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UVB solar radiation climatology for Mexico
Mauro Valdés-Barrón, Roberto Bonifaz-Alfonzo, David Riveros-Rosas, Victor Velasco-Herreora, Hector Estévez-Pérez
Instituto de Geofísica, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, Delegación Coyoacán, 04510, México D.F., México
Juan Carlos Peláez-Chávez
Servicio Metereológico de Cuba
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    "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0025">Introduction</span><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><a name="p32"></a>Solar radiation is the main source of energy on our planet&#46; Different spectral ranges of solar radiation are responsible for triggering several physical and biological processes&#44; which are important to the balance of ecosystems that make up the variety of climates and biodiversity&#46; Specifically&#44; the B band of Ultraviolet solar radiation &#40;UVB&#41; is a small window of the electromagnetic spectrum &#40;with wavelengths ranging from 0&#46;280-0&#46;320 microns&#41; whose photons carry sufficient energy to break the molecules of important components of the atmosphere &#40;ozone&#44; carbon dioxide&#44; nitrogen dioxide&#44; hydrogen peroxide&#44; formaldehyde&#44; nitric acid&#44; etc&#46;&#41;&#46; Thus&#44; UVB radiation is linked with the majority of the photochemical processes occurring in the Earth&#8217;s atmosphere&#46;</p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The decrease of Ozone &#40;0<span class="elsevierStyleInf">3</span>&#41; in the stratosphere at medium and high latitudes has been one of the most serious atmospheric pollution problems in recent decades World Meteorological Organization &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0080">WMO&#44; 1994</a>&#41; and is closely related with a severe increase in solar Ultraviolet &#40;UV&#41; radiation in all of the spectral bands &#40;A&#44; B&#44; and C&#41;&#46; Because of the great extent of damage to the ozone layer&#44; this phenomenon is manifested on the Earth&#8217;s surface&#46; The 0<span class="elsevierStyleInf">3</span> reduction not only affects the atmospheric composition in terms of concentration or the absence of specific compounds or gases&#44; but also it in general has drastic effects on the health of living beings&#44; including humans&#46; In particular&#44; the amount of UVB radiation reaching the Earth&#8217;s surface is increased with the decrease in the ozone-layer thickness&#46; This parameter plays an important role in life on the Earth&#8217;s surface&#59; thus&#44; knowing the UVB spatial and temporal distributions may help in setting up public health programs for the prevention of the short-&#44; mid-&#44; and long-term risks of UVB exposure&#46;</p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Although in several parts of the world UVB measurements are carried out on a routine basis and are reported &#40;hourly&#41; to the general public &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0060">Universit&#228;t Innsbruck&#44; 2008</a>&#41;&#44; &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0110">University of Southern Queensland&#44; 2008</a>&#41;&#44; due importance has not been afforded to this meteorological parameter in Mexico&#46; There are some isolated cases &#40;point measurements&#41; in which UVB is monitored for research purposes as&#44; for instance&#44; the Universidad Nacional Aut&#243;noma de M&#233;xico &#40;UNAM&#41; and the Universidad de Colima &#40;UC&#41;&#46; Only the Metropolitan area of Mexico City &#40;MAMC&#41; has a network of UVB sensors&#44; that has been established that produces measurements on a continuous basis and whose results are available to the general public &#40;<a href="http://www.sma.df.gob.mx/simat/">http&#58;&#47;&#47;www&#46;sma&#46;df&#46;gob&#46;mx&#47;simat&#47;</a>&#41; &#40;RAMA&#44; 2008&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">However&#44; this network has a spatial coverage of merely 2&#44;500 km<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>&#44; which is approximately 0&#46;12&#37; of the country&#46; The potential beneficiaries of this activity&#44; therefore&#44; amount to only about 20&#37; of the total national population&#46;</p><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Mexico has a very abrupt orography&#46; Therefore&#44; a meteorological station in many cases cannot be considered representative of the minimum area recommended by the World Meteorological Organization &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0075">WMO&#44; 1996</a>&#41;&#59; considerable variations in elevation occur within very short distances&#44; causing rapid spatial variation of climatic parameters&#46; Therefore&#44; to ensure continuous and effective monitoring&#44; a surface network would certainly require &#62; 1&#44;000 stations&#46; The cost of UVB radiation sensors does not allow the possibility of installing such a large network&#44; and it is also necessary to take additional costs into account&#44; such as preventive and corrective maintenance&#44; as well as annual calibration for the sensors&#46;</p><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Fortunately&#44; there are techniques that can aid us in estimating the levels of B band solar UV radiation at ground level&#46; These techniques range from theoretical radiative transfer models &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0025">Guti&#233;rrez-Marco <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">et al</span>&#46;&#44; 2007</a>&#41;&#44; &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0045">Kudish <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">et al</span>&#46;&#44; 2011</a>&#41; to models that utilize meteorological satellite data &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0085">Peeters <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">et al</span>&#46;&#44; 2000</a>&#41;&#44; &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0005">Ciren and Li&#44; 2003</a>&#41;&#44; &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0010">Espinar <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">et al</span>&#46;&#44; 2009</a>&#41;&#44; &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0040">Janjai <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">et al</span>&#46;&#44; 2010</a>&#41;&#46; The latter is a good alternative&#44; because in the majority of cases it allows evaluation of different meteorological parameters with a single satellite&#44; greatly reducing the aforementioned costs&#46; Moreover&#44; this satellite information is available on the Internet&#46;</p><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In the present work&#44; the