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Original article
Prediction of clinical events by liver stiffness and chronic kidney disease by NAFLD in patients with type-2 diabetes
Predicción de eventos clínicos por elasticidad hepática y enfermedad renal crónica por EHMet en pacientes con diabetes tipo 2
Jesús Rivera-Estebana,b,
Corresponding author
jesusriveraest@gmail.com

Corresponding authors.
, Mònica Ponsa,b,c,1, Alejandra Planasd,e, Ramiro Manzano-Nuñeza, Cristina Hernándezb,d,e, Olga Simó-Servatd,e, Jordi Bañerasf,g, María José Solerh,i, Daniel Seronh,i, Anna Boixaderaj, Salvador Augustina,b,c,k, Rafael Simób,d,e, Ignacio Ferreira-Gonzálezb,f,g, Joan Genescàa,b,c,
Corresponding author
joan.genesca@vallhebron.cat

Corresponding authors.
, Juan M. Pericàsa,b,c, on behalf of the PRECISED consortium 2
a Liver Unit, Vall d’Hebron Hospital Universitari, Vall d’Hebron Institut of Research (VHIR), Vall d’Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, Barcelona, Spain
b Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
c CIBEREHD, ISCIII, Madrid, Spain
d Diabetes and Metabolism Research Unit, Vall d’Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Vall d’Hebron Hospital Universitari, Vall d’Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, Barcelona, Spain
e CIBERDEM, ISCIII, Madrid, Spain
f Cardiology Department, Vall d’Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Vall d’Hebron Hospital Universitari, Vall d’Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, Barcelona, Spain
g CIBERESP, ISCIII, Madrid, Spain
h Nephrology Department, Vall d’Hebron Research Institute, Vall d’Hebron Hospital, Barcelona, Spain
i REDinREN, ISCIII, Madrid, Spain
j Ophthalmology Department, Vall d’Hebron Research Institute, Vall d’Hebron Hospital, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
k Therapeutic Area Cardio-Metabolism and Respiratory Medicine, Boehringer Ingelheim International GmbH, Ingelheim am Rhein, Germany
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        "titulo" => "Predicci&#243;n de eventos cl&#237;nicos por elasticidad hep&#225;tica y enfermedad renal cr&#243;nica por EHMet en pacientes con diabetes tipo 2"
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          "en" => "<p id="spar0050" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Kaplan&#8211;Meier survival curves for overall clinical events &#40;OCE&#41; in T2D patients according to &#40;a&#41; NAFLD&#59; &#40;b&#41; Liver stiffness&#59; &#40;c&#41; Sex&#59; and &#40;d&#41; Age&#46;</p>"
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    "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0070">Introduction</span><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease &#40;NAFLD&#41; has become a major public health problem&#44; affecting 25&#8211;30&#37; of adults in Western countries&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0200"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1&#44;2</span></a> Both the prevalence and incidence of NAFLD have risen sharply in the last decades alongside the main drivers of the current metabolic syndrome epidemics&#59; remarkably type 2 diabetes mellitus &#40;T2D&#41; and obesity&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0210"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a></p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">NAFLD and T2D frequently coexist and share a close bidirectional relationship&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0215"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a> NAFLD prevalence rises by over 50&#37; in T2D subjects&#44; and patients with NAFLD are most likely to develop diabetes than non-NAFLD subjects&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0220"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a> In addition&#44; NAFLD has been shown to worsen the prognosis of T2D&#44; including glycemic control&#44; and microvascular complications&#44; and increase the risk of developing extrahepatic complications&#44; such as cardiovascular or chronic kidney disease &#40;CKD&#41;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0225"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6&#8211;8</span></a> Indeed&#44; macrovascular complications constitute the leading cause of death in NAFLD and T2D patients&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0240"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9&#44;10</span></a></p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The presence and severity of liver fibrosis are major determinants of the development of liver and extrahepatic events in NAFLD&#44; as demonstrated in histological cohorts<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0250"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11&#44;12</span></a> and reports on non-invasive estimates of fibrosis&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0260"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13&#44;14</span></a> Furthermore&#44; the independent association between NAFLD and incident CKD has been underlined in a recent meta-analysis&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0270"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">15</span></a> being progression to advanced stages of CKD more pronounced in subjects with T2D and high-risk NAFLD fibrosis&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0275"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">16</span></a></p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Until recently&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0280"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">17</span></a> guidance on the diagnosis of NAFLD amongst T2D patients offered by international guidelines<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0285"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span></a> had poor discrimination&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0290"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">19</span></a> Diagnostic recommendations are often based on indirect suboptimal methods such as liver ultrasound or serum-based scores&#44; which have been proven less sensitive than vibration-controlled transient elastography &#40;VCTE&#41; controlled attenuation parameter &#40;CAP&#41; for the detection of steatosis&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0295"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">20&#44;21</span></a> Moreover&#44; data from cardiovascular disease amongst NAFLD subjects comes from retrospective reports without concomitant liver stiffness measurements &#40;LSM&#41; or with small biopsy series&#44; or from prospective studies with partial cardiovascular evaluation at baseline&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0305"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">22&#8211;27</span></a></p><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The study aimed to evaluate the association between NAFLD&#44; diabetes complications&#44; and the risk of developing clinical events in a well-characterized prospective cohort of T2D patients with VCTE data&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0075">Material and methods</span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0080">Patients and setting</span><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">We conducted a single-center&#44; prospective study comprising T2D subjects with no history of clinical CVD and non-diabetic controls matched by age&#46;</p><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Study subjects with T2D were recruited from the Outpatient Diabetic Clinic of Vall d&#8217;Hebron Hospital and the Primary Healthcare centers within its catchment area &#40;North Barcelona&#41;&#46; The non-diabetic controls came from the same Primary Healthcare centers and most were relatives of T2D patients&#46; Participants were enrolled in the PRECISED study &#40;<a href="ctgov:NCT02248311">NCT02248311</a>&#41; from September 2014 to June 2017&#46; Follow-up data were collected until October 2021&#46; The PRECISED dataset has served for observational studies