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Clinical features and prognosis of malignant small bowel tumors: Experience from a university hospital in Chile
Características clínicas y pronóstico de los tumores malignos de intestino delgado: experiencia en un hospital universitario de Chile
Felipe Silvaa, Miguel Bustamantea, Gonzalo Latorreb,c, Jorge Flandezd, Isabella Monteroa, Eitan Dukesa, Vicente Gandaraa, Camila Roblesa, Javier Uribea, Andrés Iglesiase, Felipe Bellolioc,e, María Elena Molinac,e, Rodrigo Miguelesc,e, Gonzalo Urrejolac,e, Tomás Larachc,e, Nicolas Besserc,e, Allan Sharpc,e, Carlos Agüerob,c, Arnoldo Riquelmeb,c, José Ignacio Vargasb,c..., Roberto Candiab,c, Hugo Monrroyb,c, Federico De Simonef, Alberto Espinob,c,
Corresponding author
aoespino@uc.cl

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a School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
b Department of Gastroenterology, Faculty of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
c Universidad Católica-Christus Health, Santiago, Chile
d Institute of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
e Department of Digestive Surgery, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
f Department of Digestive Endoscopy, Médica Uruguaya, Clínica CEVEN, Montevideo, Uruguay
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        "titulo" => "Caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas y pron&#243;stico de los tumores malignos de intestino delgado&#58; experiencia en un hospital universitario de Chile"
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          "en" => "<p id="spar0065" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Kaplan&#8211;Meier survival function of malignant small bowel tumors according to histological subtype&#46; Survival at risk table is presented before the graph with total sample by each histopathological subtype along the follow up and deaths per period in parenthesis&#46;</p>"
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    "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0075">Introduction</span><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Small bowel tumors &#40;SBT&#41; are rare conditions&#44; exhibiting a low global incidence estimated in about 2&#46;4 cases per 100&#44;000 habitants&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0160"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> Although small bowel &#40;SB&#41; represents 90&#37; of the surface of the gastrointestinal tract&#44; SBT accounts for only 3&#8211;4&#37; of all primary gastrointestinal tumors<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0160"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a>&#46; SBT incidence has increased throughout the last decades&#44; especially due to a greater incidence of NET&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0165"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> Also a greater incidence of SBT has been recently related to a higher human development index&#44; gross domestic product&#44; unhealthy lifestyle habits and metabolic disorders&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0170"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a> Most of these tumors are sporadic&#44; however&#44; associations with hereditary genetic syndromes and inherited conditions have been described&#44; mostly with familial adenomatous polyposis&#44; Lynch syndrome and Peutz-Jeghers syndrome&#46; In addition&#44; some immune mediated diseases&#44; such as Crohn&#39;s disease or celiac disease&#44; have been associated with an increased risk of developing small bowel adenocarcinomas and lymphomas&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0175"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a></p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Among primary SBT&#44; the most common subtypes are adenocarcinoma &#40;AC&#41;&#44; neuroendocrine tumors &#40;NET&#41;&#44; gastrointestinal stromal tumors &#40;GIST&#41; and lymphomas&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0180"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a> The most frequent primary malignant SBT are AC and NET&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0165"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2&#44;6</span></a> It has been described a lower incidence of GIST and lymphomas compared to other SBT types&#44; but they are usually observed among a younger population&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0190"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a> In contrast&#44; SB metastasis are a very rare condition&#44; most commonly originated from the colon&#44; melanoma&#44; pancreas&#44; lung and breast cancer&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0180"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5&#44;8&#44;9</span></a> However&#44; limited studies have described the epidemiology and natural history of SBT in Latin America&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0205"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10&#8211;12</span></a> In Chile&#44; there is no epidemiological published data regarding this type of malignant tumors&#46;</p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Due to the low frequency of SBT&#44; available data describing the clinical features and natural history of SBT are scarce&#46; Currently&#44; given the higher frequency of abdominal imaging diagnosis&#44; SBT are commonly diagnosed in asymptomatic patients as an incidental finding&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0220"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13</span></a> However&#44; when SBT presents with clinical symptoms&#44; such as pain or gastrointestinal bleeding&#44; usually are manifestations of a more advanced disease&#46; Therefore&#44; a high diagnostic suspicion is required for the recognition of malignant SBT&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0200"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a> The most common symptoms described in patients with malignant SBT are abdominal pain&#44; gastrointestinal bleeding&#44; bowel obstruction and weight loss&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0220"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13</span></a> A variety of endoscopic and imaging techniques are available for the diagnosis of SBT&#46; Given the long extension of the SB&#44; low diagnostic value has been given to esophagogastroduodenoscopy &#40;EGD&#41; and colonoscopy with ileoscopy&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0225"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">14</span></a> In this context&#44; video capsule endoscopy &#40;VCE&#41; allows a non-invasive complete examination of the SB&#46; However&#44; heterogeneous diagnostic yield has been described for VCE &#40;30&#8211;80&#37;&#41;&#44; with a low risk of capsule retention due to the SBT&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0230"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">15&#8211;17</span></a> This