results of an assessment of UVB radiation for Mexico are reported&#46; UVB radiation at ground level is evaluated at solar noon&#46; The data used for the evaluation were measured by sensors called Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometers &#40;TOMS&#41;&#44; which operated in three different satellites of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration &#40;NASA&#41; from 11&#47;1&#47;1978 to 12&#47;31&#47;2005&#46; These sensors performed nearly constant monitoring of the ozone layer and UVB radiation &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Figure 1</a>&#41;&#44; generating a highly reliable database for understanding the climatology of the UVB &#91;TOMS&#44; 2011&#93;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0030">Methodology</span><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">TOMS are spectrometers that can measure the total amount of ozone in the atmospheric column &#40;from ground level to the top of the atmosphere&#41; under any geographical and atmospheric conditions&#46; Measurements are made in the UV region&#44;<a name="p33"></a> where solar radiation is partially absorbed by ozone&#46; They are performed for both incoming and reflected solar radiation&#46; The latter is composed of a part that actually reaches the Earth&#8217;s surface and is reflected&#44; and of a part that is backscattered into space by the air molecules and clouds&#46; From the measurement of this reflected radiation&#44; UVB at ground level and the thickness of the ozone layer are estimated by means of approximate models &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0050">McPeters&#44; 1996</a>&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The instrument has a single&#44; fixed monochro-mator with exit slits at six near-UV wavelengths &#40;between 308 and 380 nm&#41; and a scanning mirror for sampling backscattered radiation&#46; The accuracy of TOMS was estimated at &#177;5&#37;&#44; with a spatial resolution of 1<span class="elsevierStyleSup">o</span> latitude &#215; 1<span class="elsevierStyleSup">o</span> longitude&#46; These carried out 35 measurements every 8 sec and ground coverage is 50-200 km wide on Earth&#44; depending on the latitude for each meridian&#46; Nearly 200&#44;000 daily measurements cover the surface of the Earth&#44; except for areas near the poles during seasons when the sun remains below the horizon&#46; In practical terms&#44; this technology allows having&#44; in the case of UVB&#44; a single&#44; daily data point for 12&#58;00 hrs TST &#40;True Solar Time&#41; &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0050">McPeters&#44; 1996</a>&#41;&#44; &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0030">Herman&#44; 1996</a>&#41;&#44; &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0055">McPeters&#44; 1998</a>&#41;&#46;</p><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0035">Data Source</span><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The information can be obtained in the NASA web server for TOMS &#40;<a href="http://toms.gsfc.nasa.gov/ery_uv/euv_v8.html">http&#58;&#47;&#47;toms&#46;gsfc&#46;nasa&#46;gov&#47;ery&#95;uv&#47;euv&#95;v8&#46;html</a>&#41;&#46; It corresponds to global coverage on daily arrays that are ordered in latitudinal groups that range from 89&#46;5&#176; South to 89&#46;5&#176; North&#46; Longitude is covered from 179&#46;5&#176; West to 179&#46;5&#176; East&#46; The readings are expressed in milliwatts per square meter &#40;mW&#47;m<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>&#41;&#44; and as mentioned previously&#44; each value corresponds to a single data point at noon TST&#46; Each reading is expressed with a group of three digits&#44; for example&#44; 245&#46; The first corresponds to the exponent for each datum in scientific notation&#44; and the last two digits comprise the reading divided by 10&#46; For example&#44; 245 correspond to the 4&#46;5 &#215; 10<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span> mW&#47;m<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span> reading&#46;</p><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">From the overall global matrix&#44; we selected the data bound between 84&#176; and 120&#176; West&#44; and 10&#176; and 36&#176; North&#44; which by far contains the entire territory of Mexico&#46; These limits are sufficiently far from the true geographical extension of the country for the interpolation of climatological values to be free of edge effects&#59; i&#46;e&#46;&#44; there is no need to be concerned with distortions caused near the points on the edges<a name="p34"></a> of the array&#46; Thus&#44; after using the data to obtain the desired contours&#44; the area-of-interest is cut by about 3&#176; of latitude and 3&#176; of longitude on each end&#46;</p><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">First&#44; the TOMS files were transferred from the data server&#44; one file for each day since 1978 and up to 2003&#46; From this information&#44; daily files for the selected coordinates were obtained&#46; The selected data were employed to generate matrices of monthly and annual averages&#44; and also seasonal matrices&#46;</p><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Using a Geographic Information System &#40;GIS&#41;&#44; matrices with the average monthly points were incorporated and interpolated with the Kriging&#8217;s method to obtain an array&#44; with the interpolated values in color gradation&#44; in order to differentiate intensities and the contours for each month&#46; Furthermore&#44; a digital elevation model was included and the state boundaries in a Lambert Conical Conformal projection&#46;</p><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">After obtaining the maps&#44; measurements reported by surface stations were used to validate the information obtained by this procedure&#46; The available surface stations comprise the Solar Radiation Observatory &#40;ORS&#41; of the Instituto de Geof&#237;sica &#40;IGeof&#41; of the Universidad Nacional Aut&#243;noma de M&#233;xico &#40;UNAM&#41; and the stations in the Red Autom&#225;tica de Monitoreo Atmosf&#233;rico &#40;RAMA&#41; of the Mexico City Government&#46; Both systems generate highly reliable information because each station meets WMO requirements&#46; However&#44; we decided to use the data from ORS &#40;19&#176; 20&#8242; 01&#8243;</p><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">To make this comparison&#44; we used a Solar Light sensor&#44; model 501a&#44; serial number 2010&#46; This sensor works in a spectral window from 0&#46;280-0&#46;320 urn &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0095">Solar Light&#44; 1991</a>&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">As