assessing subclinical CV risk factors in T2D subjects&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0335"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">28&#44;29</span></a></p><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Inclusion criteria were&#58; &#40;1&#41; age from 50 to 79 years&#59; and &#40;2&#41; a history of T2D diagnosed at least one year before the screening according to ADA criteria&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0345"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">30</span></a></p><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Exclusion criteria were&#58; &#40;a&#41; medical history of a CV event&#59; &#40;b&#41; type 1 diabetes&#59; &#40;c&#41; any contraindication for the performance of positron-emission tomography&#47;computed tomography &#40;PET&#47;CT&#41; or magnetic resonance imaging &#40;MRI&#41;&#59; and &#40;d&#41; any concomitant disease associated with a short life expectancy&#46;</p><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The study was conducted according to the guidelines of the Declaration of Helsinki and was approved by the local ethics committee&#58; Comit&#233; &#201;tico de Investigaci&#243;n Cl&#237;nica del Hospital Universitario de Vall d&#8217;Hebron &#40;Ethical Committee for Clinical Research of the Vall d&#8217;Hebron University Hospital&#41; with reference number PR&#40;AG&#41;127&#47;2014&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0085">Definitions</span><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">NAFLD was defined as the presence of steatosis assessed by VCTE as CAP<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#8805;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>275<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>dB&#47;m<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0295"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">20&#44;21</span></a> in patients with overweight&#47;obesity&#44; T2D&#44; or evidence of metabolic dysregulation&#44; except for patients with liver stiffness measurements &#40;LSM&#41;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#8805;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>20<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>kPa to avoid exclusion for &#8220;burn-out&#8221; NASH cirrhosis&#46; Patients with suspicion of other liver etiologies &#40;viral hepatitis&#44; autoimmune diseases&#41; and those with alcohol risk consumption &#40;&#62;30<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>g&#47;day in males and &#62;20<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>g&#47;day in females&#41; were considered non-NAFLD&#46; Overweight and obesity were defined as a body mass index<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#8805;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>25<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>kg&#47;m<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span> and &#8805;30<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>kg&#47;m<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>&#44; respectively&#46; Diabetic nephropathy &#40;DN&#41; was defined as the presence of microalbuminuria<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#62;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>30<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;dL&#46; According to KDIGO guidelines&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0350"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">31</span></a> we defined chronic kidney disease &#40;CKD&#41; as an estimated glomerular filtrate rate &#40;eGFR&#41;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>60<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>ml&#47;min&#47;1&#46;73<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>m<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span> and&#47;or the presence of albuminuria<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#62;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>30<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;dL&#46; Subclinical CVD was defined as the composite of coronary arterial calcium score &#40;CACs&#41;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#8805;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>400<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>AU&#44; carotid plaque<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#8805;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>3<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm&#44; or carotid intima-media thickness &#40;CIMT&#41;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#62;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0355"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">32&#44;33</span></a> Cardiovascular events &#40;CVE&#41; encompassed acute coronary syndrome&#44; stroke&#44; or acute peripheral arterial syndrome&#46; Liver-related events &#40;LRE&#41; included the development of ascites&#44; hepatic encephalopathy&#44; upper gastrointestinal bleeding secondary to portal hypertension&#44; or hepatocellular carcinoma &#40;HCC&#41;&#46; The composite endpoint of overall clinical events &#40;OCE&#41; embedded CVE&#44; LRE&#44; and all-cause mortality&#46; Organic damage was defined as the presence of diabetic microvascular complications &#40;nephropathy&#44; retinopathy&#44; and&#47;or peripheral neuropathy&#41;&#44; chronic kidney diseas&#44;e and&#47;or subclinical CVD&#46; Since controls are unable to develop T2D-related complications&#44; we decided to analyze the presence of organic damage specifically amongst T2D patients&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0090">Outcomes</span><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The main study outcome was to assess the development of OCE during follow-up in the entire study cohort&#44; with a special interest in T2D subjects overall and those diabetics with NAFLD&#46; We also aimed to identify predictors of clinical outcomes in T2D patients&#46;</p><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">As secondary outcome&#44; we investigated the association between NAFLD and organic damage in T2D subjects&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0095">Procedures</span><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Clinical data were obtained on the first visit by an endocrinologist&#46; Anthropometric data were obtained by standardized protocols at the same visit&#46; LSM and CAP values by VCTE were obtained from all participants at inclusion using Fibroscan 502 Touch devices &#40;Echosens&#44; Paris&#44; France&#41; equipped with M and XL probes&#46; All measurements were performed by a specialized healthcare professional experienced with the procedure &#40;&#8805; 500 examinations&#41;&#44; using the probe recommended by the device for each patient&#46; LSM values were considered reliable if an interquartile range&#47;median &#40;IQR&#47;M&#41; ratio<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;30 was achieved&#44; and only examinations with at least 10 individual measurements were deemed valid&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0295"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">20</span></a> Of note&#44; the median time from inclusion to VCTE was 4 days &#40;IQR 2&#8211;10 days&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A detailed description of the rest of the procedures is provided in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#sec0145">Annex 2 from supplementary material</a>&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0100">Statistical analysis</span><p id="par0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Categorical data are presented as frequencies and percentages&#46; Continuous data are presented as mean<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>standard deviation or median &#40;interquartile range&#41; when applicable&#46; Differences among groups were assessed using the <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#967;</span><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span> test