Microscopy and rock magnetism of fine grain-size titanomagnetite from the Jacupiranga Alkaline Complex, Brazil: unearthing Ti-magnesioferrite nanoparticles

array:22 ["pii" => "S001671691371465X" "issn" => "00167169" "doi" => "10.1016/S0016-7169(13)71465-X" "estado" => "S300" "fechaPublicacion" => "2013-04-01" "aid" => "71465" "copyright" => "Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México" "copyrightAnyo" => "2013" "documento" => "article" "licencia" => "http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/" "subdocumento" => "fla" "cita" => "Geofisica Internacional. 2013;52:93-110" "abierto" => array:3 [ "ES" => true "ES2" => true "LATM" => true ] "gratuito" => true "lecturas" => array:2 [ "total" => 1614 "formatos" => array:3 [ "EPUB" => 38 "HTML" => 1224 "PDF" => 352 ] ] "itemSiguiente" => array:18 [ "pii" => "S0016716913714661" "issn" => "00167169" "doi" => "10.1016/S0016-7169(13)71466-1" "estado" => "S300" "fechaPublicacion" => "2013-04-01" "aid" => "71466" "copyright" => "Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México" "documento" => "article" "licencia" => "http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/" "subdocumento" => "fla" "cita" => "Geofisica Internacional. 2013;52:111-20" "abierto" => array:3 [ "ES" => true "ES2" => true "LATM" => true ] "gratuito" => true "lecturas" => array:2 [ "total" => 842 "formatos" => array:3 [ "EPUB" => 23 "HTML" => 562 "PDF" => 257 ] ] "en" => array:11 [ "idiomaDefecto" => true "titulo" => "Geostatistical simulation of spatial variability of convective storms in Mexico City Valley" "tienePdf" => "en" "tieneTextoCompleto" => "en" "tieneResumen" => array:2 [ 0 => "es" 1 => "en" ] "paginas" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "paginaInicial" => "111" "paginaFinal" => "120" ] ] "contieneResumen" => array:2 [ "es" => true "en" => true ] "contieneTextoCompleto" => array:1 [ "en" => true ] "contienePdf" => array:1 [ "en" => true ] "resumenGrafico" => array:2 [ "original" => 0 "multimedia" => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0025" "etiqueta" => "Figure 5" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr5.jpeg" "Alto" => 1155 "Ancho" => 964 "Tamanyo" => 113843 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Simulation of one hour accumulated rainfall in millimeters for storm 1." ] ] ] "autores" => array:3 [ 0 => array:2 [ "autoresLista" => "Javier Méndez-Venegas, Graciela S. Herrera" "autores" => array:2 [ 0 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Javier" "apellidos" => "Méndez-Venegas" ] 1 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Graciela S." "apellidos" => "Herrera" ] ] ] 1 => array:2 [ "autoresLista" => "Martín A. Díaz-Viera" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Martín A." "apellidos" => "Díaz-Viera" ] ] ] 2 => array:2 [ "autoresLista" => "Arturo Valdés-Manzanilla" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Arturo" "apellidos" => "Valdés-Manzanilla" ] ] ] ] ] "idiomaDefecto" => "en" "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S0016716913714661?idApp=UINPBA00004N" "url" => "/00167169/0000005200000002/v2_201505081345/S0016716913714661/v2_201505081345/en/main.assets" ] "en" => array:18 [ "idiomaDefecto" => true "titulo" => "Microscopy and rock magnetism of fine grain-size titanomagnetite from the Jacupiranga Alkaline Complex, Brazil: unearthing Ti-magnesioferrite nanoparticles" "tieneTextoCompleto" => true "paginas" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "paginaInicial" => "93" "paginaFinal" => "110" ] ] "autores" => array:4 [ 0 => array:4 [ "autoresLista" => "Luis M. Alva-Valdivia, María de la Luz Rivas-Sánchez" "autores" => array:2 [ 0 => array:4 [ "nombre" => "Luis M." "apellidos" => "Alva-Valdivia" "email" => array:1 [ 0 => "lalva@geofisica.unam.mx" ] "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "*" "identificador" => "cor0005" ] ] ] 1 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "María de la Luz" "apellidos" => "Rivas-Sánchez" ] ] "afiliaciones" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "entidad" => "Laboratorio de Paleomagnetismo, Instituto de Geofísica, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, 04510, México DF, México" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] ] "correspondencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "cor0005" "etiqueta" => "*" "correspondencia" => "Corresponding author:" ] ] ] 1 => array:3 [ "autoresLista" => "Jesús Arenas-Alatorre" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Jesús" "apellidos" => "Arenas-Alatorre" ] ] "afiliaciones" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "entidad" => "Departamento de Materia Condensada, Instituto de Física, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, 04510, México DF, México" "identificador" => "aff0010" ] ] ] 2 => array:3 [ "autoresLista" => "Avto Goguitchaishvili" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Avto" "apellidos" => "Goguitchaishvili" ] ] "afiliaciones" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "entidad" => "Laboratorio Interinstitucional de Magnetismo Natural, Instituto de Geofísica, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Campus Morelia, Michoacán, México" "identificador" => "aff0015" ] ] ] 3 => array:3 [ "autoresLista" => "Omar Ferreira Lopes" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Omar" "apellidos" => "Ferreira Lopes" ] ] "afiliaciones" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "entidad" => "Universidade Federal do Paraná, Departamento de Geología, Jardim das Américas, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil" "identificador" => "aff0020" ] ] ] ] "resumenGrafico" => array:2 [ "original" => 0 "multimedia" => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0045" "etiqueta" => "Figure 8" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:2 [ 0 => array:1 [ "imagen" => "gr8a.jpeg" ] 1 => array:1 [ "imagen" => "gr8b.jpeg" ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Hysteresis loops with paramagnetic correction for typical samples. Samples correspond to TM and TMf particles of distinct size ranges. Inset show isothermal remanent magnetization curves." ] ] ] "textoCompleto" => "<a name="p94"></a>IntroductionThe ubiquity of tiny particles of minerals -mineral nanoparticles- in mineral deposits, oceans and rivers, atmosphere and soils are providing scientists with new ways of understanding Earth’s processes. Our planet’s physical, chemical, and biological processes are influenced or driven by the properties of these minerals. The way in which these infinitesimally small minerals influence Earth’s systems is more complex than previously thought (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0050">Hochella et al., 2008</a>).Minerals have an enormous range of physical and chemical properties due to a wide range of composition and structure, including particle size. Nanominerals, however, have one critical difference: a range of physical and chemical properties, depending on their size and shape. This difference changes our view of the diversity and complexity of minerals, and how they influence Earth systems (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0045">Hochella, 2008</a>).Nanoscale