discussed previously&#44; information from the satellite observations is registered once a day&#44; at true solar noon&#44; while the surface data are measured every minute&#46; Therefore&#44; the surface measurements used for comparison correspond to those at 11&#58;59&#44; 12&#58;00&#44; and 12&#58;01 TST&#44; which were averaged in order to compensate for possible delays or advances of a few seconds with respect to the satellite observation&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0040">Wavelet analysis</span><p id="par0085" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">To analyze local variations of power spectrum within a single non-stationary time series at multiple periodicities&#44; such as UVB surface data and satellite data&#44; the Morlet Wavelet is applied here because it provides higher resolution in the periodicity and because being a complex function allows us to analyze the evolution of periodicities in the time-space and to calculate the phase between two time series &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0100">Soon <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">et al</span>&#46; 2011</a>&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0090" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The Morlet wavelet consists of a complex exponential function modulated by a Gaussian wavelet and is defined as&#58;<elsevierMultimedia ident="eq0005"></elsevierMultimedia></p><p id="par0095" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">where <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">t</span> is the time with <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">s &#61; period</span> as the wavelet scale and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#969;<span class="elsevierStyleInf">0</span></span> is a non-dimensional frequency&#46; Here&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#969;<span class="elsevierStyleInf">0</span> &#61; 6</span> to satisfy the admissibility condition &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0015">Farge&#44; 1992</a>&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0100" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The cone of influence &#40;COI&#41; is the region of the wavelet spectrum outside which the edge effects become important &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0105">Torrence and Compo&#44; 1998</a>&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0105" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Wavelet Power Spectral Density &#40;WPSD&#41; is calculated for each parameter&#59; the black thin lines in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Figures 2</a>&#44; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0015">3</a> and <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0020">4</a> marks the 95&#37; confidence interval or boundaries of COI&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0010"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0015"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0020"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0110" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">We use the inverse wavelet transform to obtain the decomposition of a signal and can be obtained from a time-scale filter &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0065">Mendoza and Velasco&#44; 2011</a>&#41;&#46; Inverse wavelet transform is defined &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0105">Torrence and Compo&#44; 1998</a>&#41; as&#58;<elsevierMultimedia ident="eq0010"></elsevierMultimedia></p><p id="par0115" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">where <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#948;<span class="elsevierStyleInf">j</span></span> is the factor for scale averaging&#44; C<span class="elsevierStyleItalic"><span class="elsevierStyleInf">&#948;</span></span> is a constant <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#40;&#948;<span class="elsevierStyleInf">j</span>&#46;&#61;</span> 0&#46;6 and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">C<span class="elsevierStyleInf">&#948;</span>&#61;</span> 0&#46;776&#44; for Morlet wavelet&#41;&#44; and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#968;</span><span class="elsevierStyleInf">0</span> removes the energy scaling&#46;</p><p id="par0120" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The cross wavelet WkX1&#44;X2&#40;&#968;&#41; &#40;XWT&#41; was used which measures the common power spectrum between the input &#40;X<span class="elsevierStyleInf">1</span>&#41;and output &#40;X<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>&#41; in physics system and is defined as &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0105">Torrence and Compo&#44; 1998</a>&#41;&#58;<elsevierMultimedia ident="eq0015"></elsevierMultimedia></p><p id="par0125" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">where &#40;&#42;&#41; denotes complex conjugation&#44; &#40;WnX1&#41; and &#40;WnX2&#41; is the wavelet transforms &#40;WT&#41; of the time series <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">X<span class="elsevierStyleInf">1</span></span> and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">X<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span></span></p><p id="par0130" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The arrows in the cross-wavelet spectra show the mean relative phase between the <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">X<span class="elsevierStyleInf">1</span></span> &#40;input&#41; and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">X<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span></span> &#40;output&#41; series in time-frequency space&#58; arrows at 0&#176; &#40;pointing to the right&#41; indicate that both time series are perfectly positively correlated &#40;in phase&#41; and arrows at 180&#176; &#40;pointing to the left&#41; indicate that they<a name="p35"></a> are perfectly negatively correlated &#40;180&#176; antiphase&#41;&#46; It is important to point out that these two cases imply a linear relationship between the considered phenomena&#46; Non-horizontal arrows indicate an out of phase situation&#44; meaning that the two studied phenomena have a more complex non-linear relationship&#46;</p><p id="par0135" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">On the left panels of <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Figures 2</a>&#44; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0015">3</a>&#44; and <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0020">4</a>&#44; the wavelet <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">global spectra</span> are shown&#44; which is an average