for qualitative variables&#44; while <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">t</span>-Student and non-parametric tests were used for quantitative variables with normal and non-normal distribution&#44; respectively&#46; Missing values were kept as missing&#44; and no specific statistical procedures were used for imputations&#46;</p><p id="par0085" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A Cox regression analysis was performed to identify risk factors associated with overall clinical events&#46; The cumulative probability of developing clinical events was calculated using the Kaplan&#8211;Meier estimate and adjusted by predictors&#46; For the analysis of risk factors associated with organic damage&#44; a logistic regression model was applied&#46; Only variables with <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;1 in univariate analysis were included for multivariate modeling&#46;</p><p id="par0090" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;05 was considered statistically significant&#46; Data were collected and edited using Microsoft Excel &#40;version Microsoft Office Pro 2019&#41;&#46; Statistical analyses were performed using PAWS Statistics &#40;version 19&#46;0&#59; SPSS Inc&#46;&#44; Hong Kong&#41; software&#46;</p><p id="par0095" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The description of the sample size calculation for the PRECISED study is provided in the Supplementary material&#46;</p></span></span><span id="sec0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0105">Results</span><span id="sec0045" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0110">Sample</span><p id="par0100" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Seventeen subjects &#40;6&#46;5&#37;&#41; out of the 260 subjects from the PRECISED cohort were excluded due to incomplete information at baseline or losses during follow-up&#46; Out of the 243 remaining subjects included in the study&#44; 186 &#40;76&#46;5&#37;&#41; were diabetic patients and 57 &#40;23&#46;5&#37;&#41; were non-T2D controls &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig&#46; 1</a>&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0105" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Among T2D subjects&#44; 66&#46;6&#37; &#40;124&#47;186&#41; met the diagnostic criteria for NAFLD&#46; Fifty patients out of the 62 T2D patients classified as non-NAFLD did not present liver steatosis&#44; nine showed an alcohol risk intake at baseline&#44; and 3 had a previous chronic liver disease different from NAFLD &#40;HCV&#44; HBV&#44; and primary biliary cholangitis&#44; respectively&#41;&#46; Of the non-T2D control group&#44; 54&#46;4&#37; &#40;31&#47;57&#41; had NAFLD&#44; one subject presented an alcohol risk consumption&#44; another had a previous HCV cirrhosis&#44; and 24 controls did not show liver steatosis&#46;</p><p id="par0110" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The baseline features of the 186 diabetics and 57 controls included in the analysis are summarized in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#sec0145">Supplementary Table 1</a>&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0050" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0115">Baseline characteristics of T2D subjects with and without NAFLD</span><p id="par0115" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The main characteristics of NAFLD and non-NAFLD T2D patients are shown in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a>&#46; Female sex&#44; mean age&#44; and rates of arterial hypertension were similar between groups&#46; NAFLD subjects showed higher rates of obesity &#40;61&#46;3&#37; vs 29&#46;0&#37;&#59; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;001&#41; and dyslipidemia &#40;83&#46;9&#37; vs 71&#46;0&#37;&#59; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;04&#41;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0120" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In NAFLD subjects&#44; mean alanine transaminase values &#40;27&#46;7<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>17&#46;3 vs 22&#46;3<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>15&#46;3&#59; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;041&#41; and median LSM &#40;5&#46;6<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>kPa vs 4&#46;8<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>kPa&#59; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;004&#41; were higher compared to non-NAFLD diabetic group&#46; AST and hepatic function parameters&#44; such as bilirubin or albumin&#44; did not significantly differ between groups&#46;</p><p id="par0125" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">NAFLD patients showed worse glycemic control &#40;mean glycosylated hemoglobin was 7&#46;5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#46;1&#37; vs 7&#46;1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#46;1&#37;&#59; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;04&#41; and received more often Glucagon-like Peptide-1 receptor analogs &#40;GLP1-RAs&#41; and insulin compared to those diabetics without NAFLD &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#sec0145">Supplementary Table 2</a>&#41;&#46; Of note&#44; median time from T2D diagnosis was similar between groups&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0055" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0120">Development of clinical outcomes</span><p id="par0130" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">During a median follow-up time of 5&#46;6 years &#40;IQR 4&#46;8&#8211;6&#46;4 years&#41;&#44; from the whole PRECISED cohort&#44; 23 diabetic subjects &#40;12&#46;4&#37;&#41; developed a CV event compared to one event &#40;1&#46;8&#37;&#41; in the control group &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;019&#41;&#46; Only one liver event was observed in a diabetic subject&#44; and 8&#46;1&#37; of patients with T2D died compared to 5&#46;3&#37; in the control group &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;48&#41;&#46; OCE were significantly higher in T2D subjects compared to controls &#40;17&#46;7&#37; vs 7&#46;0&#37;&#59; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;049&#41; &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#sec0145">Supplementary Table 3</a>&#41;</p><p id="par0135" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Concerning T2D subjects&#44; we did not find significant differences in the development rate of cardiovascular outcomes between NAFLD and non-NAFLD patients &#40;12&#46;9&#37; vs 11&#46;5&#37;&#59; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;75&#41;&#46; As shown in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">Table 2</a>&#44; acute coronary syndrome was the most frequently reported outcome amongst T2D &#40;16&#47;186&#41;&#46; One subject with NAFLD presented a LRE &#40;ascites&#41; and 8 NAFLD patients &#40;6&#46;5&#37;&#41; died&#44; 25&#37; of which were due to CVD&#44; with no differences compared to non-NAFLD subjects&#46; Finally&#44; the rate of OCE was similar between T2D patients with and without NAFLD &#40;16&#46;9&#37; vs 19&#46;4&#37;&#59; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;68&#41;&#46; The occurrence of OCE amongst T2D patients during the study period according to NAFLD&#44; liver stiffness&#44; sex and age is depicted in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Fig&#46; 2</a>&#46; As shown&#44; male patients and those with LSM<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#8805;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>10<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>kPa developed significantly more OCE during the study period &#40;long-rank test 0&#46;01 and 0&#46;04&#44; respectively&#41;&#46; No association was found for NAFLD or age in survival analysis&#46; The comparison between T2D subjects according to the LSM 10<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>kPa threshold is provided in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#sec0145">Supplementary Table 