limited diagnostic yield may be related to low SB transit-time&#44; an evaluation of the SB limited to the luminal side&#44; presence of opaque debris and absence of intestinal mucosal disruption related to some SBT&#46; Moreover&#44; scarce data has been reported describing the diagnostic yield of device assisted enteroscopy &#40;DAE&#41;&#46; Despite the large anatomical extension that can be evaluated with this method&#44; related procedural risks&#44; limited availability&#44; prolonged procedural time limits their routine application&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0245"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">18&#44;19</span></a> However&#44; a great advantage of DAE is the possibility to collect biopsies for histopathological confirmation&#46; On the other hand&#44; imagine techniques have emerged as widely available noninvasive diagnostic tools for SBT diagnosis&#46; Computed tomography &#40;CT&#41; and magnetic resonance imaging &#40;MRI&#41; enteroclysis have shown diagnostic yield over 84&#37;&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0255"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">20&#8211;23</span></a> with better diagnostic performance compared to CT or MRI without enteroclysis&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0240"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">17</span></a></p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In this context&#44; the aim of this study was to describe the epidemiology&#44; clinical features&#44; diagnostic methods and prognosis of malignant SBT in a university hospital of Chile&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0080">Patients and methods</span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0085">Study design and patients</span><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">An observational&#44; retrospective&#44; and descriptive study was carried out in Pontificia Universidad Cat&#243;lica de Chile health care system &#40;UC-Christus Health&#41;&#44; Santiago&#44; Chile&#46; Patients over 18 years old with the histologic diagnosis of malignant SBT between March 2007 and November 2021 were included&#46; Small bowel biopsies obtained from endoscopic techniques&#44; or the surgical specimen were included&#46; All biopsies were processed at one centralized pathology laboratory by two expert pathologists&#46; Benign SBT and tumors originating from the Vater&#39;s ampulla were excluded because they were considered out of the scope of the study&#46; Patients with extraintestinal abdominal malignancies extended locally to small bowel or peritoneal carcinomatosis&#44; not originating from the SB&#44; were also excluded&#46; Demographic data&#44; clinical charts&#44; radiology reports and endoscopic reports were recorded&#46; A computerized search was made in the biopsy and endoscopic database of the health care network using the keywords &#8220;tumors&#8221;&#44; &#8220;neoplasm&#8221;&#44; &#8220;malignancy&#8221;&#44; &#8220;duodenum&#8221;&#44; &#8220;jejunum&#8221;&#44; &#8220;ileum&#8221; and &#8220;small bowel without specification&#8221;&#44; which were chosen based on the database organization keywords&#46; A total of 274 small bowel biopsies were obtained&#44; each one was assessed by two independent reviewers&#46; 170 biopsies were excluded for the absence of malignant SBT histology&#44; which consisted of normal findings&#44; ulcers&#44; polyps&#44; diverticulum&#44; celiac disease&#44; inflammatory bowel disease&#44; intestinal tuberculosis&#44; endometriosis&#44; and Brunner&#39;s glands hyperplasia&#46;</p><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Demographic information&#44; mainly age and year of diagnosis&#44; personal history of neoplasia&#44; familiar history of SBT&#44; smoking&#44; alcohol consumption and past medical history regarding arterial hypertension&#44; metabolic conditions&#44; inflammatory bowel disease and celiac disease was recorded&#46; In addition&#44; clinical symptoms reported by the treating physicians at the moment of diagnosis were recorded&#44; such as abdominal pain&#44; gastrointestinal bleeding&#44; abdominal distention&#44; bowel obstruction&#44; bowel perforation&#44; weight loss&#44; diarrhea&#44; vomiting and nauseas&#46; Asymptomatic presentation was defined as the absence of any symptom reported by the treating physician at diagnosis&#46; Diagnostic tests&#44; such as EGD &#40;proximal to angle of Treitz&#41;&#44; colonoscopy&#44; enteroscopy &#40;including push enteroscopy beyond angle of Treitz and DAE&#41;&#44; VCE&#44; CT&#44; CT enteroclysis&#44; positron emission tomography &#40;PET&#41; and MRI&#44; were reviewed from patient&#39;s clinical records&#46; All diagnostic tools were evaluated at the time of SBT diagnosis&#46; Diagnostic yield was defined as a positive finding independently in each diagnostic tool before histopathological confirmation of the SBT&#46;</p><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The present study was conducted according to the ethical standards established in the Declaration of Helsinki&#46; Data obtained from patients were handled confidentially and anonymously by the researchers&#46; The Ethical Committee of the Medical School at the Pontificia Universidad Cat&#243;lica of Chile approved the study protocol &#40;ID 230518001&#41;&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0090">Histopathological study</span><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Histopathological samples of SBT tissue obtained through SB resections or endoscopic biopsy were analyzed&#46; All the cases were analyzed to define the malignant SBT subtype &#40;mainly AC&#44; NET&#44; GIST and lymphoma&#41;&#44; tumor location &#40;duodenum&#44; jejunum and ileum&#41;&#44; tissue infiltration and metastasis&#46; AC&#44; NET and GIST grading were classified according to the eight version of the American Joint Committee on Cancer &#40;AJCC&#41; Staging Manual&#44; reporting tumor category of TNM system&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0275"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">24</span></a> Also&#44; NET grading was analyzed based on proliferative activity and Ki-67 and were classified according to the 2022 World Health Organization &#40;WHO&#41; Classification of Endocrine and Neuroendocrine Tumors&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0280"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">25</span></a></p></span><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0095">Statistical analysis</span><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Clinical and demographic data was described based on malignant SBT subtype&#46; Numerical variables were reported in mean or median according to distribution analyzed by Kolmogorov&#8211;Smirnov method&#46; Categorical variables were reported in percentages &#40;&#37;&#41;&#46; Categorical variables were compared by Fisher exact test and numerical variables by <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">t</span>-test