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Vol. 24. Issue 7.
Pages 327-332 (January 2001)
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Vol. 24. Issue 7.
Pages 327-332 (January 2001)
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Rendimiento de la colonoscopia precoz en la hemorragia digestiva baja aguda grave
Role of early colonoscopy in severe acute lower gastrointestinal bleeding
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M.V. García Sánchez, A. González Galilea
Corresponding author
angelgonzalez@meditex.es

Correspondencia: Dr. A. González Galilea. Unidad Clínica de Aparato Digestivo. 5.a planta. Módulo A. Hospital Universitario Reina Sofía. Avda. Menéndez Pidal, s/n. 14004 Córdoba
, P. López Vallejos, C. Gálvez Calderón, A. Naranjo Rodríguez, J. de Dios Vega, G. Miño Fugarolas
Unidad Clínica de Aparato Digestivo. Hospital Universitario Reina Sofía. Córdoba
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Introducción

La hemorragia digestiva baja aguda grave (HDBAG) supone un 15% de las HDBA y es más frecuente en enfermos de edad avanzada y con un proceso patológico grave asociado. El origen cierto del sangrado en la HDBAG plantea con frecuencia dificultades diagnósticas. Se propone la realización de una colonoscopia como la técnica diagnóstica inicial de elección.

Objetivo

Analizar el rendimiento diagnóstico de la colonoscopia precoz como procedimiento inicial en enfermos con HDBAG.

Pacientes y Metodo

Estudio retrospectivo basado en un protocolo de actuación clínica de 50 enfermos con HDBAG ingresados entre enero de 1998 y abril de 2000. Se considera HDBAG si cumple dos o más de los siguientes criterios: a) repercusión hemodinámica; b) descenso de hemoglobina ≥ 2 g/dl, y c) requerimiento transfusional ≥ 2 concentrados de hematíes. La colonoscopia precoz se realiza en las primeras 24 h del inicio de la hemorragia. El diagnóstico endoscópico de certeza se establece identificando la lesión con hemorragia activa, un vaso visible no sangrante o un coágulo adherido reciente, y el de probabilidad ante la presencia de hematoquecia o sangre fresca localizada en un segmento del colon, asociada a una lesión única potencialmente sangrante, con endoscopia alta negativa. Las técnicas diagnósticas utilizadas son la colonoscopia, la endoscopia digestiva alta, el estudio baritado, la gammagrafía y la arteriografía.

Resultados

Un total de 222 enfermos ingresaron por HDBA, de los que 50 (22%) cumplieron los criterios de HDBAG. Las relación varón/mujer fue 1 y la edad media de 66 ± 7 años. El diagnóstico final fue de certeza en 20 enfermos y las afecciones más frecuentes la angiodisplasia en 6 casos y la úlcera rectal en otros seis. El diagnóstico de probabilidad se realizó en 18 pacientes, 14 de ellos con divertículos de colon. En 12 enfermos no se filió el origen. Se realizaron 45 colonoscopias, 32 con carácter precoz y 13 diferidas. El diagnóstico de certeza se alcanzó con mayor frecuencia si la colonoscopia se realizó con carácter precoz (15 [47%] frente a 2 [15%]; p < 0,05). La gammagrafía contribuyó al diagnóstico de certeza en cinco de los 10 casos realizados con carácter urgente y se efectuaron 2 arteriografías. En 4 pacientes se practicó terapéutica endoscópica, todos en colonoscopia precoz. Diez enfermos (20%) fueron intervenidos quirúrgicamente y la mortalidad global fue de 3 pacientes (6%).

Conclusiones

La incidencia de HDBAG en nuestro medio respecto al total de HDBA es de un 22%. La colonoscopia es la técnica diagnóstica inicial de elección. La realizada con carácter precoz establece el diagnóstico de certeza de forma significativamente superior frente a la colonoscopia diferida.

Background

Severe acute lower gastrointestinal bleeding (SALGIB) accounts for 15% of cases of acute lower gastrointestinal bleeding (ALGIB). The incidence increases with age and comorbidity. Identification of the origin of bleeding may be difficult. Colonoscopy has been proposed as the primary investigative tool.

Aim

To assess the role of early colonoscopy as the primary method of evaluation in patients with SALGIB.

Patients And Method

Retrospective study based on a guideline for clinical practice approved in our institution. The study included 50 patients with SALGIB admitted to our gastrointestinal bleeding unit between January 1998 and April 2000. SALGIB was suspected when patients fulfilled two or more of the following criteria: 1) significant hemodynamic compromise, 2) decrease in hemoglobin 2 g/dl, and 3) transfusion requirement ≥ 2 blood units. Early colonoscopy was performed within 24 hours of onset of bleeding. An accurate endoscopic diagnosis was established if a lesion with active bleeding, visible non-hemorrhagic vessel or adherent red clot was identified. A presumptive diagnosis was made when hematochezia or fresh blood localized in a colonic segment, associated with a single, potentially hemorrhagic lesion, was observed and when the results of esophagogastroduodenoscopy were negative. Colonoscopy, esophagogastroduodenoscopy, barium studies, nuclear scan and angiography were performed.

Results

Two hundred twenty-two patients were admitted for ALGIB. Fifty patients(22%) fulfilled the SALGIB criteria. The male/female ratio was 1:1. Definitive diagnosis was accurate in 20 patients. The most frequent cause was angiodysplasia (6 patients) and rectal ulcer (6 patients). Eighteen patients had a presumptive diagnosis; of these 14 had diverticulosis. In 12 patients, no cause was identified. Colonoscopy was performed in 45 patients, of which 32 were performed early and 13 electively. Accurate endoscopic diagnosis was more frequently established with early colonoscopy than with elective colonoscopy (15 [47%] vs 2 [15%], p < 0.05). The results of urgent nuclear scans contributed to accurate diagnosis in 5 out of the 10 patients in whom this technique was performed. Angiography was performed in 2 patients. Endoscopic therapy was attempted in 4 patients, all during early colonoscopy. Ten patients (20%) underwent surgery and 3 patients (6%) died.

Conclusions

In 22% of patients with ALGIB admitted to our hospital bleeding was severe. Colonoscopy is the diagnostic tool of choice. When performed within 24 hours of hospital admission, this technique provides more accurate diagnosis than when performed electively.

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