4</a>&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0010"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0010"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0140" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The analysis of predictors of clinical events is shown in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0015">Table 3</a>&#46; Identified risk factors for OCE amongst T2D patients globally and T2D subjects with NAFLD were male sex&#44; older age&#44; and increasing values of liver stiffness&#46; However&#44; NAFLD and subclinical CVD were not found to be significantly associated with the occurrence of OCE amongst the T2D population&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0015"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0060" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0125">Assessment of baseline organic damage in T2D subjects with and without NAFLD</span><p id="par0145" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The types and rates of T2D complications are shown in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0020">Table 4</a>&#46; No statistical differences were found for diabetic nephropathy&#44; diabetic retinopathy&#44; or peripheral neuropathy between T2D-NAFLD and non-NAFLD subjects&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0020"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0150" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Regarding cardiovascular surrogates&#44; we did not find statistical differences between NAFLD and non-NAFLD subjects when analyzing the presence of each subclinical CVD condition separately &#40;CACs<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#62;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>400<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>AU&#44; carotid plaque<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#8805;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>3<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm&#44; or CIMT<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#62;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm&#41; or the composite CVD endpoint&#46;</p><p id="par0155" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">However&#44; patients with NAFLD showed a higher rate of CKD &#40;45&#46;1&#37; vs 24&#46;6&#37;&#59; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;007&#41; than non-NAFLD subjects&#46; Accordingly&#44; NAFLD patients showed worse kidney function values assessed by creatinine and GFR than diabetic subjects without NAFLD&#44; as seen in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a>&#46; In logistic regression multivariate analysis&#44; the presence of NAFLD was associated with the existence of CKD &#40;OR<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2&#46;29&#44; 95&#37;CI 1&#46;07&#8211;4&#46;87&#59; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;031&#41;&#44; independently of well-known risk factors&#44; such as arterial hypertension&#44; dyslipidemia or male sex &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#sec0145">Supplementary Table 5</a>&#41;&#46;</p></span></span><span id="sec0065" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0130">Discussion</span><span id="sec0070" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0135">Major findings</span><p id="par0160" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In the present study&#44; conducted in a prospective cohort of T2D patients matched with non-T2D controls without a history of CVD followed for a median time of 5&#46;6 years&#44; we evaluated the incidence of clinical events and the role of NAFLD in the development of outcomes and organic damage&#46; First&#44; we found that 66&#46;6&#37; of T2D had NAFLD compared to 54&#46;4&#37; of controls&#46; Second&#44; T2D subjects had a greater risk of developing clinical events compared to non-T2D subjects&#44; particularly CV events&#46; Third&#44; liver stiffness measured by VCTE was found to be associated with an increased risk over time of developing clinical events in the T2D population overall and NAFLD diabetics as well&#46; Finally&#44; NAFLD was independently associated with chronic kidney disease in diabetics&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0075" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0140">Clinical events</span><p id="par0165" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">As primary outcome&#44; we investigated the incidence of clinical events amongst the whole dataset and particularly in patients with T2D&#44; NAFLD&#44; and liver fibrosis&#44; since these conditions have been associated with poorer prognosis and a major incidence of events&#44; especially if they take place simultaneously&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0250"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11&#8211;14</span></a></p><p id="par0170" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In our study occurrence of CVE and the probability to present any clinical event including both liver and cardiovascular events as well as all-cause mortality&#44; was superior amongst T2D subjects compared to controls&#44; as expected&#46; However&#44; diabetic patients with NAFLD did not present a higher risk over time to develop significantly more events than non-NAFLD T2D patients in our analysis&#44; probably due to the relatively low number of clinical events&#44; which is lower than previously described&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0245"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a> This could be partially explained by the accurate control of T2D patients&#44; which had a mean HbA1c<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>7&#46;5&#37; at inclusion and likely benefited from close surveillance for a highly specialized endocrinology team during the study period&#46; Moreover&#44; subclinical CVD prevalence in our cohort was slightly inferior to previously reported&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0325"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">26</span></a> decreasing the probability of event occurrence&#46; Lastly&#44; the small proportion of patients with advanced liver disease &#40;2&#46;4&#37; from the whole PRECISED cohort presented a LSM<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#8805;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>20<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>kPa&#41; at inclusion&#44; and the slow progression of NAFLD fibrosis would justify that only one patient presented a liver-related event&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0080" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0145">Predictors of clinical events</span><p id="par0175" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Male gender&#44; older age&#44; and liver stiffness were associated as risk factors for clinical outcomes amongst T2D subjects overall and in those diabetics with NAFLD specifically&#46; Our results are consistent with previous data reporting the close association of gender&#44; age&#44; and T2D complications with the development of clinical events&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0250"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11&#44;12</span></a> Remarkably&#44; liver fibrosis was found to be associated with clinical events&#44; suggesting a leading role in the pathophysiology of cardiovascular disease&#44; independently of well-known risk factors&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0365"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">34</span></a> whereas NAFLD was not found to be a risk factor to develop clinical events over time amongst diabetics&#46; This does not come as a surprise&#44; since it is well-known that the liver fibrosis stage is the most consistent risk factor for developing complications in liver disease patients&#44; including CV complications and liver events including HCC&#44; with VCTE being a useful tool to estimate advanced fibrosis and for predicting clinical