power of each periodicity in both the wavelet and the cross spectra&#46;</p><p id="par0140" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The significance level of the global wavelet spectra is indicated by the dashed curves&#59; they refer to the power of the red noise level at the 95&#37; confidence level that increases with decreasing frequency &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0020">Grinsted <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">et al</span>&#46; 2004</a>&#41;&#46;</p></span></span><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0045">Results and Discussion</span><p id="par0145" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The results of the previously described procedure are presented in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Figures 2</a>-<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0020">4</a>&#44; in which the global wavelet spectrum is shown as a function of time&#46;</p><p id="par0150" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Figure 2</a>&#44; it can be observed that the global wavelet spectrum &#40;panel C&#41; of the surface data shows a prominent annual periodicity&#44; with a 95&#37; confidence interval &#40;95&#37; CI&#41; defined by the red noise &#40;red dotted line&#41;&#46; As we can also observe &#40;panel B&#41;&#44; the Morlet wavelet is present throughout all time intervals &#40;framed by a black line&#41;&#46; In addition to the 1-year period&#44; half-year periodicity is also present in the overall wavelet spectrum throughout the time interval &#40;1997-2003&#41;&#46; Additionally&#44; there are periodicities on the order of a few days that can be observed&#44; especially around the maxima of the time series of surface data shown in panel &#40;A&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0155" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">It should be noted that these periodicities of a few days &#40;66&#44; 35&#44; 20&#44; 9&#44; 4 and 2&#41; are located around the descending part of the annual maximum&#46; The chart also provides information on the behavior of UVB intensity at the surface&#46; As can be observed&#44; the years 1998 and 2001 were the most intense over the period of study&#46;</p><p id="par0160" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Similarly to the surface data&#44; the global wavelet spectrum &#40;panel C&#41; of the satellite data &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0015">Figure 3</a>&#41; shows a prominent annual periodicity&#44; with 95&#37; reliability&#59; as one may observe&#44; the Morlet wavelet &#40;panel B&#41; is present throughout the time interval &#40;1997-2003&#41;&#46; There is also a half-year periodicity that is present throughout the time series&#44; but with less intensity than in the surface data&#46; In addition&#44; there are periodicities of 2&#44; 10&#44; 15&#44; 33&#44; and 74 days around the maximum of the time series of surface data&#46; However&#44; in the satellite data&#44; these periodicities are more spread out over the maximum&#46;<a name="p36"></a></p><p id="par0165" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The wavelet global spectrum &#40;panel C&#41; from surface data and satellite data &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0020">Figure 4</a>&#41; shows that the common periodicity&#44; both in phase and maximum value&#44; is annual&#44; with 95&#37; reliability&#44; with the cross-wavelet &#40;panel B&#41; present throug-hout the time interval &#40;1997-2003&#41;&#46; There are also other periodicities in common with &#60;95&#37; reliability that have a frequency of about one half year and that are also present throughout the whole period&#46; The periodicities of 2&#44; 9&#44; 20&#44; 35&#44; and<a name="p37"></a> 66 days are present mainly around the maximum of the time series of surface and satellite data&#46; The arrows show a phase lag between surface and satellite data because the former are local and point measurements&#44; while the latter are global volumetric&#59; while the surface data are measured at a given point on the surface of the Earth&#44; the satellite data represents an average of the processes of extinction of UVB radiation throughout the atmosphere within an area of about 1<span class="elsevierStyleSup">o</span> latitude &#215; 1<span class="elsevierStyleSup">o</span> longitude and where weather conditions can change locally&#46; Thus&#44; periodicities on the order of a few days are not synchronized between the two series&#46; We can observe that for half-year periodicities under the relationship is nonlinear and complex&#44; because the arrows indicating the phase in the two time series&#44; shows random orientation&#44; while for periodicities greater than half-year&#44; the arrows are oriented from left to right indicating a linear behavior&#46;</p><p id="par0170" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In panel C&#44; values of the &#8220;classical&#8221; correlation coefficient of the information derived from surface and satellite measurements are presented&#46; This coefficient has low values&#44; indicating that there is a non-linear relationship between the two&#46; This makes the advantage of the cross-wavelet &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0020">Figure 4</a>&#41; evident&#58; it does not matter whether the two data sets are linearly dependent or not because the local correlation coefficient is computed independently for each of the periodicities involved&#59; therefore&#44; we have a high coefficient in the periodicities &#40;few days&#44; 6 months&#44; and annual&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0175" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The results of wavelet analysis&#44; is used to filter the data &#40;for a comparison&#41; and improve the correlation between surface data and satellite measurements&#46; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0025">Figure 5&#40;a&#41;</a> shows the comparison between these data and <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0025">Figure 5&#40;b&#41;</a> shows a remarkable improvement of the correlation coefficient&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0025"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0180" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">We use the inverse wavelet transform &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#eq0010">eq&#46; 2</a>&#41; to obtain the time series &#62; 1 years&#46; Were filtered data that correspond to periodicities less than 1 year and they were identified through wavelet analysis&#46; The correlation coefficient is significantly better after filtering the data&#46; Before filtering the correlation