or Mann&#8211;Whitney according to distribution&#46; Diagnostic yield of CT&#44; MRI&#44; CT enteroclysis&#44; EC&#44; EGD&#44; colonoscopy and PET were assessed considering histology as the diagnostic standard&#46; For survival analysis&#44; time elapsed between diagnosis and death date was considered&#44; using Kaplan&#8211;Meier curves and stratifying survival by tumor subtype using a Cox proportional hazard with AC and lymphomas as category reference&#44; expressed as hazard ratios &#40;HR&#41;&#46; All models were adjusted by age and sex&#46; Survival models were censored at loss of follow up or end of the study period &#40;November 2021&#41;&#46; As an exploratory analysis to evaluate the trend in frequency of SBT subtypes along the study period&#44; time was divided in three-year intervals and SBT histological subtypes were analyzed by a multinomial regression adjusted for age and sex&#46; An a priori alpha value of 0&#46;05 was set&#46; All analyses were performed with the STATA 17&#46;0 version statistical package &#40;Stata Corp&#44; College Station&#44; TX&#44; USA&#41;&#46;</p></span></span><span id="sec0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0100">Results</span><span id="sec0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0105">Patients and characteristics</span><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">One hundred and four malignant SBT were included in our study&#44; 51&#46;9&#37; were male &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>54&#41; with a mean age of 57 years-old &#40;range 19&#8211;89&#41;&#46; Baseline characteristics of the patients according to SBT type are described in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a>&#46; Out of all included cases&#44; 93&#46;3&#37; &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>97&#41; of the histologic analysis were obtained from surgical specimens&#46; The remaining biopsies were obtained through endoscopic techniques&#44; with complete endoscopic resection in 2 cases of early stage SBT&#46; A representative case of a SBT with clinical presentation&#44; diagnosis approach&#44; surgical treatment and histological features is presented in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig&#46; 1</a>&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0110">Malignant small bowel tumor characteristics</span><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Among malignant SBT&#44; 83&#46;7&#37; &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>87&#41; were primary SBT and 16&#46;4&#37; &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>17&#41; were metastases from outside the SB&#46; Histologic subtype of primary SBT were NET 43&#46;7&#37; &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>38&#41;&#44; GIST 21&#46;8&#37; &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>19&#41;&#44; lymphomas 17&#46;2&#37; &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>15&#41;&#44; AC 11&#46;5&#37; &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>10&#41;&#44; and 5&#46;8&#37; &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>5&#41; other subtypes &#40;i&#46;e&#46; leiomyosarcoma&#44; liposarcoma&#41;&#46; Tumoral stage &#40;T&#41; according to AJCC classification was reported in 90&#37; &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>9&#41;&#44; 92&#46;1&#37; &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>35&#41; and 100&#37; &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>19&#41; for AC&#44; NET and GIST&#44; respectively&#46; Among AC tumoral stages distribution at diagnosis was 0&#37; &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#41; T1&#44; 33&#37; &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>3&#41; T2&#44; 33&#37; &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>3&#41; T3 and 33&#37; &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>3&#41; T4&#46; Tumoral stage of NET were 15&#46;8&#37; &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>6&#41; T1&#44; 18&#46;4&#37; &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>7&#41; T2&#44; 26&#46;3&#37; &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>10&#41; T3 and 31&#46;6&#37; &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>12&#41; T4&#59; WHO classification was reported in 81&#46;6&#37; &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>31&#41; cases with grade 1 in 61&#46;3&#37; &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>19&#41;&#44; grade 2 in 32&#46;2&#37; &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>10&#41; and grade 3 in 6&#46;5&#37; &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2&#41;&#46; Meanwhile&#44; GIST tumoral stages at diagnosis were 15&#46;8&#37; &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>3&#41; T1&#44; 57&#46;9&#37; &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>11&#41; T2&#44; 21&#37; &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>4&#41; T3 and 5&#46;3&#37; &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#41; T4&#46; Tumoral stage was not significantly different among AC&#44; NET and GIST &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;072&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Regarding anatomical location of SBT&#44; 24&#46;8&#37; &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>25&#41; were found in the duodenum&#44; 28&#46;9&#37; &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>30&#41; in the jejunum and 47&#46;1&#37; &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>49&#41; in the ileum&#46; In the duodenum the most common SBT subtype was GIST &#40;50&#37;&#59; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>12&#41; and NET was the most common SBT subtype in the jejunum &#40;26&#46;1&#37;&#59; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>6&#41; and ileum &#40;62&#46;5&#37;&#59; &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>25&#41;&#46; The description of SBT subtypes by anatomical location is presented in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">Table 2</a>&#46; SB metastases were localized in the ileum in 52&#46;9&#37; &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>9&#41;&#44; jejunum in 41&#46;2&#37; &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>7&#41; and duodenum in 5&#46;9&#37; &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#41; SB metastases were originated from melanoma &#40;24&#37;&#59; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>4&#41;&#44; colon &#40;24&#37;&#59; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>4&#41;&#44; cervix &#40;12&#37;&#59; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2&#41; and lung &#40;12&#37;&#59; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0010"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0045" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0115">Small bowel tumor clinical features</span><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Overall&#44; 11&#46;5&#37; &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>12&#41; of the malignant SBT