structures are critical in determining the magnetic properties of minerals. <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0035">Harrison (2007)</a> describes that the fundamental importance of magnetism at this length scale has been overlooked in the past, leaving a number of long-standing paleomagnetic and rock-magnetic observations that could not be explained (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0030">Feinberg et al., 2007</a>). Examples include the origin of strong and stable magnetic anomalies on Mars and the phenomenon of self-reversed thermoremanent magnetization (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0055">McEnroe et al., 2004</a>). This gap in understanding arose because the technology required to study mineral magnetism with nanometer resolution had not been developed. We have now begun to establish quantitative links between the nanoscale structure of natural magnetic minerals and their macroscopic magnetic properties (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0035">Harrison, 2007</a>).For this study, we used the paleomagnetic samples from eight sites of the Jacupiranga alkaline-carbonatitic complex, Cajati mine, located at the southeastern region of Brazil (48°09′W, 24°41′S). The carbonatite belongs to the Jacupiranga Ultramafic Alkaline Complex of Early Cretaceous age (131 Ma, <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0065">Ruberti et al., 2000</a>). This Complex has an oval shape in a regional map showing Brazil and the study area (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Figure 1</a>).<elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia>One of its silicate rocks is widely known as “jacupirangite”. Among carbonatitic phases, there are different compositions (calciocarbonatites to magnesiumcarbonatites) forming independent plugs, dykes and dyke swarms. The main mineralized geological setting can be recognized as formed by carbonatitic portions (both of calcic and dolomitic composition) separated by specific features as well as other lithological ore types, like minor portions of phoscoritic composition.The aim of this study is to report the unearthing of TMf nanoparticles embedded in TM (finest magnetic concentrate) by crystallographic analysis of nanostructures using high-resolution TEM, and to determine the effect on the rock magnetic properties of its grain-size, and its influence on the origin and deposition environment.Experimental methods and sample descriptionThe eight paleomagnetic rock sampled sites (described in detail by <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0005">Alva-Valdivia et al., 2009</a>) are as follows: Site 1, coarse grain carbonatite;<a name="p95"></a> Site 2, medium grain carbonatite; Site 3, fine grain carbonatite; Site 4, 5 and 6, pyroxenite Jacu-piranga; Site 7, carbonatite- pyroxenite contact; and Site 8, granodiorite intrusive.We select one paleomagnetic standard rock specimen (1” diameter and 2.2 cm long) from each pyroxenite site (4 to 7). Then all of the four samples were crushed together and put in a magnetic separator to get a magnetic concentrate of different grain-size fractions using the “hydro-cycle method” (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0060">Rivas-Sánchez et al., 2009</a> describe in detail the equipment and crushing processes). Each specific size fraction was prepared with an average variation around one micron. Granulometric fractions are: MC1 (26 ± 2 urn); MC2 (19 ± 1 μm); MC3 (13 ± 1 μm); MC4 (9 ± 1 μm); MC5 (6 ± 1 μm); and MC6 (6 ~ 0.1 μm). These size fractions and the sample containing TMf nanoparticles (MC6) were characterized according to their crystalline, physicochemical and magnetic properties.<a name="p96"></a>Transmitted and reflected light microscopy study was done with a Leica DM-LP model; for X-ray diffraction (XRD) we used a Geiger-Flex model Rigaku difractometer, setting in an aluminum sample-holder of a non-oriented fraction, in the angular interval 26 of 4° to 80° at two distinct velocities (1/2° by minute and 1o by minute); electron probe X-ray micro-analyzer (EPMA) JEOL, JXA 8900-R for multi-elemental analyses via WDS; Raman spectrometry was achieved by using a source of monochromatic infrared laser irradiation (dispersed radiation by molecules at a fixed angle was registered); and high-resolution TEM with a JEOL 2010 FEG FASTEM.Magnetic susceptibility at varying frequencies was measured by using a Bartington Instruments MS2 linked to a MS2B dual frequency sensor. We used low frequency (χlf = 470 Hz) and high frequency (χhf= 4700 Hz) to detect qualitatively the presence of ultrafine grain size carriers of superparamagnetic (SP) behavior. The magnetic susceptibility as a function of temperature was determined by means of a Bartington MS2 susceptibilimeter, with a MS2W sensor coupled to a MS2WFP furnace. To measure the hysteresis parameters and isothermal remanent magnetization (IRM) acquisition and backfield demagnetization curves, we used an alternating field-force gradient magnetometer, Micromag 2900.ResultsMineralogy and microscope analyses Optical Microscopy<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0005">Alva-Valdivia et al. (2009)</a> report petrography of the rock units, which have been studied again in order to look for details in the oxide minerals (Fe and Fe-Ti) and choose micro-areas with high probability of nanoparticle mineral occurrence.At least one polished section from each site was studied by optical microscopy and EPMA in order to determine the composition and mineral textural relationships, which was later verified by XRD and Raman spectroscopy, as follows:<ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0005"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0005">1)Carbonatites show an alotriomorphic granular mosaic of grain size ranging from 300 to 7,000 μm, formed mainly by non-metallic minerals of the carbonate group, as: calcite, dolomite and aragonite, all associated to apatite with minor amount of olivine (forsterite), phlogopite, pectolite, zircon and zirkelite. The metallic minerals are present in minor proportion and correspond to: magnetite, titanomagnesioferrite, scarce geikielite and sulfides (pyrite, pyrrothite and marcasite), filling open spaces between the primary minerals.</li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0010">2)The pyroxenites have coarse-granular grain texture (220 to 1000 μm), composed mainly by non-metallic minerals: hedenbergite, diopside, and less apatite, Fe-Mg spinel and scarce quartz. The metallic minerals are: titanomagnetite, ilmenite, magnesioferrite, titanomaghemite (TMg) and titanohematite (TH), in minor proportion. These metallic minerals are filling open spaces in the host rock. Massive TM range in grain size from 380 μm to 6000 μm, with approximately 12% of Ti content slightly altered to TH, observed with graphic and lamellar intergrowths of ilmenite and ferrian spinel in a trellis type texture (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Figure 2</a>).