coefficient was 0&#46;3758&#44; after filtering the correlation coefficient was 0&#46;7462&#46;</p><p id="par0185" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">As an example of the results&#44; we present the average monthly maps of one month of the winter season &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0030">Figure 6</a>&#41; and one month of the summer season &#40;1978-2003&#41; &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0035">Figure 7</a>&#41;&#44; where it can be seen the spatial distribution of UVB throughout the country &#40;January and August&#41;&#46; The green point on figures indicates the position of surface sensor in Mexico City&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0030"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0035"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0190" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">During the winter&#44; when the Sun declination reaches its maximum negative value&#44; the solar radiation reaches the surface of the Earth with greater inclination significantly reducing the energy per unit area&#44; so that the distribution in surface UVB predominantly responds to latitudinal pattern throughout the country&#44; which is only modified by major topographic features &#40;Volcanic Belt&#44; Sierra Madre Occidental&#44; Sierra Madre Oriental and Sierra Madre del Sur&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0195" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">For the summer months the shape of the isolines is completely different&#44; as a predominantly latitudinal distribution&#44; going to concentrate the maximum values in the upper parts of the main topographical features &#40;Volcanic Belt&#44; Sierra Madre Occidental&#44; Sierra Madre del Sur and Sierra de Baja California&#41; with a gradient which tends to decrease to the sea level&#46; This is because during the months around the summer solstice&#44; the sun declination angle is positive and the sun&#8217;s path at noon is near to the zenith&#46; For this reason the sun&#8217;s irradiation is greater&#44; the solar radiation interacts less with the Earth&#8217;s atmosphere&#44; so the processes of extinction of solar radiation are reduced&#46;</p><p id="par0200" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Finally&#44; in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0040">Figure 8</a>&#44; we can see the different values of monthly average UVB for three sites located at similar latitude&#58; Manzanillo City&#44; Colima&#46; &#40;19&#176; 03&#8242; N&#44; 104&#176; 18&#8242;W&#44; 5 m AMSL&#41;&#44; Tlamacas Station on the northern flank of the volcano Popocat&#233;petl &#40;19&#176; 03&#8242; N&#44; 98&#176; 37&#8242; W&#44; 3867 m AMSL&#41; and Boca del R&#237;o&#44; Veracruz &#40;19&#176; 03&#8242; N&#44; 95&#176; 59&#8242; W&#44; 14 m AMSL&#41; but at different altitudes &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0045">Figure 9</a>&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0040"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0045"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0205" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Values corresponding to the station Tlamacas&#44; always remains above the other two sites&#44; due basically to the altitude&#46; While less atmosphere through solar radiation&#44; fewer extinguishing processes act on it and the amount of energy per unit area will be greater&#46; For the other two sites &#40;Manzanillo&#44; Col&#46; and Boca del R&#237;o&#44; Veracruz&#41;&#44; the radiation must cross more atmosphere and the extinction processes will be grater&#46; The difference between the last two curves&#44; is primarily due to climatic factors&#44; among which&#44; topography&#44; &#40;Boca del R&#237;o is located on a very wide coastal plain&#44; while in Manzanillo&#44; coastal plain barely exists&#41;&#59; Boca del R&#237;o is much more exposed to the phenomena of &#8220;North&#8221; in winter&#46; In summer the effects of tropical storms and tropical cyclones are more frequently in Boca del Rio in the Gulf of Mexico than in Manzanillo in the Pacific area&#46;</p><p id="par0210" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">An important point to note is that apparently there are only three periods in the behavior of the UVB at the surface&#44; the first of January to March where the radiation simply increases to<a name="p38"></a> reach its peak in the month of March&#46; After a period of semi-stability which runs from April to August or September where&#44; although it has a tendency decrease&#44; at the end of this period is stabilized&#46; And the third and final stage&#44; which is a clear decrease in solar irradiance during the months of October to December where in the last month has again reached its minimum values&#46;</p><p id="par0215" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Finally it is important to mention that the main factors that determine the spatiotemporal distribution of solar radiation on the surface&#44; are cloudiness and topography&#44; and the results presented here&#44; are influenced by these two factors&#44; the relative distribution of UVB on the surface to the whole country can be considered highly reliable&#46; But we must not forget one important limitation of this work&#44; there was only a single reference point &#40;Mexico City&#41; to validate the UVB satellite measurements&#44; so we cannot generalize concerning the validity of measurements on each point for the entire country&#44; because it does not have sufficient reference points on this surface&#46;</p><p id="par0220" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">During the majority of autumn and winter months &#40;January&#44; February&#44; March&#44; November&#44; and December&#41;&#44; when solar declination is negative and the Sun&#8217;s rays reach the surface in more inclined fashion&#44; the distribution of UVB is nearly latitudinal&#46; There are also two transition months &#40;April and October&#41; between this &#8220;winter&#8221; behavior and what might be called &#8220;summer&#8221;&#44; where the latitudinal distribution<a name="p39"></a><a name="p40"></a><a name="p41"></a> of UVB seems to disappear&#46; The latter occurs because solar declination is positive and the rays reach the surface in a nearly vertical direction at this time of the year&#44; reducing the optical mass of atmosphere crossed by radiation&#46; The highest values for UVB radiation are found in the highest parts of the major topographical features of the country <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#40;Cintur&#243;n Volc&#225;nico Transversal&#44; Sierra Madre Occidental&#44; Sierra Madre del Sur</span>&#44; and