presented asymptomatically as radiological or endoscopic finding&#44; without any symptoms or complications&#46; The most common symptoms were abdominal pain &#40;51&#46;9&#37;&#59; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>54&#41;&#44; weight loss &#40;23&#46;1&#37;&#59; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>24&#41;&#44; diarrhea &#40;14&#46;4&#37;&#59; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>15&#41;&#44; vomiting &#40;14&#46;4&#37;&#59; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>15&#41;&#44; nausea &#40;11&#46;5&#37;&#59; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>11&#41; and abdominal bloating &#40;8&#46;7&#37;&#59; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>9&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Respective of the SBT subtype&#44; only higher frequencies of nausea &#40;30&#37;&#41; and vomiting &#40;50&#37;&#41; were observed in patients with AC contrasted to other SBT subtypes &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;035 vs&#46; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;004&#41;&#46; Clinical presentation according to malignant SBT subtype is detailed in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">Table 2</a>&#46;</p><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Otherwise&#44; some malignant SBT presented with complications at diagnosis&#46; Gastrointestinal bleeding&#44; intestinal obstruction and perforation were observed in 14&#46;2&#37; &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>15&#41;&#44; 15&#46;1&#37; &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>16&#41; and 7&#46;6&#37; &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>8&#41; of the patients at diagnosis&#44; respectively&#46; Gastrointestinal bleeding was significantly more commonly observed in patients with GIST &#40;42&#37;&#59; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>8&#41; &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;007&#41;&#46; Perforation was only observed in patients with lymphoma&#44; in 33&#46;3&#37; &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>5&#41; of the cases &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;001&#41;&#46; No significant differences were observed among intestinal obstruction between different SBT subtypes &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">Table 2</a>&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Among the NETs observed in our study&#44; 3&#37; &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#41; of them presented with a synchronous SB tumor in the ileum&#44; corresponding to a second NET&#44; this patient also presented an extraintestinal NET located in the pancreas&#46; Moreover&#44; 8&#37; &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>3&#41; of patients with NET presented a metachronous NET during the follow up&#44; located in the duodenum &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#41; and ileum &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2&#41;&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0050" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0120">Small bowel tumor diagnostic methods</span><p id="par0085" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Frequency and diagnostic yield of different diagnostic methods are described in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0015">Table 3</a>&#46; As a primary diagnostic approach&#44; 18&#46;3&#37; &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>19&#41; of the SBT were initially diagnosed by an EGD or ileoscopy during a colonoscopy&#46; When SBT was not diagnosed in either the EGD or colonoscopy &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>85&#41;&#44; the most frequent second diagnostic method were CT &#40;74&#37;&#59; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>61&#41;&#44; CT enteroclysis &#40;20&#37;&#59; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>17&#41;&#44; VCE &#40;4&#37;&#59; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>3&#41; and DAE &#40;10&#46;6&#37;&#59; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>9&#41;&#46; In this context&#44; positive SBT findings were observed in 85&#37; &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>53&#47;63&#41; of the CT&#44; 94&#46;1&#37; &#40;16&#47;17&#41; of the CT enteroclysis&#44; 66&#46;7&#37; &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2&#47;3&#41; of the VCE and 100&#37; &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>9&#47;9&#41; of the DAE&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0015"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0055" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0125">Trends in small bowel tumors subtype along the study period</span><p id="par0090" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">During the study period an increase in the absolute frequency of overall SBT diagnosis was observed&#46; Along all the evaluated study periods NETs were the most frequent SBT subtypes&#46; There was a positive and significant trend in the frequency of NETs &#40;OR 1&#46;9&#59; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span>-trend<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;016&#41;&#44; GIST &#40;OR 2&#46;3&#59; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span>-trend<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;007&#41; and metastases &#40;OR 2&#46;1&#59; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span>-trend<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;014&#41;&#44; contrasted with AC along the study period&#44; evaluated in the multinomial regression adjusting for age and sex &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#sec0080">Supplemental Table 1</a>&#41;&#46; Trends in frequency of diagnosis among SBT subtypes along the study period are presented in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Fig&#46; 2</a>&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0010"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0060" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0130">Small bowel tumor survival analysis</span><p id="par0095" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Overall&#44; mean follow-up was 41&#46;7 months &#40;CI95&#37;&#58; 33&#46;7&#8211;49&#46;8&#41;&#46; Five-year survival of GIST&#44; NET&#44; lymphoma&#44; and AC were 94&#46;7&#37; &#40;95&#37;CI&#58; 68&#46;1&#8211;99&#46;2&#41;&#44; 82&#46;2&#37; &#40;95&#37;CI&#58; 57&#46;6&#8211;93&#46;3&#41;&#44; 40&#46;0&#37; &#40;95&#37;CI&#58; 16&#46;5&#8211;82&#46;8&#41; and 25&#46;9&#37; &#40;95&#37;CI&#58; 4&#46;5&#8211;55&#46;7&#37;&#41;&#44; respectively &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0015">Fig&#46; 3</a>&#41;&#46; There were no cases of reported survival at 5-year follow up of patients with SB metastases&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0015"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0100" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Based on the Cox regression analysis&#44; SBT subtype