outcomes&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0250"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11&#8211;14&#44;34</span></a> Meanwhile&#44; available studies suggest that NAFLD with mild fibrosis is not overall associated with increased complications other than those related to coincidental comorbidities such as T2D since key pathological changes occur in the transition from F2 stage fibrosis to F3&#44; which correlates with specific metabolic signatures&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0370"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">35</span></a> The presence of underlying significant fibrosis as a critical prognostic marker underlies current recommendations to identify patients in the community and primary care that should be referred to specialized care&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0295"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">20</span></a> Remarkably&#44; Boursier et al&#46; recently found that T2D patients are often not accurately classified by non-invasive tests including FIB-4 score and VCTE<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0375"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">36</span></a> and therefore they should be closely followed&#44; and non-invasive tests repeated more frequently than in other patients &#40;i&#46;e&#46;&#44; yearly instead of each 2&#8211;3 years&#41;&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0085" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0150">Organic damage</span><p id="par0180" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">As secondary outcome&#44; we aimed to investigate the influence of NAFLD in the existence of organic damage&#44; since it has been consistently shown that NAFLD and T2D share a deleterious bidirectional relationship with systemic implications at cardiovascular and renal levels&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0215"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4&#44;5</span></a> In our study&#44; the rates of subclinical CVD features and T2D microvascular complications were similar between NAFLD and non-NAFLD diabetic subjects&#46; We found that NAFLD patients presented a higher chronic kidney disease ratio compared to those subjects without NAFLD&#46; In addition&#44; NAFLD was independently associated with the existence of CKD in multivariate analysis&#44; along with common predictors such as arterial hypertension or dyslipidemia&#46; The fact that T2D patients with NAFLD showed similar rates of diabetic nephropathy but a higher prevalence of CKD compared to non-NAFLD diabetics reinforces the hypothesis that NAFLD has a major specific impact on renal function&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0225"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6&#44;8&#44;15&#44;16</span></a></p></span><span id="sec0090" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0155">Limitations</span><p id="par0185" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Our study has several limitations that should be considered&#46; First&#44; it is a single-center study with a relatively low number of clinical events despite a long follow-up&#44; which is determined by the sample size&#44; the low rate of patients with advanced liver disease&#44; and the good metabolic and low cardiovascular burden at baseline&#46; Notwithstanding this&#44; we firmly believe this scenario properly reflects real-world clinical practice&#44; where diabetic patients from high-income countries are progressively most likely to receive new T2D drugs &#40;i&#46;e&#46; SGLT2i and GLP1-RAs&#41; with highly beneficial cardiovascular&#44; renal and metabolic profiles&#44; minimizing the risk of clinical events&#46; Secondly&#44; the diagnosis of NAFLD and fibrosis staging was not histologically back-tested&#46; However&#44; the present study is the first report from Southern Europe with basal CV assessment&#44; prospective follow-up&#44; and concomitant evaluation of NAFLD and liver fibrosis through VCTE&#44; which has been proven to be the most accurate non-invasive tool for fibrosis and steatosis estimates&#46; In addition&#44; the CAP threshold has been chosen according to recent European clinical practice guidelines&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0295"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">20</span></a> which reported Sn&#47;PPVs over 90&#37; for the 275<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>dB&#47;m cutoff&#44; which would be even greater in populations with a high prevalence of NAFLD such as diabetics&#46; Lastly&#44; almost all participants were Caucasian and socioeconomic data were not collected&#44; whereas it is well known that the prevalence of NAFLD&#44; metabolic syndrome determinants&#44; and the risk of complications significantly differ across ethnicities and sociocultural and economic backgrounds&#44; reflecting&#44; on the other hand&#44; the need for updated data for each geographical area&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0380"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">37&#8211;39</span></a></p></span></span><span id="sec0095" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0160">Conclusion</span><p id="par0190" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In our prospective controlled study of T2D patients with an accurate CV and metabolic evaluation&#44; diabetic subjects had a higher risk of developing clinical events compared to non-diabetic controls&#46; The presence of NAFLD and related liver fibrosis were strongly associated with the existence of kidney disease and the development of clinical outcomes amongst T2D patients&#44; respectively&#46; A dedicated evaluation of the presence and severity of the liver disease is mandatory in diabetic patients and should be implemented in primary and specialized pathways in order to identify high-risk patients that would benefit from close monitoring and early referral to diabetes units and liver clinics&#46; This approach will be crucial for better T2D phenotyping and to optimize NAFLD trial inclusion or pharmacological treatment when available&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0100" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0165">Authors&#8217; contributions</span><p id="par0195" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Study concept and design&#59; JRE&#44; MP&#44; JMP&#44; JG&#59; Patient enrolment and acquisition of data&#59; MP&#44; AP&#44; CH&#44; MJS&#44; AB&#44; OSS&#44; JB&#59; Analysis and interpretation of data&#44; JRE&#44; RMN&#44; AP&#44; JMP&#44; JG&#59; Drafting of the manuscript&#44; JRE&#44; RMN&#44; JMP&#59; Critical revision of the manuscript&#58; JRE&#44; MP&#44; AP&#44; RMN&#44; CH&#44; OSS&#44; MJS&#44; JB&#44; DS&#44; AB&#44; RS&#44; IFG&#44; JMP&#44; JG&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0105" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0170">Authorship statement</span><p id="par0200" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">JRE is the guarantor of the article&#46; All the authors approved the final draft which is being submitted&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0110" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0175">Informed consent statement</span><p id="par0205" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Informed consent was obtained from all subjects involved in the study&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0115" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0180">Patient consent for publication</span><p id="par0210" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Not required&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0120" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0185">Data availability statement</span><p id="par0215" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The data supporting this study&#39;s findings are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0125" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0190">Permission to reproduce material from other sources</span><p id="par0220" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The