<a name="p97"></a><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0010"></elsevierMultimedia></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0015">3)<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0005">Alva-Valdivia et al. (2009)</a> confirmed the effect of hydrothermal processes in both rock types, as indicated by the next factors: a) In the carbonatite, the magnetite is massive and because of their relationship with rock forming mineral, suggests post-crystallization in relation to these minerals maybe during the latest phase of magmatic differentiation (possibly a high-temperature hydrothermal phase); b) In the pyroxenite, the TM form an altered metasomatic texture with pyroxene grains, suggesting the effect of hydrothermal processes of primary mineralization produced by the intrusive rock. They also report the presence of ionic exchange, Fe2+ by Mg in the mineralization of both rock types. In the carbonatite, they did not distinguish Ti in the selected micro-zones of magnetite and magnesioferrite, contrasting with the pyroxenite samples that show up to 10% of Ti in both titanomagnetite and magnesioferrite.</li></ul>Summarizing, the petrographic characterization of the Jacupiranga complex, define two rock hosts type: carbonatite and pyroxenite. In these both rock types, Fe oxide minerals (magnetite and TM, respectively) are affected in its crystalline structure by partial substitution of Fe+2 by Mg, with formation to magnesioferrite. Being conspicuous the Ti enrichment of oxide mineral (Fe and Fe-Mg) of the pyroxenite. Optical microscopy shows a non-usual roughly texture of the TM with abundant ilmenite emulsion-type exsolution, magnesioferrite and Fe-spinel slightly detected at high amplification. Most of the exsolution measured are below 0.1μm.Mineral chemistry<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a> show results of mineral chemistry and structural formula of oxide minerals (Fe and Fe-Ti) identified in the carbonatite and pyroxenite. The quantitative chemical analyses were done by EPMA. In the carbonatite, the oxide minerals correspond to magnetite and magnesioferrite. In the pyroxenite, oxides show particular chemical characteristics in its structural formula, being conspicuous the Ti02 presence. We named TM and TMf, with a structural formula of Ti content up to 12 and 14%, respectively. The Fe-Ti oxide corresponds to ilmenite.<elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia>In both rock types (carbonatite and pyroxenite), the oxide minerals are replaced by geikielite, and partial ion substitution of Fe+2 by Mg was observed, while geikielite is enriched in Fe.X-ray diffraction (XRD)To verify the occurrence of magnesioferrite, maghemite and hematite in the pyroxenite and ultramafic rocks, we used XRD, these minerals have an important amount of Ti, which was confirmed by the multielemental analyses of EPMA results via WDS. Because of the Ti presence, we add the prefix ‘titano’ to the minerals, changing toTMf, TMg and TH.A mineralogical characterization by XRD analyses was done in an original natural sample (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">Table 2</a>) that confirmed the magnesioferrite, maghemite and hematite presence. <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0015">Figure 3a</a>, and <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0020">3b</a> shows well-defined peaks in the XRD spectra.<a name="p98"></a><a name="p99"></a> Also, we got the mineral chemistry composition of the iron oxides identified in the carbonatite and pyroxenite host rocks, respectively, <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a>(1-5 and 9 - 13).<elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0010"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0015"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0020"></elsevierMultimedia>Raman spectroscopyWe studied six samples of sites MC4 and MC5 corresponding to the ultramafic rocks (pyroxenite). Fine to ultrafine size of ilmenite disseminated in TM was identified by optical microscopy, showing exsolution emulsion-type shape. <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0025">Figure 4</a> shows some Raman spectra examples of ilmenite from the Jacupiranga pyroxenite. These spectra show three distinctive peaks (ilmenite Raman), which appear at 220, 398 and 680 cm1, confirming that ilmenite is certainly present in this rock.<elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0025"></elsevierMultimedia>Raman spectra of selected regions of TM are shown in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0030">Figure 5</a>. Magnetite is clearly identified by three peaks slightly moved regarding their wavenumber (cm−1) due to the Ti presence. This spectra support the presence of TM with a content of TiO2 up to 12%. We show the first TM Raman analysis, which allowed to establish their structural characteristics and assert their classification (chemical composition was determined by WDS).<elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0030"></elsevierMultimedia>High resolution TEMTMf nanoparticles and likely ilmenite nanoparticles were identified in samples corresponding to the ultrabasic (pyroxenite) rocks. Nanoparticles are 5 to 10 nm size.The crystallographic analysis of TMf structures was made with the purpose to determine the structural characteristics and assert its classification. We obtained (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0035">Figure 6</a>) dark and clear (bottom) field high resolution and Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) (upper right) images by using the high resolution TEM. Each mineral nanostructure was crystallographically studied, measuring interplanar distances and getting their diffraction patterns.<elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0035"></elsevierMultimedia>TMf of nanometer scale was identified oriented along the edge [1 1 2] with interplanar distances d1 = 2.98 Å, d2 = 1.48 Å that correspond to the planes (220) and (311), respectively (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0035">Figure 6</a>).<a name="p100"></a>The possible ilmenite is oriented along the edge [1 0 4] with interplanar distances d1 = 2.72 Å, d2 = 2.52 Å that correspond to the planes (104) and (110), respectively, unfortunately was not possible to get a clear image of this mineral.Rock and mineral magnetic properties of the pyroxeniteFrequency-dependent magnetic susceptibility percentage (χfd%).We used a very small amount of natural material (magnetic concentrate) in order to avoid saturation of equipment and to reach better uniformity of the sample during the measurement. Carbonatites were not used for this experiment because they did not show any evidence (optical microscopy) of nanoparticles presence. The selected-analyzed samples by this technique correspond to TM and TMf with size range from 26 μm up to 0.1 urn (MCi; MC2, MC3, MC4, MC5 and MC6) (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0015">Table 3</a>). We used the model proposed by <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0020">Dearing et al. (1996)</a> using theoretical predictions and data from synthetic grains and environmental samples, to suggest an interpretation of our results of frequency-dependent magnetic susceptibility: χfd% < 5 in TM samples of 0.2 to 7 μm grain size are attributed to grains formed by the union of (assemblages) extremely fine particles (< 5 nm), together with the mineral concentration and grain size distribution; TM grain size of 0.1 μm to 26 μm range were identified with abundant inclusions of TMf nanoparticles; the fraction between 9 and 26 μm report low values of χfd% < 5 attributed to the micro-nanometer textural association that mask the SP signal; finally, we obtained high values of χfd% (9.6 and 10.2) for the fractions ranging from 0.1 to 6 μm, respectively (samples MC5 and MC6, <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0015">Table 3</a>), which suggests an important proportion of extremely fine particles (< 5 nm) of SP behavior.