
2024 October	219	20	239
2024 September	210	10	220
2024 August	173	14	187
2024 July	158	12	170
2024 June	231	15	246
2024 May	229	7	236
2024 April	225	12	237
2024 March	368	26	394
2024 February	355	39	394
2024 January	457	25	482
2023 December	367	38	405
2023 November	540	49	589
2023 October	492	69	561
2023 September	310	8	318
2023 August	233	14	247
2023 July	248	17	265
2023 June	265	13	278
2023 May	307	21	328
2023 April	201	26	227
2023 March	203	21	224
2023 February	125	18	143
2023 January	138	24	162
2022 December	221	21	242
2022 November	153	22	175
2022 October	116	17	133
2022 September	153	30	183
2022 August	126	33	159
2022 July	137	13	150
2022 June	184	24	208
2022 May	195	34	229
2022 April	151	22	173
2022 March	97	14	111
2022 February	117	16	133
2022 January	160	30	190
2021 December	121	25	146
2021 November	135	33	168
2021 October	155	25	180
2021 September	116	22	138
2021 August	101	40	141
2021 July	144	22	166
2021 June	83	16	99
2021 May	258	23	281
2021 April	616	79	695
2021 March	356	50	406
2021 February	266	32	298
2021 January	192	24	216
2020 December	172	33	205
2020 November	227	46	273
2020 October	115	23	138
2020 September	106	15	121
2020 August	107	26	133
2020 July	129	29	158
2020 June	83	23	106
2020 May	101	22	123
2020 April	151	35	186
2020 March	168	26	194
2020 February	193	31	224
2020 January	207	32	239
2019 December	181	29	210
2019 November	217	26	243
2019 October	249	47	296
2019 September	293	44	337
2019 August	131	25	156
2019 July	144	23	167
2019 June	233	39	272
2019 May	292	77	369
2019 April	243	46	289
2019 March	98	20	118
2019 February	65	10	75
2019 January	69	11	80
2018 December	51	21	72
2018 November	66	6	72
2018 October	94	6	100
2018 September	84	22	106
2018 August	47	15	62
2018 July	55	3	58
2018 June	24	6	30
2018 May	32	9	41
2018 April	49	14	63
2018 March	27	1	28
2018 February	144	4	148
2018 January	99	0	99
2017 December	146	4	150
2017 November	75	5	80
2017 October	22	0	22
2017 September	21	13	34
2017 August	20	17	37
2017 July	20	10	30
2017 June	26	25	51
2017 May	34	17	51
2017 April	27	18	45
2017 March	54	42	96
2017 February	75	5	80
2017 January	32	2	34
2016 December	37	15	52
2016 November	34	8	42
2016 October	42	11	53
2016 September	58	9	67
2016 August	52	9	61
2016 July	22	2	24

Show all

Indexed in:

Follow us:

Statistics

Indexed in:

Follow us:

Statistics

Subscribe to our newsletter