material in this paper is original and does not come from other sources&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0130" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0195">Financial disclosure</span><p id="par0225" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">This research was funded by grants from the <span class="elsevierStyleGrantSponsor" id="gs1">Spanish Institute of Health &#40;ISCIII&#41;</span> in the setting of Integrative Excellence Projects &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleGrantNumber" refid="gs1">PIE 2013&#47;27</span>&#41; and the <span class="elsevierStyleGrantSponsor" id="gs2">European Foundation for the Study of Diabetes</span> &#40;EFSD Pilot Research Grant Programme for Innovative Measurement of Diabetes Outcomes 2017&#41;&#46; The study funders were not involved in the design of the study&#46; No financial support has been received for data analysis or writing assistance&#46;</p><p id="par0230" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">JRE is a PhD student at Universitat Aut&#242;noma de Barcelona&#44; Spain&#46; JMP reports having received consulting fees from Boehringer Ingelheim and Novo Nordisk&#46; He has received speaking fees from Gilead&#44; and travel expenses from Gilead&#44; Rubi&#243;&#44; Pfizer&#44; Astellas&#44; MSD&#44; CUBICIN&#44; and Novo Nordisk&#46; He has received educational and research support from Gilead&#44; Pfizer&#44; Astellas&#44; Accelerate&#44; Novartis&#44; Abbvie&#44; ViiV&#44; and MSD&#46; Funds from European Commission&#47;EFPIA IMI2 853966-2&#44; IMI2 777377&#44; H2020 847989&#44; and ISCIII PI19&#47;01898&#46; IFG reports having received consulting fees from Boehringer&#44; Novo Nordisk&#44; Bayer&#44; Pfizer and Daichii Sanckyo&#46; He has received speaking fees from Novo Nordisk&#44; Pfizer&#44; MSD&#44; Bayer and Boehringer&#46; He has received educational and research support from Novartis&#46; All other authors&#58; none to disclose&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0135" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0200">Conflict of interest</span><p id="par0250" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">SA changed affiliations after finalizing the manuscript and its submission to the journal&#46; Boehringer Ingelheim did not fund the study and did not have any role in the study design&#44; analysis or interpretation of the data&#44; writing or revision of the manuscript or the decision to submit the manuscript for publication&#46; The rest of authors declare no conflict of interest&#46;</p></span></span>"
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        "titulo" => "Abstract"
        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0010">Background &#38; Aims</span><p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease &#40;NAFLD&#41; is associated with poorer glycemic control and a higher risk of type-2 diabetes &#40;T2D&#41; complications&#44; extrahepatic and cardiovascular disease &#40;CVD&#41;&#46; Our study aim was to evaluate the association between NAFLD&#44; T2D complications&#44; and the development of overall clinical events &#40;OCE&#41; &#40;CV&#44; liver-related&#44; and mortality&#41; in patients with T2D&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0015">Methods</span><p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Prospective single-center study comprising T2D subjects with no history of CVD and non-T2D matched controls&#46; Patients were selected from the Outpatient Diabetes Clinic of Vall d&#8217;Hebron Hospital and related primary care centers&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0020">Results</span><p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">186 diabetics and 57 controls were included&#46; Amongst T2D&#44; 124&#47;186 subjects had NAFLD &#40;66&#46;6&#37;&#41;&#46; T2D-NAFLD subjects showed a heavier metabolic burden and higher median liver stiffness &#40;5&#46;6<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>kPa &#91;4&#46;5&#8211;7&#46;3&#93; vs 4&#46;8 &#91;4&#46;2&#8211;5&#46;8&#93;&#59; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;004&#41; compared to non-NAFLD diabetics&#46; During a median follow-up of 5&#46;6 years&#44; 33 &#40;17&#46;7&#37;&#41; T2D patients developed OCE vs 4 &#40;7&#46;0&#37;&#41; controls &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;049&#41;&#46; No differences were found for OCE between NAFLD and non-NAFLD diabetics &#40;16&#46;9&#37; vs 19&#46;4&#37;&#59; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;68&#41;&#46; CV was the most reported outcome and only one liver event occurred&#46; NAFLD diabetics showed more often chronic kidney disease &#40;CKD&#41;&#44; whereas T2D complications and subclinical CVD rates were similar&#46; A higher liver stiffness&#44; older age&#44; and male gender were independently associated with OCE amongst the entire T2D population and NAFLD diabetics&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0025">Conclusions</span><p id="spar0020" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">NAFLD and liver stiffness were associated with CKD and clinical outcomes in diabetics&#44; respectively&#46; A hepatic evaluation is recommended to identify high-risk T2D patients that would benefit from early referral to specialized care&#46;</p></span>"
        "secciones" => array:4 [
          0 => array:2 [
            "identificador" => "abst0005"
            "titulo" => "Background &#38; Aims"
          ]
          1 => array:2 [
            "identificador" => "abst0010"
            "titulo" => "Methods"
          ]
          2 => array:2 [
            "identificador" => "abst0015"
            "titulo" => "Results"
          ]
          3 => array:2 [
            "identificador" => "abst0020"
            "titulo" => "Conclusions"
          ]
        ]
      ]
      "es" => array:3 [
        "titulo" => "Resumen"
        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0035">Antecedentes y objetivos</span><p id="spar0025" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">La esteatosis hep&#225;tica metab&#243;lica &#40;EHMet&#41; se asocia con un peor control gluc&#233;mico y un mayor riesgo de complicaciones de la diabetes tipo 2 &#40;DM2&#41;&#44; enfermedad extrahep&#225;tica y cardiovascular &#40;CV&#41;&#46; El objetivo fue evaluar la asociaci&#243;n entre EHMet&#44; complicaciones microvasculares y el desarrollo de eventos cl&#237;nicos globales &#40;ECG&#41; &#40;CV&#44; hep&#225;ticos y mortalidad&#41; en diab&#233;ticos&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0040">M&#233;todos</span><p id="spar0030" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Estudio unic&#233;ntrico prospectivo que incluye diab&#233;ticos sin historia de CV y controles sin DM2&#46; Se seleccionaron pacientes de la consulta de Diabetes del Hospital Vall d&#8217;Hebron y centros de atenci&#243;n primaria asociados&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0045">Resultados</span><p id="spar0035" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Se incluyeron 186 diab&#233;ticos y 57 controles&#46; Entre los diab&#233;ticos&#44; 124&#47;186 presentaron EHMet &#40;66&#44;6&#37;&#41;&#46; Los pacientes DM2 con EHMet presentaron mayor carga metab&#243;lica y una elasticidad hep&#225;tica superior &#40;5&#44;6<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>kPa &#91;4&#44;5-7&#44;3&#93; vs&#46; 4&#44;8 &#91;4&#44;2-5&#44;8&#93;&#59; p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;004&#41; a los diab&#233;ticos sin EHMet&#46; Durante una mediana de seguimiento de 5&#44;6 a&#241;os&#44; 33 &#40;17&#44;7&#37;&#41; diab&#233;ticos desarrollaron ECG vs&#46; 4 &#40;7&#44;0&#37;&#41; controles &#40;p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;049&#41;&#46; No hubo diferencias en ECG entre diab&#233;ticos con y sin EHMet &#40;16&#44;9&#37; vs&#46; 19&#44;4&#37;&#59; p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;68&#41;&#46; El evento m&#225;s reportado fue CV y solamente se produjo un evento hep&#225;tico&#46; La enfermedad renal cr&#243;nica &#40;ERC&#41; fue m&#225;s frecuente en diab&#233;ticos con EHMet&#44; mientras que los ratios de complicaciones microvasculares y enfermedad CV silente fueron similares&#46; El g&#233;nero masculino&#44; una mayor edad y elasticidad hep&#225;tica se asociaron de forma independiente a ECG para el total de diab&#233;ticos y para aquellos con EHMet&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0050">Conclusiones</span><p id="spar0040" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">La EHMet y la elasticidad hep&#225;tica se asociaron a ERC y eventos cl&#237;nicos en diab&#233;ticos&#46; Se recomienda una evaluaci&#243;n hep&#225;tica para identificar pacientes diab&#233;ticos de riesgo que se beneficiar&#237;an de una derivaci&#243;n precoz al especialista&#46;</p></span>"