was independently associated with survival &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;004&#41;&#46; NET and GIST histological subtypes demonstrated a significantly higher survival compared with AC with an HR of 6&#46;1 &#40;95&#37;CI&#58; 2&#46;1&#8211;17&#46;2&#41; and 24&#46;4 &#40;95&#37;CI&#58; 3&#46;0&#8211;19&#46;8&#41;&#44; respectively&#46; Furthermore&#44; NET and GIST demonstrated a significantly higher survival compared to lymphomas with adjusted HR of 5&#46;0 &#40;95&#37;CI&#58; 1&#46;8&#8211;14&#46;0&#41; and 20&#46;2 &#40;95&#37;CI&#58; 2&#46;5&#8211;16&#46;1&#41;&#44; respectively &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#sec0080">Supplemental Table 2</a>&#41;&#46; Moreover&#44; whereas sex was not independently associated to survival &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;46&#41;&#44; older ages demonstrated higher mortality among follow-up with HR 1&#46;04 &#40;95&#37;CI&#58; 1&#46;01&#8211;1&#46;07&#41;&#46;</p></span></span><span id="sec0065" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0135">Discussion</span><p id="par0105" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Malignant SBT have a low incidence worldwide and they are considered rare conditions<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0160"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a>&#46; There is scarce information among these tumors in Latin America&#46; Here we describe a comprehensive description of a series of malignant SBT evaluated at a tertiary university hospital in Chile between 2007 and 2021&#46; Concordantly to international reports&#44; NET has become the most common malignant SBT<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0165"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2&#44;6</span></a>&#44; specially located at the ileum&#46; This histological subtype is related to a better prognosis contrasted to adenocarcinomas or lymphomas&#44; but as much as 21&#37; of NET may be asymptomatic&#44; a low threshold of suspicion is required for the diagnosis&#46;</p><p id="par0110" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Although clinical presentation is not specific for any histological subtype of SBT&#44; some useful clinical data can be obtained from our results&#46; First&#44; in our study we did not observe important differences by sex or age at diagnosis among different histological subtypes&#46; As is expected&#44; clinical history of celiac disease should suggest the diagnosis of a lymphoma when a SBT is diagnosed&#44; especially in a refractory celiac disease&#46; Nonetheless&#44; a higher risk of adenocarcinoma has been reported among celiac disease<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0285"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">26</span></a> and one case of adenocarcinoma was observed in this condition in our study&#46; Second&#44; most of the symptoms at diagnosis are not specific&#44; but nausea and vomiting were more often observed among AC compromising the duodenum&#46; Also&#44; complications may suggest a more probable histology&#44; bleeding from small bowel was more commonly observed in GIST and NET and not observed in any case of AC&#46; On the other hand&#44; intestinal perforations were observed exclusively in lymphomas&#46; Third&#44; location may strongly suggest histological subtype of a malignant SBT&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0185"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a> AC and GIST are much more commonly observed in the proximal SB&#44; especially the duodenum&#44; in contrast to NET and lymphomas that are more commonly observed in the ileum&#46;</p><p id="par0115" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Several diagnostic tools are available for the study of patients with a suspected malignant tumor of the SB and the best workup strategy should be individualized to each patient considering the clinical presentation and risk factors&#46; In our series the most common diagnostic tool was CT and CT enteroclysis with elevated diagnostic yield &#40;86&#37; and 94&#37; respectively&#41;&#46; These diagnostic techniques offer a widely available&#44; fast&#44; and non-invasive and accurate diagnostic approach in many cases&#44; and they should be considered especially in health care centers where more advanced diagnostic techniques are not available&#46; Also&#44; these imaging techniques allowed to establish the stage of the disease when a malignant SBT is diagnosed&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0200"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a> We observe a relatively low number of VCE applied for the diagnosis of malignant SBT in our study&#46; After a negative EGD and colonoscopy&#44; VCE is a useful noninvasive diagnostic tool for the diagnosis of SBT&#44; particularly in the setting of a SB bleeding&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0290"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">27</span></a> The diagnostic yield of VCE in our study is comparable to what has been reported by other series&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0230"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">15&#44;16</span></a> and although VCE retention may be a concern in these patients&#44; we did not observe any cases of VCE retention in our study&#46;</p><p id="par0120" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">DAE was commonly applied as a diagnostic technique for SBT in our study&#46; A major advantage over other diagnostic methods is the capability to obtain histological samples or manage complications such as bleeding&#46; It also allows tattooing to facilitate surgical excision&#46; Most of the DAEs performed in our study were done in the older years of the series&#44; suggesting the replacement of invasive techniques by less invasive imaging techniques throughout the study period&#46; Finally&#44; PET galio-dotatate was used in several cases for the suspicion of a NET with very high diagnostic yield &#40;96&#37;&#41;&#46; Future studies may address the design and validation of diagnosis algorithms for malignant SBT considering the wide variety of diagnostic tools available&#46;</p><p id="par0125" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">NETs are becoming the most common type of SBT&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0165"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2&#44;6&#44;28</span></a> In our study&#44; NETs were the most frequent subtype of SBT and we observed along the study period a positive trend in their frequency contrasted with AC&#46; As we illustrated in the clinical case &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig&#46; 1</a>&#41;&#44; these kind of SBT can be very challenging with a heterogeneous clinical presentation&#44; sometimes life-threatening complications&#44; they might be multifocal&#44; and usually require a multidisciplinary approach for their diagnosis and treatment including gastroenterologist&#44; digestive