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Vol. 106. Issue 3.
Pages 106-113 (January 2009)
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Vol. 106. Issue 3.
Pages 106-113 (January 2009)
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Importancia de las especies reactivas al oxigeno (radicales libres) y los antioxidantes en clinica.
The importance of reactive oxygen species (free radicals) and antioxidants in clinic
Oxigeno espezie erreaktiboek (erradikal libreak) eta antioxidatzaileek klinikan duten garrantzia
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A. San-Miguel
Corresponding author
asanmiguel@hurh.sacyl.es

Correspondencia: Dr. A. San-Miguel. Servicio de Análisis Clínicos., Hospital Universitario Rio Hortega., Rondilla de Santa Teresa 9., 47001. Valladolid. Castilla y León. Espa˜a UE.
, F.J. Martin-Gil
Servicio de Análisis Clínicos. Hospital Universitario Rio Hortega. Valladolid. Castilla y León. Espa˜a UE.
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Resumen

Las reacciones de óxido reducción tienen una amplia distribución en la naturaleza, y las células de nuestro organismo no están ajenas a estos procesos; muy por el contrario la transformación de los alimentos en sustratos más simples, de los cuales es posible obtener energía, involucra reacciones químicas de óxido reducción. Durante el proceso de respiración celular se consume oxígeno, y se genera ATP (adenosin trifosfato), quedando como productos dióxido de carbono y agua. Sin embargo, durante esta normal transformación se producen también otras moléculas residuales, las especies reactivas del oxígeno o radicales libres.

Los radicales libres (RL) son átomos o moléculas inestables, altamente reactivas que atacan los enlaces de proteínas de los tejidos, los fosfolípidos poliinsaturados de las membranas celulares, carbohidratos, y los ácidos nucleicos de las células. Al actuar, se activa una reacción en cadena que podría incluso llevar a la muerte de la célula. La producción de radicales libre es un fenómeno natural, dinámico y continuo, el da˜o que estos compuestos puedan provocar depende de un delicado equilibrio con los sistemas antioxidantes que protegen a las células de nuestro organismo. Los mecanismos de defensa para neutralizar a los radicales libres son múltiples y variados y pueden dividirse en dos grupos.

El estrés oxidativo se produce al romperse el equilibrio entre la producción de especies reactivas del oxígeno y los mecanismos de defensa antioxidante, lo que lleva a una variedad de cambios fisiológicos y bioquímicos que provocan el deterioro y muerte celular. Este tipo de da˜o puede ser medido mediante métodos directos e indirectos.

Palabras clave:
Estrés oxidativo
especies reactivas al oxígeno
antioxidantes
Summary

Oxide reduction reactions are well spread out in nature, and the cells of our organism are not so far away from these processes; on the contrary, the transformation of foods into more single strata, from which it is possible to obtain energy, involves chemical oxide reduction reactions. Oxygen is consumed during the cellular respiration process and ATP (adenosine triphosphate) is generated, ending up as carbon dioxide and water products. However, other residual molecules, reactive oxygen species or free radicals are also produced in the course of this normal transformation. Free radicals (FR) are unstable atoms or molecules which are highly reactive and attack the links maintained by proteins with tissues, polyunsaturated phospholipids of cellular membranes, carbohydrates and nucleic acids in cells. When they act, a chain reaction is triggered off that can even lead to the death of the cell. The production of free radicals is a natural, dynamic and continuous phenomenon; the damage these compounds can cause depends on a delicate balance with the antioxidant systems that protects the cells of our organism. There are many different defence mechanisms available for neutralising free radicals, and these can be divided into two groups. Oxidative stress occurs when the balance between the production of reactive oxygen species and antioxidant defence mechanisms is broken, which leads to a variety of physiological and biochemical changes that in turn cause damage and cellular death. This type of damage can be measured using both direct and indirect methods.

Key words:
oxidative stress
reactive oxygen species
antioxidants
Laburpena

Erredukziozko oxido erreakzioak naturan oso barreiatuta daude, eta gure organismoko zelulek ere ezin diete ihes egin prozesu horiei. Bestalde, elikagaiak substratu sinpleagoetan eraldatzeak (horietatik energia eskuratzeko) erredukziozko oxido erreakzio kimikoak eragiten ditu. Arnasketa zelularra prozesuan, oxigenoa kontsumitu eta ATP (adenosin trifosfatoa) sortzen da; beraz, karbono dioxidoa eta ura geratzen zaizkigu produktu moduan. Alabaina, eraldaketa arrunt honetan, bestelako hondakin molekula batzuk ere sortzen dira: oxigeno espezie erreaktiboak edo erradikal libreak, alegia. Erradikal Libreak (EL) atomo edo molekula ezegonkorrak dira, oso-oso erreaktiboak, eta ehunen proteina loturei, zelula mintzen fosfolipido poliinsaturatuei, karbohidratoei eta zelulen azido nukleikoei erasotzen diete. Lanean hastean, kate erreakzioa aktibatzen da, eta zelula hiltzera ere irits liteke. Erradikal libreen produkzioa gertakari natural, dinamiko eta etengabekoa da; konposatu horiek eragin dezaketen kaltea, ordea, gure organismoko zelulak babesten dituzten antioxidatzaile sistemekiko oreka zail baten araberakoa izango da. Ezin konta ahala defentsa modu daude erradikal libreak neutralizatzeko; askotarikoak dira gainera, eta bi multzotan bana daitezke. Oxidazio estresa, hain zuzen, oxigeno espezie erreaktiboen produkzioaren eta defentsa modu antioxidatzaileen arteko oreka hausten denean gertatzen da. Horrek aldaketa fisiologiko eta biokimiko ugari dakartza, eta ondorioz, zelula hondatzea eta baita hiltzea ere gerta liteke. Era honetako kalteak metodo zuzen eta zeharkakoekin neur daitezke.

Hitz gakoak:
oxidazio estresa
oxigeno espezie erreaktiboak
antioxidatzaileak
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