<a name="p101"></a><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0015"></elsevierMultimedia><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0060">Rivas-Sánchez et al. (2009)</a> reported similar values for samples with abundant magnetite nanoparticles included in berthierine: χfd% = 3.4% in a magnetite sample constituted by 0.2 to 7 μm sizes, which are magnetite nanoparticles aggregates in a berthierine matrix. Corresponding Mössbauer spectroscopy for these samples indicate a 45.2% of SP particles, 44.8% for the ferromagnetic fraction, and a 10% of a paramagnetic fraction, of the total grain content. By association, these results support our conclusion about the SP dominant proportion grains in the sample of this study.Magnetic susceptibility versus high temperatureSusceptibility vs. high temperature (k-T) experiments were carried out on the same samples described in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0015">Table 3</a>. These magnetic concentrates (corresponding to TM with abundant ilmenite and TMf emulsion-type exsolutions) included samples<a name="p102"></a><a name="p103"></a> in a size spectra from 45 to 9 μm show typical TM heating curves (soft Hopkinson peak and Curie temperature >550 °C) with slightly lower values on the cooling curves, effect of oxidation or partial transformation of TM to TMg (due to large amount of ilmenite and TMf exsolutions less than 1 μm size and inclusive at nanometer level). <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0025">Dunlop and Özdemir (1997)</a> describe that the multi-domain (MD) grains have a very soft Hopkinson peak, in comparison with those of single-domain (SD) grains. Accordingly, these curve types are typical for MD and SD grain sizes, considering that MD are > 2.0 μm and SD between 0.03 to 0.1 μm (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0040">Figure 7</a>). Typical curves for minor grain size less than 6 μm (sample MC6) shows a Hopkinson peak more conspicuous, related to a major content of < 1 μm particle size. In general, all curves show a delay during the oxidation from TM and TMf by temperature effect, with Curie temperatures higher that expected, 550 °C, the cooling curves are always lower than heating ones but the last two experiments, < 35 nm.<elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0040"></elsevierMultimedia>According to data presented in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">Table 2</a>, magnesioferrite should be detectable in the k-T curves, which is not supported by the magnetic data because of the simple reason that our samples are magnetic TM concentrates. So, the least amount of magnetic minerals in these experiments obscures (mask) the possible response of the magnesioferrite.Finally, two magnetic susceptibility versus temperature experiments of the same (< 35 nm) sample show that the repeatability during the second heating is probably due to the formation of new TMf nanoparticles and growth of those already present during the first heating process. Comparable results were reported by <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0060">Rivas-Sánchez et al. (2009)</a>: 1) magnetite nanoparticles showed major resistance to heating; 2) formation of new magnetite nanoparticles; and 3) growing of those nanoparticles already present.Hysteresis properties and isothermal remanent magnetization (IRM)Hysteresis loop experiments obtained at room temperature at magnetic field strengths up to 1.5 T for the samples containing TM and magnesioferrite microparticles and range sizes described in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0015">Table 3</a> are shown in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0045">Figure 8</a>. <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0020">Table 4</a> shows a summary of the hysteresis parameters. The saturation remanent magnetization (Mrs), the saturation magnetization (Ms), and coercive force (Bc) were calculated after correction for the paramagnetic contribution. The coercivity of remanence (Bcr) was determined by applying progressively increasing backfield after saturation.<elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0045"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0020"></elsevierMultimedia>The general behavior of the hysteresis shaped loops like a ramp very close to the origin suggest TM, which is supported by the microscopic observations already described. These interpretations confirm the information coming from magnetic susceptibility experiments acquired with distinct frequencies that report high values of χfd% for samples of particle size between 6 μm to 6-0.1 μm attributed to a dominant proportion of SP particles. It is remarkable that coercivity (Bc), in general, increase as the grain size decrease: from 26 μm, Bc= 14.6_mTup to Bc= 32.2 mT for sample size ranging from 6 to 0.1 μm. The Bcr/Bc ratio ranges from 1.784 to 1.590 and Mrs/Ms varies between 0.1491 and 0.2943 (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0020">Table 4</a>). <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0060">Rivas-Sánchez et al. (2009)</a> obtained similar results by using agglomerates of magnetite nanostructures classified in micrometer sizes.The hysteresis parameter plot indicates that all values fall in the PSD region (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0050">Figure 9</a>). Day diagram (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0015">Day et al., 1977</a>) shows a clear migration of the magnetization and coercivity ratios from PSD to SD, as grain size decreases.<elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0050"></elsevierMultimedia>Typical IRM acquisition curves for the TM - TMf of the same samples are shown in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0045">Figure 8</a> (inset).