surgeons&#44; oncologist&#44; radiologist&#44; pathologist&#44; among others&#46; Diagnostic tools available for NETs from the SB have diversified with the availability of PET gallium-dotatate&#46; This nuclear medicine technique allows the assessment of the expression of somatostatin receptors&#44; distinctive of NETs&#44; with a highly accurate anatomical resolution obtained from the CT scan phase&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0300"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">29</span></a> We evaluated 23 patients with this diagnostic technique&#44; and 96&#37; &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>22&#47;23&#41; were correctly classified&#44; illustrating its high diagnostic performance&#46;</p><p id="par0130" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A less common subtype of malignant SBT are solid malignant tumor metastases&#46; It has been described that a vast variety of solid tumors may present metastasis to the SB&#46; In our study we observed an elevated proportion of SB metastasis&#44; representing 16&#46;4&#37; of all observed malignant SBT&#46; Presentation of metastatic disease was more commonly located in the ileum and colon and melanoma were the most common origins of this disease&#44; with poor prognosis contrasted with other SBT types&#46;</p><p id="par0135" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Defining the histological subtype of a malignant SBT is crucial in terms of the treatment but also to define the prognosis&#46; It has been reported that some specific subtypes of SBT are related to a better prognosis&#44; especially when they are confined to the SB&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0305"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">30</span></a> We observed a better prognosis with a higher 5-year survival among GIST and NET contrasted to adenocarcinomas&#44; lymphomas or metastasis&#46; Considering the design of our study we did not assess features of each histological subtype related to a better prognosis&#46; Most heterogeneous prognosis was observed among AC&#44; and it has been reported that the staged of the disease at diagnosis&#44; especially the lymph node involvement&#44; are fundamental for defining the prognosis&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0310"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">31</span></a></p><p id="par0140" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Our study has some strengths and limitations&#46; A well characterized series of malignant SBT with survival follow up was attained in Latin America&#46; We conducted a retrospective&#44; single center study of the malignant SBT observed at our university hospital&#44; therefore our observations must be validated or contrasted with other regional or international experiences&#46; Given the low frequency of these kinds of tumors&#44; a low sample size was attained&#44; this impeded us to perform more detailed subgroups analysis&#46; Nevertheless&#44; the sample size obtained is comparable to other series&#46; Moreover&#44; malignant SBT are a very heterogeneous group of pathologies&#44; therefore future studies may focus on the characterization of a specific histologic subtype with a multicenter design&#46; Finally&#44; the retrospective design of our study impeded us to further assess and compare different diagnosis techniques and only the diagnostic yield was reported&#46;</p><p id="par0145" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In conclusion&#44; malignant SBT are rare conditions and NET are the most common histological subtype&#46; Although the clinical presentation is not specific for any histological subtype&#44; symptoms at diagnosis&#44; location or complications may suggest a more probable diagnosis and may help to orientate the best diagnostic approach&#46; Defining the histological subtypes through the variety of available diagnostic methods is essential considering the important differences observed in the prognosis&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0070" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0140">Funding</span><p id="par0150" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">This research has not received specific support from public sector agencies&#44; the commercial sector&#44; or non-profit entities&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0075" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0145">Conflicts of interest</span><p id="par0155" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors declare no conflict of interest&#46;</p></span></span>"
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        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0010">Background</span><p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Small bowel tumors &#40;SBT&#41; are infrequent and represent a small proportion of digestive neoplasms&#46; There is scarce information about SBT in Latin America&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0015">Aim</span><p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">To describe the epidemiology&#44; clinical characteristics&#44; diagnostic methods&#44; and survival of malignant SBTs&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0020">Methods</span><p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Retrospective observational study of adult patients with histopathological diagnosis of SBT between 2007 and 2021 in a university hospital in Chile&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0025">Results</span><p id="spar0020" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">A total of 104 patients &#91;51&#46;9&#37; men&#59; mean age 57 years&#93; with SBT&#46; Histological type&#58; neuroendocrine tumor &#40;NET&#41; &#40;43&#46;7&#37;&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>38&#41;&#44; gastrointestinal stromal tumors &#40;GIST&#41; &#40;21&#46;8&#37;&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>19&#41;&#44; lymphoma &#40;17&#46;2&#37;&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>15&#41; and adenocarcinoma &#40;AC&#41; &#40;11&#46;5&#37;&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>10&#41;&#46; GIST was more frequent in duodenum &#40;50&#37;&#59; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>12&#41; and NET in the ileum &#40;65&#46;8&#37;&#59; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>25&#41;&#46; Metastasis was observed in 17 cases&#44; most commonly from colon and melanoma&#46; Nausea and vomiting were significantly more often observed in AC &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;035&#41;&#44; as well as gastrointestinal bleeding in GIST &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;007&#41;&#46; The most common diagnostic tools were CT and CT enteroclysis with an elevated diagnostic yield &#40;86&#37; and 94&#37; respectively&#41;&#46; The 5-year survival of GIST&#44; NET&#44; lymphoma and AC were 94&#46;7&#37; &#40;95&#37;CI&#58; 68&#46;1&#8211;99&#46;2&#41;&#44; 82&#46;2&#37; &#40;95&#37;CI&#58; 57&#46;6&#8211;93&#46;3&#41;&#44; 40&#46;0&#37; &#40;95&#37;CI&#58; 16&#46;5&#8211;82&#46;8&#41; and 25&#46;9&#37; &#40;95&#37;CI&#58; 4&#46;5&#8211;55&#46;7&#37;&#41;&#44; respectively&#46; NET &#40;HR 6&#46;1&#59; 95&#37;CI&#58; 2&#46;1&#8211;17&#46;2&#41; and GIST &#40;HR 24&#46;4&#59; 95&#37;CI&#58; 3&#46;0&#8211;19&#46;8&#41; were independently associated with higher survival compared to AC&#44; adjusted for age and sex&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0030">Conclusions</span><p id="spar0025" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Malignant SBT are rare conditions and NETs are the most common histological subtype&#46; Clinical presentation at diagnosis&#44; location or complications may suggest a more probable diagnosis&#46; GIST and NET are associated with better survival compared to other malignant subtypes&#46;</p></span>"
