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Resumen
El virus de la hepatitis E (VHE) se transmite principalmente por vía feco-oral a través de aguas y/o alimentos contaminados, y es una de las principales causas de hepatitis agudas en el mundo. La hepatitis E presenta una elevada morbilidad, pero una baja mortalidad, excepto en mujeres embarazadas, en las que puede alcanzar el 30%. El VHE origina tanto casos esporádicos como brotes epidémicos, especialmente en muchas regiones de África, Asia y América Central. En Europa, cada vez se describen más casos autóctonos no relacionados con viajes a zonas consideradas endémicas. Además, el VHE también infecta a diversos animales, incluido el cerdo, y, recientemente, se ha demostrado su carácter zoonótico. De hecho, las secuencias de VHE porcinas y humanas de una zona determinada son más parecidas entre sí que lo que lo son con cepas de la misma especie, pero de distinta zona geográfica, y existen datos que indican que las personas en contacto con cerdos presentan una mayor prevalencia de anticuerpos específicos frente al VHE. Todo ello, ha llevado a un creciente interés por determinar la incidencia de la enfermedad en animales, su posible riesgo zoonótico y sus implicaciones para la sanidad. En el presente artículo se repasan los conocimientos actuales sobre el VHE, con especial énfasis en las posibles consecuencias de su carácter zoonótico.
The Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is transmitted primarily by the feco-oral route throughout contaminated water and/or food, and is one of the main causes of acute hepatitis worldwide. Hepatitis E shows a high mobility but a low mortality rate, except in pregnant women, where it can be as high as 30%. HEV causes sporadic cases and epidemic outbreaks, mainly in Africa, Asia and Central America. In Europe, there is an increase in the number of reported autochthonous cases no related with travel to endemic areas. In addition, HEV also infects animals, including pigs, and its zoonotic potential has been recently demonstrated. In fact, porcine and human strains of the same area are genetically more closely related to each other than to strains of the same species but a different geographical region, and there are data suggesting that people in close contact with pigs presents a higher prevalence of specific anti-HEV antibodies. All together, these data have drove to an increase interest in determining the incidence of the disease in animals, its possible zoonotic risk, and its implications for human health. In the present article we revised the current knowledge about HEV, with special emphasis in the possible consequences of its zoonotic potential.
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