even in the <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Sierra de Baja California&#41;</span>&#46;</p><p id="par0225" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The previously mentioned behavior may be considered as &#8220;expected&#8221;&#44; due primarily to that during the winter months&#44; the Sun&#8217;s rays reach the surface with such an inclination that higher values were close to Ecuador and smaller values are oriented toward the North Pole&#46; There is also a small deformity in latitudinal distribution due to the <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Cintur&#243;n Volc&#225;nico Transversal</span> and the <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Sierra Madre Occidental</span>&#44; major topographic features of the country&#44; and this deformity responds to the presence of higher values than those found for the remainder of the national territory&#46; It is necessary to recall that solar radiation undergoes extinction processes such as absorption&#44; reflection&#44; and scattering&#44; and extinction grows while the optical path increases&#59; thus&#44; higher values are always found at higher altitudes&#46;</p><p id="par0230" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">This extinction process can be identified in the &#8220;summer&#8221; months&#44; when the angle of incidence for solar radiation is close to the vertical direction over the surface of Mexico&#46; Therefore&#44; distribution of UVB values has greater intensity in the higher parts of Mexico&#44; while the latitudinal distribution that characterizes the winter months is completely lost&#46;</p><p id="par0235" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">It is noteworthy that these maps were obtained with observations at 12&#58;00 hrs TST&#44; which means that they were carried out when the sun is at its highest position&#46; In other words&#44; the data correspond to the maximum intensity of radiation that can reach the surface on a given day&#59; therefore&#44; the expected maximum radiation is depicted in the maps&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0050">Conclusions</span><p id="par0240" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The use of satellites for the evaluation of natural resources or environmental monitoring&#44; specifically in the case of UVB&#44; are of vital importance as they provide an affordable option as opposed to a network of sensors that are sufficiently dense to carry out monitoring on this scale&#46;</p><p id="par0245" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">While the behavior of UVB radiation can be known through models that describe radiation transfer through the atmosphere&#44; it had never been possible to carry out such a description for the whole country&#44; due in part to the lack of detailed information on the local composition of the atmosphere&#46; This work represents&#44; to our knowledge&#44; the first assessment of the spatial and temporal distribution of solar UVB radiation for Mexico&#46;</p><p id="par0250" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Satellite measurements of UVB obtained at the reference point at the ORS in Mexico City showed good correlation with surface measurements&#44; which ensures the reliability of the satellite data at that point&#46; Moreover&#44; spatial and temporal distribution throughout the year is consistent with the behavior that one might expect from the geographical variation of altitude and latitude of the studied area&#46; Therefore&#44; the use of satellite sensors appears to be suitable for the country&#46; This may help to identify areas with the highest values of UVB radiation&#44; either for application in health policy and prevention of UVB overexposure&#44; or for applications in renewable energy using this type of radiation&#46; It would be desirable to have more ground stations for comparison for more rigorous assessment of the validity of the method&#46;</p></span></span>"
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        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">La medici&#243;n de la radiaci&#243;n solar ultravioleta B de banda &#40;UVB&#41; debe considerarse como una prioridad debido a las implicaciones de este tipo de radiaci&#243;n en la salud p&#250;blica en todo el pa&#237;s &#40;poblaci&#243;n nacional total&#44; 108 millones&#41;&#44; pero esto no se lleva a cabo en la actualidad en M&#233;xico&#46; Los sensores instalados&#44; que realizan esta tarea en forma cotidiana&#44; cubren solamente el 0&#46;12&#37; del pa&#237;s&#46; Sin embargo&#44; hay m&#233;todos alternativos para estimar la radiaci&#243;n UVB para superar la falta de datos de superficie&#46; El m&#225;s exitoso de estos se basan en la utilizaci&#243;n de sat&#233;lites de monitoreo ambiental&#46; En el presente trabajo&#44; se construyen los mapas UVB en todo el pa&#237;s mediante una sola medici&#243;n de sat&#233;lite diaria de UVB al mediod&#237;a en tiempo solar verdadero de 1978-2003&#46; Las mediciones obtenidas del sat&#233;lite fueron comparadas con mediciones a nivel de superficie desde una estaci&#243;n situada en la Ciudad de M&#233;xico con el fin de validar las primeras&#46; El an&#225;lisis de espectro wavelet es empleado para este fin&#46; Una estrecha correlaci&#243;n se observa entre los dos conjuntos de datos&#46; Adem&#225;s&#44; no existe correspondencia cualitativa entre la distribuci&#243;n espacial de los datos obtenidos por sat&#233;lite y la topograf&#237;a de la superficie&#46; La diferencia resultante durante todo el per&#237;odo mencionado es &#60;2&#37; de la media de la energ&#237;a acumulada promedio anual&#46;</p></span>"
      ]
      "en" => array:2 [
        "titulo" => "Abstract"
        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">The measurement of solar B band Ultraviolet radiation &#40;UVB&#41; should be considered a priority in Mexico due to implications on public health throughout the country &#40;total population&#44; 108 million&#41;&#44; but this is not carried out at present&#46; Installed sensors cover only 0&#46;12&#37; of the country&#46; However&#44; there are alternative methods for estimating UVB radiation to overcome the lack of surface data&#46; The most successful of these are based on the use of satellites for environmental monitoring&#46; In the present work&#44; UVB maps are constructed for the entire country using a single&#44; daily satellite measurement of UVB at solar noon from 1978-2003&#46; Satellite-derived values are compared with the ground measurements by a surface station located in Mexico City in order to validate the former&#46; Wavelet spectrum analysis is employed to this end&#46; A close correlation is observed between the two sets of data&#46; Moreover&#44; there is qualitative correspondence between the spatial distribution of the satellite-derived data and the surface topography&#46; The difference resulting throughout the period mentioned is &#60;2&#37; of the average annual cumulative energy&#46;</p></span>"