<a name="p104"></a><a name="p105"></a> Major size samples show a rapid increase of the magnetization at low magnetic field and as the grain size decreases, a slightly larger magnetic field is required to get the saturation. The values to get this saturation are as follows: samples with sizes from 26 to 19 μm need 188 mT; samples ranging in size from 13 to 9 μm need 221 mT; and finally, samples with sizes lower than 6 μm require a magnetic field of 249 mT. All samples hold an important amount of SP particles. <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0060">Rivas-Sánchez et al. (2009)</a>, conclude that the behaviour of magnetic properties is attributed to their atomic packing, textural arrangement, grains size, and that magnetite nanoparticle agglomeration requires that its magnetic domains display a distinctive behaviour in which SP properties and a major coercitive force require a major magnetic field intensity to reach saturation field.Petrogenesis and metallogenesis<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0005">Alva-Valdivia et al. (2009)</a> and <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0010">Alva-Valdivia and López-Loera (2011)</a> reported mineralogical and physical-chemical properties (host rocks and magnetic minerals). In this work, we did detailed observations of oxide minerals, their alteration minerals, mineralogical associations and textural relationships, which allow us to establish the paragenetic sequence of ultramafic rocks: a) In the carbonatite this is magnetite - magnesioferrite - geikielite; and b) In the pyroxenite this is TM - ilmenite - TMf - TMg - geikielite - TH. It is significant in this last sequence the roughly felted texture of the TM and its relation with micro- and nanometric scale TMf and ilmenite, which later were confirmed by high-resolution TEM observations.<a name="p106"></a>The paragenetic sequence of the magnetic minerals in carbonatite and pyroxenite are distinctive of the magmatic and hydrothermal conditions during their formation, which is controlled by its crystallization-differentiation order, where the hydrothermal phase is the last one.The chemical nature and structural formula of the magnetic mineralogy in carbonatite, shows 0 to < 2% TiO2 content in the magnetite-magnesioferrite sequence, which is contrary to the magnetic mineralogy of the pyroxenite with TiO2 >10% content suggesting the use of “titano” prefixe to the magnetic mineral name of the pyroxenite.The magnetic mineralization of carbonatite and pyroxenite are analogous mineralizations affected by partial substitution of Fe-ferrous by Mg. This type of ionic exchange was produced by circulation Mg-rich hydrothermal solution through porous and open spaces that substitute the Fe+2 of the magnetic mineralogy, making it Mg-rich. This process allowed that mineralization changed gradually from a magmatic body to high temperature hydrothermal, where Mg-rich magnetite and TM produced magnesioferrite and TMf in the carbonatite and pyroxenite, respectively.The progressive change of primary mineralization is produced by a complex system of hydratation reactions and ionic exchange between the primary mineralization of the intrusive body and solutions, changing the composition of the hydrothermal fluid, its pH and the redox state (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0070">Tornos, 1997</a>). The mineralization change gradually and its mineral chemistry and textural relations (size-shape) are affected drastically up to reach equilibrium. This progressive equilibrium process can explain the TMf, and possibly Fe-spinel and ilmenite nanoparticles formation. Ilmenite and Fe-spinel nanoparticles, in the pyroxenite, probably were formed during the last magmatic differentiation process.We show quantitative results in terms of well-identified grain-size distribution that support the general theoretical basis of frequency-dependent magnetic susceptibility (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0015">Table 3</a>) (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0020">Dearing et al., 1996</a>). We observed the effect in natural TM comprising TMf particles with micro- to nanometer grain size.Ti-magnetite and TMf particles ranging from 9 to 26 μm, provided low values for χfd% < 5, probably due to the close association (amalgamation) of magnetic domains at micro-nanometer scale, where TM mask the SP signal of the TMf nanoparticles.The results of a magnetic susceptibility vs. high temperature experiment of the < 35 nm of TM containing TMf nanoparticles sample produces a repetible curve (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0040">Figure 7</a> bottom right), which repeated in rapid succession suggest the probable formation of new TMf nanoparticles, which is similar to the results obtained by <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0060">Rivas-Sánchez et al. (2009)</a> and <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0040">Hirt and Gehring (1991)</a>.The first evidences of a hydrothermal process in carbonatite and pyroxenite are indicated by the next factors:<ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0010"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0020">1.Texture (size-shape). In the carbonatite, magnetite is massive and surrounds the minerals forming the rock as apatite, forsterite, carbonates and phlogopite (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0055">Figure 10b, d, e, f</a>), demonstrating its later crystallization to these forming minerals during the last magmatic differentiation phase that could be high-temperature hydrothermal. In the pyroxenite, TM formed afterwards showing a metasomatic texture with pyroxene grains (hedenbergite), evidencing the hydrothermal fluid reaction with the primary mineralization (TM with ilmenite exsolutions) of the intrusive rock previously consolidated. This event favored the TMf nanoparticle formation with Ti.<elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0055"></elsevierMultimedia></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0025">2.Fe+2 by Mg ionic exchange occurs in the metallic mineralization of carbonatite and pyroxenite. In the carbonatites, magnetite contains up to 4% of MgO and when this increase magnetite is transformed into magnesioferrite. In general, magnetite shows reaction borders when is in contact with dolomite (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0055">Figure 10e, f</a>). The pyroxenite, TM and ilmenite exsolutions contain MgO, which remains constant from 3.5% and 9.5%, respectively, and TiO2 is up to 10%. It is important to observe that in the carbonatite samples there are magnetite and magnesioferrite contained in some microareas with almost nothing Ti, contrary to the pyroxenite Jacupiranga samples.</li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0030">3.Mineral chemistry. The TiO2 content in the magnetite and magnesioferrite of the carbonatite is almost zero, in contrast with theTiO2 of theTM and TMf of the pyroxenite that remains constant from 12% to 13%, as well as MgO in minor amounts to 3.5% and less that 1.7% of MnO (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a>). The magnesioferrite contains more than 5% of MgO and few amounts of TiO2 and MnO close to that of magnetite (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0060">Figure 11</a>). Fe-mineralization of both rock types is replaced by geikielite along its borders and cross lines forming well developed parallel lamellas.<elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0060"></elsevierMultimedia></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0035">4.The paragenetic sequence of metallic mineralization of carbonatites and pyroxenites was inferred since the evidences showed above, which are closely related to their texture and mineral chemistry. So, we propose a hydrothermal effect in<a name="p107"></a> both rock types that occurred at the last magmatic differentiation phase. This process provoked metasomatism in the pyroxenite by reaction of the hydrothermal fluid with pyroxene intrusive massif that favored a chemical-mineralogical and textural change of the primary TM and ilmenite. All of this has an effect on its chemical composition that was enriched with Mg and its later partial transformation of the TM to TMf. It took also place a drastic change of its texture, forming TMf nanoparticles, and possibly spinel and ilmenite at nanometer scale. In the carbonatite, the hydrothermal process happened possibly at the same time that the formation of magnetite, enriched in Mg, forming the magnesioferrite. The geikielite was deposited later and replaced to the magnetite-magnesioferrite. <a name="p108"></a></li></ul>DiscussionOur first results (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0005">Alva-Valdivia et al., 2009</a>) show a complex mineralogy of the pyroxenite respect to the carbonatite that led to a detailed mineralogical study using magnetic concentrates of distinct grain sizes ranges. The magnetic concentrate is characterized by TM particles with TMf inclusions of nanometer and micrometer scale, ilmenite emulsion-type and Fe-spinel acicular exsolution. The ilmenite textural characteristics suggest that it is very probable to find it at nanometer scale. A minor proportion of TM particles are partly altered to TMg through the concave fractures and TH replacing TM along their cross lines forming trellis type texture associated to geikielite, pyroxene (hedenbergite-diopside) and apatite. An estimated proportion of metallic minerals of this sample is: TM, 51%; TMf, 22%; ilmenite, 6%; Fe spinel, 5%; Ti-magemite, 4% and Ti-hematite, 3%.XRD analyses confirmed the existence of magnesioferrite and maghemite, their chemical composition and the structure formula: finding the TMf in our pyroxenite samples. Raman spectroscopy verified the ilmenite.EPMA (using WDS) defined the chemical formula and structure of the complex Fe-Ti oxide minerals, being relevant for the Ti detection. We use the name of TM and TMf, for a structural formula of TiO2 content up to 12% and 14%. The mentioned studies guide the selection of samples to perform the high-resolution TEM that identified the TMf nanoparticles of 5 to 10 nm size.The magnetic concentrate is characterized by TM particles of less than 26 μm grain size, with TMf inclusions of nanometer and micrometer scale. The TM particles also have ilmenite emulsion-type and Fe spinel acicular exsolutions,<a name="p109"></a> Mg (Al, Fe)2O4, both homogeneously distributed. Ilmenite textural characteristics suggest that it is very probable to find it at nanometer scale. An estimated proportion of metallic minerals of this sample is: TM, 51%; TMf, 32%; ilmenite, 10%; and Fe spinel 7%. Because of its chemical characteristics, we use the name of TMf, with a structural formula of Ti content up to 8%. The HRTEM study was performed using the magnetic concentrate of MC6 sample.The rock magnetic properties of the Fe-Ti oxides (χfd%, k-T curves, hysteresis properties and IRM acquisition curves) support the finding of extremely fine particles (nanometer size) forming bigger (micrometer size) amalgamated particles. Sometimes, the rock magnetic signal are masked by stronger magnetic minerals (TM), making very difficult the definition of weaker magnetic TMf minerals.We found by high resolution TEM that the TM and TMf form micrometer and nanometer crystalline structures, with specific and distinctive interplanar distances: for 3.00 Å and 2.56 Å TM, and 2.98 Å for TMf. The differences in grain size, represented by TM microparticles interacting with TMf nanostructures give rise to an interference in the ferromagnetic and SP signal, with the increase of the hysteresis parameters and important changes in the magnetization with decreasing of micrometer particle size.Typical curve for k-T experiments of minor grain size less than 6 μm (sample MC6) shows a Hopkinson peak more conspicuous, related to a major content of particles < 1 μm. In general, all curves show a delay during the oxidation from TM and magnesioferrite by temperature effect, with Curie temperatures higher that expected, 550 °C, the cooling curves are always lower than the heating ones excepting the last two experiments, < 35 μm.These two magnetic susceptibility versus temperature experiments of the same (< 35 nm) sample show that the repeatability during the second heating is probably due to the formation of new TMf nanoparticles and growth of those already present during the first heating process. Similar results were reported by <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0060">Rivas-Sánchez et al. (2009)</a>: magnetite nanoparticles showed major resistance to heating; and therefore to the new nanoparticle formation; and growing of those already existing during the k-T experiments.The general behavior of the hysteresis curves is, like a ramp, very close to the origin.The TM and TMf form micrometer and nanometer crystalline structures, with specific and distinctive interplanar distances: 3.00 Å and 2.56 Å for TM, and 2.98 Å for TMf, obtained by high resolution TEM. The differences in grain size, represented by TM microparticles interacting with TMf nanostructures provoke an interference in the ferromagnetic and SP signal, with the increase of the hysteresis parameters and important changes in the magnetization with decreasing of micrometer particle size.ConclusionsThis TMf particle study enabled to establish a better knowledge of their magnetic properties, mineralogical association and textural relationship (size-shape) with the TM. All of these information help to establish the paragenetic sequence and consequently the source of mineralization and deposition conditions.The experience acquired during the progress of this work, demonstrate that TMf nanoparticles act like genetic guide regarding the environment conditions during their formation.We identified TMf, and possibly spinel and ilmenite nanoparticles using the high-resolution TEM, which was supported by magnetic studies (magnetic susceptibility measured with distinct frequencies, magnetic susceptibility vs. high temperature curves, hysteresis analysis and IRM acquisition curves), and of course the mineralogical, chemical, mineral and textural relations of Fe-mineralization within carbonatite and pyroxenite. All of this supports the hypothesis of a high-temperature hydrothermal event during the final magmatic crystallization-differentiation process. This event affected the primary Fe-mineralization of the pyroxenite and at the same time of the carbonatite, producing the TMf in the pyroxenite by substitution of Fe+2 by Mg, as well as later deposition of geikielite and pyrite, pyrrhotite and marcasite.Based on the mentioned magnetic properties, it was possible to choose sampling suggesting the presence of magnetic oxide nanoparticles, doing easier to look for the pursued nanoparticles by crystallographic and high-resolution TEM studies." "textoCompletoSecciones" => array:1 [ "secciones" => array:13 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "xres497959" "titulo" => "Resumen" "secciones" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "identificador" => "abst0005" ] ] ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xpalclavsec519507" "titulo" => "Palabras clave" ] 2 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "xres497960" "titulo" => "Abstract" "secciones" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "identificador" => "abst0010" ] ] ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xpalclavsec519506" "titulo" => "Key words" ] 4 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0005" "titulo" => "Introduction" ] 5 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0010" "titulo" => "Experimental methods and sample description" ] 6 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "sec0015" "titulo" => "Results" "secciones" => array:5 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0020" "titulo" => "Mineralogy and microscope analyses Optical Microscopy" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0025" "titulo" => "Mineral chemistry" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0030" "titulo" => "X-ray diffraction (XRD)" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0035" "titulo" => "Raman spectroscopy" ] 4 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0040" "titulo" => "High resolution TEM" ] ] ] 7 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "sec0045" "titulo" => "Rock and mineral magnetic properties of the pyroxenite" "secciones" => array:3 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0050" "titulo" => "Frequency-dependent magnetic susceptibility percentage (χ)." ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0055" "titulo" => "Magnetic susceptibility versus high temperature" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0060" "titulo" => "Hysteresis properties and isothermal remanent magnetization (IRM)" ] ] ] 8 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0065" "titulo" => "Petrogenesis and metallogenesis" ] 9 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0070" "titulo" => "Discussion" ] 10 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0075" "titulo" => "Conclusions" ] 11 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xack161000" "titulo" => "Acknowledgments" ] 12 => array:1 [ "titulo" => "Bibliography" ] ] ] "pdfFichero" => "main.pdf" "tienePdf" => true "fechaRecibido" => "2011-11-07" "fechaAceptado" => "2012-11-15" "PalabrasClave" => array:2 [ "es" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "clase" => "keyword" "titulo" => "Palabras clave" "identificador" => "xpalclavsec519507" "palabras" => array:6 [ 0 => "nanopartículas de titanomagnesio-ferrita" 1 => "propiedades magnéticas" 2 => "mineralogía" 3 => "efecto del tamaño de grano" 4 => "complejo alcalino Jacupiranga" 5 => "Brasil" ] ] ] "en" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "clase" => "keyword" "titulo" => "Key words" "identificador" => "xpalclavsec519506" "palabras" => array:6 [ 0 => "TMf nanoparticles" 1 => "magnetic properties" 2 => "mineralogy" 3 => "grain size effect" 4 => "Jacupiranga Alkaline Complex" 5 => "Brazil" ] ] ] ] "tieneResumen" => true "resumen" => array:2 [ "es" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Resumen" "resumen" => "Se seleccionaron muestras muy finas de zonas mineralizadas del complejo Jacupiranga de la mina Cajatí para efectuar la identificación cristalográfica de nanoestructuras de titano-magnesioferrita (TMf) embebidas en titanomagnetita (TM) usando microscopía de transmisión de alta resolución (TEM). Se redujo un concentrado magnético a partir de muestras de piroxenita (sitios 4 a 7), después se dividió en fracciones de rangos de tamaño distintos: 26±2 μm, 19±1 μm, 13±1 μm, 9±1 μm, 6±1 μm and 6-0.1 μm. Las muestras mineralizadas de piroxenita y carbonatita se caracterizaron por: difracción de rayos-X, microscopía de luz transmitida y reflejada, y microscopía electrónica de barrido con análisis multielemental. La muestra de concentrado más fino (MC6) se analizó por microscopía TEM y campo anular obscuro de ángulo alto y espectroscopia Ramán.Se midieron las propiedades magnéticas de las distintas fracciones granulométricas, mostrando cambios drásticos cuando los tamaños de grano pasan de tamaños micro a nanométricos. El porcentaje de susceptibilidad magnética dependiente de la frecuencia (χfd%) arrojó valores altos (10.2%) para las fracciones más finas (6±1 μm y 6-0.1 μm), lo que se atribuyó a las fracciones dominantes de partículas superparamagnéticas. Los tamaños de grano nanométrico y < 6 μm de TMf en partículas de TM requirió de un campo magnético de hasta 249 mT para alcanzar la saturación durante los experimentos de magnetización remanente isotermal. La coercitividad y la magnetización remanente de esas muestras aumentaron cuando los tamaños de las partículas disminuían, probablemente debido a efectos de acoplamiento paralelo. Los experimentos de susceptibilidad magnética versus calentamientos se efectuaron dos veces en la misma muestra (<35 nm), mostrando que la repetibilidad durante el segundo calentamiento se debe probablemente a la formación de nuevas nanopartículas de TMf, y al crecimiento de las ya existentes durante el proceso del primer calentamiento." ] "en" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Abstract" "resumen" => "Very fine samples from the mineralized zones of the Jacupiranga complex at the Cajati mine were selected for crystallographic identification of Ti-magnesioferrite (TMf) nanostructures embedded in titanomagnetite (TM) using high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (TEM). A magnetic concentrate obtained of pyroxenite samples (sites 4 to 7) was reduced and divided into fractions of distinct range sizes: 26±2 μm, 19±1 μm, 13±1 μm, 9±1 μm, 6±1 μm and 6-0.1 μm. The mineralized samples of carbonatite and pyroxenite were characterized by X-ray diffraction, transmitted and reflected light microscope, and scanning electron microscope with multielemental analysis. The finest magnetic concentrate sample (MC6) was analyzed under high-resolution transmitted electron microscopy (TEM) and high angle annular dark field and Raman spectroscopy. Magnetic properties were measured for the distinct granulometric fractions, showing drastic changes when grain sizes go beyond the frontier from micro to nanometer sizes. Frequency-dependent magnetic susceptibility percentage (÷fd%) report higher values (10.2%) for the finer fractions (6±1 μm and 6-0.1 μm) attributed to dominant fractions of superparamagnetic particles. Nanometer and < 6 μm grain size TMf in TM particles require a magnetic field up to 249 mT to reach saturation during the isothermal remanent magnetization experiment. Coercivity and remanent magnetization of these samples increase when the particle size decreases, probably due to parallel coupling effects. Magnetic susceptibility versus temperature experiments were conducted two times on the same (< 35 nm) sample, showing that the repetition during the second heating is probably due to the formation of new TMf nanoparticles and growth of those already present during the first heating process." ] ] "multimedia" => array:16 [ 0 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0005" "etiqueta" => "Figure 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr1.jpeg" "Alto" => 