        "secciones" => array:4 [
          0 => array:2 [
            "identificador" => "abst0025"
            "titulo" => "Antecedentes y objetivos"
          ]
          1 => array:2 [
            "identificador" => "abst0030"
            "titulo" => "M&#233;todos"
          ]
          2 => array:2 [
            "identificador" => "abst0035"
            "titulo" => "Resultados"
          ]
          3 => array:2 [
            "identificador" => "abst0040"
            "titulo" => "Conclusiones"
          ]
        ]
      ]
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        "etiqueta" => "1"
        "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0015">Share first authorship&#46;</p>"
        "identificador" => "fn0005"
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        "etiqueta" => "&#9734;"
        "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0010">This work was partially presented at the European Association for the Study of the Liver-International Liver Congress &#40;EASL-ILC&#41;&#44; 22&#8211;26 June 2022&#44; London&#46;</p>"
      ]
      2 => array:3 [
        "etiqueta" => "2"
        "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0020">The full list of investigators is shown in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#sec0145">Annex 1 of the Supplementary Material</a>&#46;</p>"
        "identificador" => "fn0010"
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    ]
    "apendice" => array:1 [
      0 => array:1 [
        "seccion" => array:1 [
          0 => array:4 [
            "apendice" => "<p id="par0245" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The following are the supplementary data to this article&#58;<elsevierMultimedia ident="upi0005"></elsevierMultimedia></p>"
            "etiqueta" => "Appendix A"
            "titulo" => "Supplementary data"
            "identificador" => "sec0145"
          ]
        ]
      ]
    ]
    "multimedia" => array:7 [
      0 => array:7 [
        "identificador" => "fig0005"
        "etiqueta" => "Figure 1"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA"
        "mostrarFloat" => true
        "mostrarDisplay" => false
        "figura" => array:1 [
          0 => array:4 [
            "imagen" => "gr1.jpeg"
            "Alto" => 1311
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            "Tamanyo" => 154382
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        "descripcion" => array:1 [
          "en" => "<p id="spar0045" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Study flowchart&#46; T2D&#44; type-2 diabetes&#59; NAFLD&#44; non-alcoholic fatty liver disease&#46;</p>"
        ]
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      1 => array:7 [
        "identificador" => "fig0010"
        "etiqueta" => "Figure 2"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA"
        "mostrarFloat" => true
        "mostrarDisplay" => false
        "figura" => array:1 [
          0 => array:4 [
            "imagen" => "gr2.jpeg"
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        "descripcion" => array:1 [
          "en" => "<p id="spar0050" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Kaplan&#8211;Meier survival curves for overall clinical events &#40;OCE&#41; in T2D patients according to &#40;a&#41; NAFLD&#59; &#40;b&#41; Liver stiffness&#59; &#40;c&#41; Sex&#59; and &#40;d&#41; Age&#46;</p>"
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      2 => array:8 [
        "identificador" => "tbl0005"
        "etiqueta" => "Table 1"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA"
        "mostrarFloat" => true
        "mostrarDisplay" => false
        "detalles" => array:1 [
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          "leyenda" => "<p id="spar0060" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Hypertension&#58; &#8805;140&#47;90<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mmHg or requiring treatment&#59; dyslipidemia&#58; serum triglycerides<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#8805;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>150<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;dL and&#47;or total cholesterol<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#62;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>200<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;dL&#44; LDL<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#62;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>130<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;dL&#44; HDL<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>40<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;dL in men and &#60;50<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;dL in women or requiring treatment&#46;</p>"
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                  \t\t\t\t">76 &#40;61&#46;3&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">18 &#40;29&#46;0&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">&#60;0&#46;001&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Arterial hypertension&#44; n &#40;&#37;&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">94 &#40;75&#46;8&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">40 &#40;64&#46;5&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;10&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Dyslipidemia&#44; n &#40;&#37;&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">104 &#40;83&#46;9&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">44 &#40;71&#46;0&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;04&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Time from T2D diagnosis &#40;years&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">11&#46;0 &#40;6&#46;0&#8211;20&#46;0&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">12&#46;5 &#40;7&#46;0&#8211;22&#46;5&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;64&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Time of study follow-up &#40;years&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">5&#46;7 &#40;4&#46;9&#8211;6&#46;4&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">5&#46;9 &#40;4&#46;6&#8211;6&#46;5&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;55&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Fasting glucose &#40;mg&#47;dL&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">161&#46;5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>51&#46;0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">142&#46;6<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>44&#46;0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;014&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">HbA1c &#40;&#37;&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">7&#46;5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#46;1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">7&#46;1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#46;1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;040&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Creatinine &#40;mg&#47;dL&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;85<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;26&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;76<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;17&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;012&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">GFR &#40;mL&#47;min&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">80&#46;2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>17&#46;4&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">84&#46;8<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>13&#46;1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;045&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Albuminuria &#40;mg&#47;dL&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">79&#46;9<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>175&#46;0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">54&#46;9<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>127&#46;1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;27&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">AST &#40;U&#47;L&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">25&#46;9<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>14&#46;6&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">24&#46;8<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>17&#46;5&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;64&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">ALT &#40;U&#47;L&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">27&#46;7<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>17&#46;3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">22&#46;3<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>15&#46;3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;041&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Bilirubin &#40;mg&#47;dL&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;51<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;21&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;54<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;17&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;41&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Platelet count &#40;10</span><span class="elsevierStyleSup"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">9</span></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#47;L&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">252 &#40;202&#8211;305&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">244 &#40;206&#8211;282&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;47&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">INR</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">1&#46;00<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;46&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;94<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;07&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;35&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Cholesterol &#40;mg&#47;dL&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">184&#46;1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>38&#46;4&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">184&#46;8<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>29&#46;0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;89&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Overall clinical events&#44; n &#40;&#37;&#41;</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">21 &#40;16&#46;9&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">12 &#40;19&#46;4&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;68&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
                  """
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          ]
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                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="2" align="center" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">T2D subjects &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>186&#41;</th><th class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="2" align="center" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">T2D-NAFLD &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>124&#41;</th></tr><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">HR &#40;95&#37;CI&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span>-Value&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">HR &#40;95&#37;CI&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span>-Value&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Age&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1&#46;09 &#40;1&#46;02&#8211;1&#46;17&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;009&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1&#46;10 &#40;1&#46;02&#8211;1&#46;20&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;003&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Male sex&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">2&#46;55 &#40;1&#46;19&#8211;5&#46;43&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;015&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">4&#46;82 &#40;1&#46;70&#8211;13&#46;64&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;015&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Obesity &#40;BMI<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#8805;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>30<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>kg&#47;m<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1&#46;13 &#40;0&#46;54&#8211;2&#46;38&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;73&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1&#46;05 &#40;0&#46;40&#8211;2&#46;78&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;91&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Liver stiffness &#40;per 1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>kPa increase&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1&#46;03 &#40;1&#46;01&#8211;1&#46;05&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;002&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1&#46;05 &#40;1&#46;01&#8211;1&#46;08&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;009&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Subclinical CVD&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;76 &#40;0&#46;34&#8211;1&#46;71&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;51&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;52 &#40;0&#46;19&#8211;1&#46;44&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;21&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">NAFLD&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1&#46;04 &#40;0&#46;48&#8211;2&#46;27&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;90&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Variables&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">T2D NAFLD &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">N</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>124&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">T2D non-NAFLD &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">N</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>62&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span>-Value&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="4" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">T2D microvascular complications&#44; n &#40;&#37;&#41;</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Nephropathy&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">46 &#40;37&#46;7&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">15 &#40;24&#46;6&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;07&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Retinopathy&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">30 &#40;24&#46;2&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">20 &#40;32&#46;3&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;24&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Neuropathy&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">22 &#40;17&#46;7&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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Article information
ISSN: 02105705
Original language: English
DOI:10.1016/j.gastrohep.2022.11.001
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