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Vol. 103. Issue 1.
Pages 19-29 (January 2006)
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Vol. 103. Issue 1.
Pages 19-29 (January 2006)
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Hipertensión Arterial y Cronoterapia*
Hypertension and chronotherapy*
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6726
Carlos Calvo1,
Corresponding author
igamevas@usc.es

Correspondencia: Dr. Carlos Calvo. Unidad de Hipertensión Arterial y Riesgo Vascular. Hospital Clínico Universitario. Travesía de la Choupana s/n. 15706 Santiago de Compostela. A Coruña. España UE.
, Ramón C. Hermida2
1 Unidad de Hipertensión Arterial y Riesgo Vascular, Hospital Clínico Universitario, Santiago de Compostela. España UE.
2 Laboratorio de Bioingeniería y Cronobiología, Universidad de Vigo, Campus Universitario. Vigo. España UE.
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Resumen

La presión arterial se caracteriza por presentar variación a lo largo de las 24 horas del día. La cronoterapia de la hipertensión arterial contempla esta variación circadiana, con la elevación matutina y el descenso durante el descanso nocturno de la presión arterial, junto con las posibles modificaciones en las características farmacocinéticas y farmacodinámicas de los fármacos antihipertensivos, en función del momento circadiano de su administración. Las diferencias dependientes de la hora de la administración de los fármacos antihipertensivos, tanto en la cinética (cronocinética) como en la efectividad terapéutica (cronodinámica) son conocidas. Así, el patrón de variación circadiano de la presión arterial alterado en pacientes hipertensos con insuficiencia renal crónica, sólo se normaliza cuando se administra el calcioantagonista Isradipino en la tarde, pero no en la mañana. Por su parte, la curva dosis-respuesta, la eficacia y la duración de la respuesta terapéutica del alfabloqueante Doxazosina GITS dependen del instante circadiano de administración del fármaco. La administración de otro bloqueante de los canales del calcio como Nifedipino GITS, a la hora de acostarse, reduce de forma significativa los efectos secundarios y aumenta la eficacia antihipertensiva en comparación con la administración del fármaco a la hora de levantarse. Además, en pacientes con hipertensión resistente, la Cronoterapia ha demostrado que mejora el control de la presión arterial, al mismo tiempo que revierte el perfil no-dipper, altamente prevalente en este grupo de pacientes. La hipertensión nocturna, caracterizada por la pérdida del descenso del 10-20% en la presión arterial durante las horas de descanso nocturno (patrón no-dipper), aumenta el riesgo de eventos cerebro y cardiovasculares. La Cronoterapia antihipertensiva aporta soluciones en el marco de un tratamiento más individualizado, en función del perfil circadiano de presión arterial de cada paciente, y puede suponer un avance en la optimización del control de la hipertensión arterial y en la reducción del riesgo cardiovascular del paciente hipertenso.

Palabras clave:
Cronobiología
cronoterapia
hipertensión arterial
riesgo cardiovascular
monitorización ambulatoria de la presión arterial
dipper
no-dipper
Abstract

Blood pressure displays appreciable predictable-in-time circadian variation. The Chronotherapy of hypertension takes into account the clinically relevant features of the 24h pattern of blood pressure, e.g., the accelerated morning rise and nighttime decline during sleep, plus potential administration circadian time determinants of the pharmacokinetics and dynamics of antihypertensive medications. Significant administration-time differences in the kinetics (i.e., Chronokinetics) plus the beneficial and adverse effects (termed Chronodynamics) of antihypertensive drugs are well known. Thus, evening, but not morning, dosing with isradipine significantly reduced and normalized nocturnal blood pressure in hypertensive patients with chronic renal failure. Too, the dose-response curve, therapeutic coverage, and efficacy of doxazosin GITS are all markedly dependent on the circadian time of drug administration. The administration of nifedipine GITS at bedtime significantly reduces secondary effects well increasing antihypertensive efficacy as compared to the administration of the drug upon awakening. Moreover, in patients with resistant hypertension, Chronotherapy has been shown to improve blood pressure control and to revert the non-dipper profile highly prevalent among these patients. Nocturnal hypertension, which is characterized by the loss or even reversal of the expected 10-20% sleep-time blood pressure decline, increases the risk of cardiac and cerebrovascular events. Chronotherapy provides a mean of individualizing treatment of hypertension according to the circadian profile of blood pressure of each patient. The chronotherapeutic strategy constitutes a new option to optimize blood pressure control and to reduce risk.

Key words:
Chronobiology
chronotherapy
hypertension
cardiovascular risk
ambulatory blood pressure monitoring
dipper
non-dipper
Laburpena

Arteria-presioa aldatu egiten da egunean zehar. Arteria-hipertentsioaren kronoterapiak kontuan hartzen du aldakuntza zirkadiano hori; alegia, goizeko igoera, eta gaueko atsedenarekin gertatzen den jaitsiera, baita hipertentsioaren kontrako botikak hartzen diren une zirkadianoaren arabera ezaugarri farmakozinetikoetan eta farmakodinamikoetan gerta daitezkeen balizko aldakuntzak ere. Hipertentsioaren kontrako botikak hartzen diren orduaren araberako aldakuntzak ezagunak dira, bai zinetikari (kronozinetika) eragiten diotenak, bai eraginkortasun terapeutikoari eragiten diotenak ere (kronodinamika). Hala, giltzurrinetako gutxiegitasun kronikoa duten gaixoen arteria-presioaren aldakuntza-eredua normalizatzeko, Isradipino kaltzioantagonista arratsaldean eman behar zaie, eta ez goizean. Bestalde, dosia-erantzuna kurba eta Doxazosina GITS alfablokeatzailearen erantzun terapeutikoaren iraupena aldatu egiten dira botika hartzen den une zirkadianoaren arabera. Oheratzerakoan kaltzioaren kanalak blokeatzen dituen beste botikaren bat hartuz gero -adibidez Nifedipino GITS-, nabarmen murrizten dira ondorio sekundarioak eta areagotu egiten da hipertentsioaren kontrako eraginkortasuna, botika ohetik altxatzean hartzearekin alderatuta. Gainera, kronoterapiak erakutsi duenez, hipertentsio sendoa duten gaixoetan arteria-presioaren kontrola hobetu dezake, eta, aldi berean, era horretako gaixoetan nagusi den ez-dipper profila aldatzea dakar. Gaueko hipertentsioak, gaueko atseden orduetako arteria-presioaren % 10-20 jaitsieraren galera ezaugarri duenak (ez-dipper patroia), garuneko eta bihotzeko hodietako gorabeherak izateko arriskua areagotzen du. Hipertentsioaren kontrako kronoterapiak irtenbideak ematen ditu tratamendu indibidualizatuagoetan, gaixo bakoitzaren arteria-presioaren profil zirkadianoaren arabera, eta aurrerapen handiak ekar ditzake arteria-hipertentsioaren kontrola optimizatzeari begira eta hipertentsioa duen gaixoaren arrisku kardiobaskularra murrizteari begira.

Hitz giltzarriak:
Kronobiologia
kronoterapia
arteria-hipertentsioa
arrisku kardiobaskularra
ospitaleratzerik gabeko arteria-presioaren monitorizatzea
dipper
ez-dipper
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Parte de la conferencia en el VIII Reunión SOVASHTA-2006. Palacio de Europa. Vitoria-Gasteiz

Copyright © 2006. Academia de Ciencias Médicas de Bilbao
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