        "secciones" => array:5 [
          0 => array:2 [
            "identificador" => "abst0005"
            "titulo" => "Background"
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          1 => array:2 [
            "identificador" => "abst0010"
            "titulo" => "Aim"
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            "identificador" => "abst0015"
            "titulo" => "Methods"
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            "identificador" => "abst0020"
            "titulo" => "Results"
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            "identificador" => "abst0025"
            "titulo" => "Conclusions"
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        "titulo" => "Resumen"
        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0040">Introducci&#243;n</span><p id="spar0030" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Los tumores del intestino delgado &#40;TID&#41; son infrecuentes y la informaci&#243;n sobre ellos es escasa en Latinoam&#233;rica&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0045">Objetivo</span><p id="spar0035" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Describir la epidemiolog&#237;a&#44; caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas&#44; m&#233;todos diagn&#243;sticos y supervivencia de los TID malignos&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0050">M&#233;todos</span><p id="spar0040" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Estudio observacional retrospectivo de pacientes adultos con diagn&#243;stico histopatol&#243;gico de TID entre 2007-2021 en un hospital universitario de Chile&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0045" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0055">Resultados</span><p id="spar0045" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Se observaron 104 pacientes &#40;51&#44;9&#37; hombres&#59; edad media 57 a&#241;os&#41; con TID&#46; El tipo histol&#243;gico fue tumor neuroendocrino &#40;TNE&#41; &#40;43&#44;7&#37;&#44; n<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>38&#41;&#44; tumor estromal gastrointestinal &#40;GIST&#41; &#40;21&#44;8&#37;&#44; n<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>19&#41;&#44; linfoma &#40;17&#44;2&#37;&#44; n<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>15&#41; y adenocarcinoma &#40;AC&#41; &#40;11&#44;5&#37;&#44; n<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>10&#41;&#46; Los GIST fueron m&#225;s frecuentes en el duodeno &#40;50&#37;&#59; n<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>12&#41; y los TNE en el &#237;leon &#40;65&#44;8&#37;&#59; n<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>25&#41;&#46; Hubo 17 casos de met&#225;stasis&#44; m&#225;s com&#250;nmente de colon y melanoma&#46; Las n&#225;useas y los v&#243;mitos se observaron con mayor frecuencia en AC &#40;p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;035&#41;&#44; as&#237; como el sangrado gastrointestinal en GIST &#40;p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;007&#41;&#46; Las herramientas de valoraci&#243;n m&#225;s comunes fueron TC y enteroclisis por TC con un rendimiento diagn&#243;stico alto &#40;86&#37; y 94&#37;&#44; respectivamente&#41;&#46; La supervivencia a cinco a&#241;os de los GIST&#44; TNE&#44; linfoma y AC fue 94&#44;7&#37; &#40;intervalo de confianza &#91;IC&#93; 95&#37;&#58; 68&#44;1-99&#44;2&#41;&#44; 82&#44;2&#37; &#40;IC 95&#37;&#58; 57&#44;6-93&#44;3&#41;&#44; 40&#44;0&#37; &#40;IC 95&#37;&#58; 16&#44;5-82&#44;8&#41; y 25&#44;9&#37; &#40;IC 95&#37;&#58; 4&#44;5-55&#44;7&#41;&#44; respectivamente&#46; Los TNE &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">hazard ratio</span> &#91;HR&#93; 6&#44;1&#59; IC 95&#37;&#58; 2&#44;1-17&#44;2&#41; y GIST &#40;HR 24&#44;4&#59; IC 95&#37;&#58; 3&#44;0-19&#44;8&#41; se asociaron de forma independiente con una mayor supervivencia en comparaci&#243;n con AC&#44; ajustado por edad y sexo&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0050" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0060">Conclusiones</span><p id="spar0050" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Los TID malignos son enfermedades poco frecuentes y los TNE son el subtipo histol&#243;gico m&#225;s com&#250;n&#46; La presentaci&#243;n cl&#237;nica en el momento del diagn&#243;stico&#44; localizaci&#243;n o complicaciones pueden sugerir un dictamen m&#225;s probable&#46; Los GIST y TNE se asocian a una mejor supervivencia en comparaci&#243;n con otros subtipos malignos&#46;</p></span>"
        "secciones" => array:5 [
          0 => array:2 [
            "identificador" => "abst0030"
            "titulo" => "Introducci&#243;n"
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            "identificador" => "abst0035"
            "titulo" => "Objetivo"
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          2 => array:2 [
            "identificador" => "abst0040"
            "titulo" => "M&#233;todos"
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          3 => array:2 [
            "identificador" => "abst0045"
            "titulo" => "Resultados"
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          4 => array:2 [
            "identificador" => "abst0050"
            "titulo" => "Conclusiones"
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      0 => array:1 [
        "seccion" => array:1 [
          0 => array:4 [
            "apendice" => "<p id="par0165" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The following are the supplementary data to this article&#58;<elsevierMultimedia ident="upi0005"></elsevierMultimedia></p>"
            "etiqueta" => "Appendix A"
            "titulo" => "Supplementary data"
            "identificador" => "sec0085"
          ]
        ]
      ]
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      0 => array:7 [
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        "etiqueta" => "Figure 1"