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          "en" => "<p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Example of Ultraviolet &#40;UV&#41; image based on data from Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometers &#40;TOMS&#41; during September 29&#44; 2003&#46; The image provides us with a global perspective on the distribution of UV irradiance on the Earth&#8217;s surface&#46; &#40;Image from Earth Observatory&#44; National Aeronautical and Space Administration&#44; NASA&#41;&#46;</p>"
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          "en" => "<p id="spar0035" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Comparison between surface and satellite data&#44; upper graph &#40;a&#41; before filtering data&#44; lower graph &#40;b&#41; after filtering data&#46;</p>"
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          "en" => "<p id="spar0050" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Monthly average UVB for three sites located at similar latitude and different altitude&#46;</p>"
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          "en" => "<p id="spar0055" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Transect for three sites at similar latitude &#40;red dots&#41;&#46; Manzanillo &#40;left&#41;&#44; Tlamacas &#40;middle&#41;&#44; Veracruz &#40;right&#41;&#46;</p>"
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      "titulo" => "Bibliography"
      "seccion" => array:1 [
        0 => array:2 [
          "identificador" => "bibs0005"
          "bibliografiaReferencia" => array:22 [
            0 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0005"
              "etiqueta" => "Ciren and Li&#44; 2003"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Long-term global Earth surface ultraviolet radiation exposure derived from ISCCP and TOMS satellite measurements"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:2 [
                            0 => "Ciren P&#46;"
                            1 => "Li Z&#46;"
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                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Agricultural and Forest Meteorology"
                        "fecha" => "2003"
                        "volumen" => "1-4"
                        "numero" => "120"
                        "paginaInicial" => "51"
                        "paginaFinal" => "68"
                      ]
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                  ]
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              ]
            ]
            1 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0010"
              "etiqueta" => "Espinar et al&#46;&#44; 2009"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Analysis of different comparison parameters applied to solar radiation data from satellite and German radiometric stations"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:7 [
                            0 => "Espinar B&#46;"
                            1 => "Ram&#237;rez L&#46;"
                            2 => "Drews A&#46;"
                            3 => "Georg Beyer V&#46;"
                            4 => "Zarzalejo L&#46;F&#46;"
                            5 => "Polo J&#46;"
                            6 => "Mart&#237;n L&#46;"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Solar Energy"
                        "fecha" => "2009"
                        "volumen" => "1"
                        "numero" => "83"
                        "paginaInicial" => "118"
                        "paginaFinal" => "125"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            2 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0015"
              "etiqueta" => "Farge et al&#46;&#44; 1992"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Improved predictability of two-dimensional turbulent flows using wavelet packet compression"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:5 [
                            0 => "Farge M&#46;"
                            1 => "Goirand E&#46;"
                            2 => "Meyer Y&#46;"
                            3 => "Pascal F&#46;"
                            4 => "Wicker-hauser M&#46;V&#46;"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Fluid Dynamics Research"
                        "fecha" => "1992"
                        "volumen" => "10"
                        "numero" => "4-6"
                        "paginaInicial" => "229"
                        "paginaFinal" => "250"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            3 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0020"
              "etiqueta" => "Grinsted et al&#46;&#44; 2004"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Application of the cross wavelet transform and wavelet coherence to geophysical time series"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:3 [
                            0 => "Grinsted A&#46;"
                            1 => "Moore J&#46;C&#46;"
                            2 => "Jevrejeva S&#46;"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Nonlinear Processes Geophys&#46;"
                        "fecha" => "2004"
                        "volumen" => "11"
                        "numero" => "5-6"
                        "paginaInicial" => "561"
                        "paginaFinal" => "566"
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              ]
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            4 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0025"
              "etiqueta" => "Guti&#233;rrez-Marco et al&#46;&#44; 2007"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Analysis of UVB values in the centre of the Iberian Peninsula"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:4 [
                            0 => "Guti&#233;rrez-Marco E&#46;"
                            1 => "Hern&#225;ndez E&#46;"
                            2 => "Camacho J&#46;L&#46;"
                            3 => "Labajo A&#46;"
                          ]
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                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Atmospheric Research"
                        "fecha" => "2007"
                        "volumen" => "84"
                        "numero" => "4"
                        "paginaInicial" => "345"
                        "paginaFinal" => "352"