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          "en" => "<p id="spar0055" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">A 61-years-old male attended for 2 weeks of melena&#46; Laboratory assay showed anemia &#40;hemoglobin of 7&#46;1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>g&#47;dl&#41;&#46; Initially&#44; esophagogastroduodenoscopy was performed&#44; without signs of upper gastrointestinal bleeding&#46; Colonoscopy showed a normal colon with blood coming from the terminal ileum&#44; without identifying the origin of the bleeding&#46; With the suspicion of small bowel bleeding&#44; an endoscopic capsule &#40;Pillcam SB 3&#174;&#44; Medtronic&#44; USA&#41; &#40;panels B and C&#41; was ingested&#44; which showed the presence of a polypoid lesion of at least 20<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm in a distal segment of the jejunum&#46; A computer tomography enteroclysis &#40;panel A&#41; was performed which showed a small bowel tumor without evidence of dissemination&#46; The case was discussed in a multidisciplinary committee deciding a small bowel resection&#46; Surgical small bowel piece is presented in panel D&#46; The histological study of the surgical piece revealed the presence of a low grade &#40;KI67&#58; 1&#37;&#41;&#44; well differentiated neuroendocrine tumor&#46; Patient presented favorable evolution and was discharged without recurrence during the follow up&#46;</p>"
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        "identificador" => "fig0010"
        "etiqueta" => "Figure 2"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA"
        "mostrarFloat" => true
        "mostrarDisplay" => false
        "figura" => array:1 [
          0 => array:4 [
            "imagen" => "gr2.jpeg"
            "Alto" => 1622
            "Ancho" => 2508
            "Tamanyo" => 168378
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        "descripcion" => array:1 [
          "en" => "<p id="spar0060" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Trends in the relative frequency of malignant small bowel tumors subtype along the study period&#46;</p>"
        ]
      ]
      2 => array:7 [
        "identificador" => "fig0015"
        "etiqueta" => "Figure 3"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA"
        "mostrarFloat" => true
        "mostrarDisplay" => false
        "figura" => array:1 [
          0 => array:4 [
            "imagen" => "gr3.jpeg"
            "Alto" => 1543
            "Ancho" => 2508
            "Tamanyo" => 184455
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        "descripcion" => array:1 [
          "en" => "<p id="spar0065" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Kaplan&#8211;Meier survival function of malignant small bowel tumors according to histological subtype&#46; Survival at risk table is presented before the graph with total sample by each histopathological subtype along the follow up and deaths per period in parenthesis&#46;</p>"
        ]
      ]
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                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span> value<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#8224;</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">60 &#40;51&#8211;69&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">64 &#40;51&#8211;73&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Active smoking&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">2 &#40;20&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">9 &#40;23&#46;7&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">2 &#40;10&#46;5&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">4 &#40;26&#46;7&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Symptoms&#44; n &#91;&#37;&#93;</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Abdominal pain&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Complications&#44; n &#91;&#37;&#93;</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Gastrointestinal bleeding&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">0&#46;001</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">9&#47;12 &#40;75&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Computed tomography enteroclysis&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">17&#47;18 &#40;94&#46;4&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Video capsule endoscopy&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">3 &#40;2&#46;9&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">2&#47;3 &#40;66&#46;7&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Enteroscopy &#40;including push enteroscopy and DAE&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">9&#47;10 &#40;90&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Positron emission tomography&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">21&#47;22 &#40;95&#46;5&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Global cancer statistics 2020&#58; GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancer in 185 countries"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => true
                          "autores" => array:6 [
                            0 => "H&#46; Sung"
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                            3 => "G&#46; Hasegawa"
                            4 => "M&#46; Tsuruta"
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                      "doi" => "10.3322/caac.21660"
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                        "tituloSerie" => "CA Cancer J Clin"
                        "fecha" => "2021"
                        "volumen" => "71"
                        "paginaInicial" => "209"
                        "paginaFinal" => "249"
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                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33538338"
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                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
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                      "titulo" => "Small bowel cancer in the United States&#58; changes in epidemiology&#44; treatment&#44; and survival over the last 20 years"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:6 [
                            0 => "K&#46;Y&#46; Bilimoria"
                            1 => "D&#46;J&#46; Bentrem"
                            2 => "J&#46;D&#46; Wayne"
                            3 => "C&#46;Y&#46; Ko"
                            4 => "C&#46;L&#46; Bennett"
                            5 => "M&#46;S&#46; Talamonti"
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                      "doi" => "10.1097/SLA.0b013e318184641"
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Ann Surg"
                        "fecha" => "2009"
                        "volumen" => "249"
                        "paginaInicial" => "63"
                        "paginaFinal" => "71"
                        "link" => array:1 [
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                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19106677"
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Article information
ISSN: 02105705
Original language: English
DOI:10.1016/j.gastrohep.2024.01.013
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