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            5 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0030"
              "etiqueta" => "Herman et al&#46;&#44; 1996"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
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                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
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                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:14 [
                            0 => "Herman J&#46;R&#46;"
                            1 => "Bhartia P&#46;K&#46;"
                            2 => "Krueger A&#46;J&#46;"
                            3 => "McPeters R&#46;D&#46;"
                            4 => "Wellemeyer C&#46;G&#46;"
                            5 => "Seftor C&#46;J&#46;"
                            6 => "Jaross G&#46;"
                            7 => "Torres O&#46;"
                            8 => "Labow G&#46;"
                            9 => "Byerly W&#46;"
                            10 => "Taylor S&#46;L&#46;"
                            11 => "Swissler T&#46;"
                            12 => "Cebula R&#46;P&#46;"
                            13 => "Gu X&#46;Y&#46;"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Libro" => array:4 [
                        "titulo" => "Meteor-3 Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer &#40;TOMS&#41; Data Products User&#8217;s Guide&#44; NASA Reference Publication 1393"
                        "fecha" => "1996"
                        "editorial" => "National Aeronautics and Space Administration"
                        "editorialLocalizacion" => "Washington&#44; DC"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            6 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0035"
              "etiqueta" => "Hern&#225;ndez Ord&#243;&#241;ez&#44; 2000"
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                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Libro" => array:3 [
                        "titulo" => "Climatolog&#237;a de la Radiaci&#243;n Solar Ultravioleta Banda &#8220;B&#8221; en la ZMCM&#44; Tesis de Licenciatura"
                        "fecha" => "2000"
                        "editorial" => "Facultad de Filosof&#237;a y Letras&#44; Universidad Nacional Aut&#243;noma de M&#233;xico"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            7 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0040"
              "etiqueta" => "Janjai et al&#46;&#44; 2010"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Mapping solar ultraviolet radiation from satellite data in a tropical environment"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:4 [
                            0 => "Janjai S&#46;"
                            1 => "Buntung S&#46;"
                            2 => "Wattan R&#46;"
                            3 => "Masiri I&#46;"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Remote Sensing of Environment"
                        "fecha" => "2010"
                        "volumen" => "114"
                        "numero" => "3"
                        "paginaInicial" => "682"
                        "paginaFinal" => "691"
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              "identificador" => "bib0045"
              "etiqueta" => "Kudish and Evseev&#44; 2011"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "The analysis of solar UVB radiation as a function of solar global radiation&#44; ozone layer thickness and aerosol optical density"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:2 [
                            0 => "Kudish A&#46;I&#46;"
                            1 => "Evseev E&#46;G&#46;"
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                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Renewable Energy"
                        "fecha" => "2011"
                        "volumen" => "36"
                        "numero" => "6"
                        "paginaInicial" => "1854"
                        "paginaFinal" => "1860"
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            9 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0050"
              "etiqueta" => "McPeters et al&#46;&#44; 1996"
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                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "autores" => array:1 [
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                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:14 [
                            0 => "McPeters R&#46;D&#46;"
                            1 => "Bhartia P&#46;K&#46;"
                            2 => "Krueger A&#46;J&#46;"
                            3 => "Herman J&#46;R&#46;"
                            4 => "Schlesinger B&#46;M&#46;"
                            5 => "Wellemeyer C&#46;G&#46;"
                            6 => "Seftor C&#46;J&#46;"
                            7 => "Jaross G&#46;"
                            8 => "Taylor S&#46;L&#46;"
                            9 => "Swissler T&#46;"
                            10 => "Torres O&#46;"
                            11 => "Labow G&#46;"
                            12 => "Byerly W&#46;"
                            13 => "Cebula R&#46;P&#46;"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Libro" => array:4 [
                        "titulo" => "Nimbus-7 Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer &#40;TOMS&#41; Data Products User&#8217;s Guide&#46; NASA Reference Publication 1384"
                        "fecha" => "1996"
                        "editorial" => "National Aeronautics and Space Administration"
                        "editorialLocalizacion" => "Washington&#44; DC"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            10 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0055"
              "etiqueta" => "McPeters et al&#46;&#44; 1998"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "autores" => array:1 [
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                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:14 [
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                            1 => "Bhartia P&#46;K&#46;"
                            2 => "Krueger A&#46;J&#46;"
                            3 => "Herman J&#46;R&#46;"
                            4 => "Wellemeyer C&#46;G&#46;"
                            5 => "Seftor C&#46;J&#46;"
                            6 => "Jaross G&#46;"
                            7 => "Torres O&#46;"
                            8 => "Moy L&#46;"
                            9 => "Labow G&#46;"
                            10 => "Byerly W&#46;"
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ISSN: 00167169
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