2022 "Ancho" => 1574 "Tamanyo" => 641589 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Location of the study area: precise location of sampled sites is in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">figure 1</a> of <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0005">Alva-Valdivia et al. (2009)</a>." ] ] 1 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0010" "etiqueta" => "Figure 2" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr2.jpeg" "Alto" => 1943 "Ancho" => 800 "Tamanyo" => 307111 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Representative photomicrographs of TM in pyroxenites using parallel nichols and reflected light, (a) ilmenite exsolutions (I) and Fe spinel (Ep); (b) ilmenite exsolutions and acicular shape of Fe spinel; and (c) exsolved ilmenite lamellas and Fe spinel." ] ] 2 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0015" "etiqueta" => "Figure 3a" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr3a.jpeg" "Alto" => 961 "Ancho" => 1919 "Tamanyo" => 114596 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "XRD spectrum of the pyroxenite (Jacupiranga). TM, Ti-magnetite; TMf, Ti-magnesioferrite; TMg, Ti-maghemite; TH, titanohematite; Dp, diopside-hedenbergite; Ap, apatite." ] ] 3 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0020" "etiqueta" => "Figure 3b" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr3b.jpeg" "Alto" => 832 "Ancho" => 1339 "Tamanyo" => 83132 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "The sample was annealed at 350°C, and the residual material was analyzed by XRD. The diffraction spectra pattern (and structure) of Ti-maghemite increase with temperature." ] ] 4 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0025" "etiqueta" => "Figure 4" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr4.jpeg" "Alto" => 1694 "Ancho" => 1140 "Tamanyo" => 179929 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Raman spectra of selected regions indicating ilmenite from samples 03M023 and 03M032." ] ] 5 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0030" "etiqueta" => "Figure 5" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr5.jpeg" "Alto" => 1313 "Ancho" => 1797 "Tamanyo" => 174086 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Raman spectra of selected regions pointing out to TM from pyroxenite Jacupiranga." ] ] 6 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0035" "etiqueta" => "Figure 6" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr6.jpeg" "Alto" => 1239 "Ancho" => 799 "Tamanyo" => 204451 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "TMf nanostructure image obtained by high-resolution TEM (inset box shows the fast Fourier transform (FFT) analysis." ] ] 7 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0040" "etiqueta" => "Figure 7" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr7.jpeg" "Alto" => 1699 "Ancho" => 1770 "Tamanyo" => 229695 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "High-temperature k-T curves. Arrows indicate the heating/cooling curve. Experiments were done using magnetic concentrates of TM and TMf associated to ilmenite in agglomerated fractions of micrometric scale (a-g) and nanometric (h, i). The spectrum of (i) is the second run of the same heating as (h) in order to see the repeatability of this process during cooling phase." ] ] 8 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0045" "etiqueta" => "Figure 8" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:2 [ 0 => array:1 [ "imagen" => "gr8a.jpeg" ] 1 => array:1 [ "imagen" => "gr8b.jpeg" ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Hysteresis loops with paramagnetic correction for typical samples. Samples correspond to TM and TMf particles of distinct size ranges. Inset show isothermal remanent magnetization curves." ] ] 9 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0050" "etiqueta" => "Figure 9" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr9.jpeg" "Alto" => 941 "Ancho" => 1212 "Tamanyo" => 134856 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Day plot data for each fraction grain size (see numbers in microns)." ] ] 10 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0055" "etiqueta" => "Figure 10" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr10.jpeg" "Alto" => 1975 "Ancho" => 1721 "Tamanyo" => 573025 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Optical microscope microphotographs of distinct textural aspects of massive Ti-magnetite (TM) in piroxenite and magnetite (M) in carbonatite with associated minerals: a) Massive Ti-magnetite with hedenbergite (Hd); b) Magnetite surrounding euhedral and subhedral crystal of apatite (Ap) and dolomite (Do); c) Forsterite (Fo) and apatite in the massive magnetite; d) Phlogopite sheet (Fl) cut by massive magnetite; and f) Massive magnetite in contact with dolomite, showing reaction borders and possible ionic exchange." ] ] 11 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0060" "etiqueta" => "Figure 11" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr11.jpeg" "Alto" => 1576 "Ancho" => 1861 "Tamanyo" => 546471 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Optical microphotographs of metallic minerals in the pyroxenite: a-d) TM with abundant ilmenite (I) exsolutions and Fe spinel (Ep) homogeneously distributed." ] ] 12 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "tbl0005" "etiqueta" => "Table 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "tabla" => array:2 [ "leyenda" => "CARBONATITE:1, 2, 3 Euhedral magnetite. Site 14, 5 Massive magnesioferrite. Site 16, 7, 8 Magnetite and magnesioferrite surrounded by geikielite, also filling open spaces between these minerals.PIROXENITE JACUPIRANGA:9, 10, 11, 12 Massive titanomagnetite13 Titanomagnesioferrite exsolution in titanomagnetite14 Ilmenite emulsion type exsolutions in the titanomagnetite15, 16, 17 Geiquielite surrounding titanomagnetite and filling open spaces in this." "tablatextoimagen" => array:2 [ 0 => array:2 [ "tabla" => array:1 [ 0 => """ <table border="0" frame="\n \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="middle" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Oxides and ions \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="center" valign="middle" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">1 Magnetite \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="center" valign="middle" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">2 Magnetite \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="center" valign="middle" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">3 Magnetite \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="center" valign="middle" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">4 Magnesioferrite \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="center" valign="middle" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">5 Magnesioferrite \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="center" valign="middle" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">6 Geikielite \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="center" valign="middle" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">7 Geikielite \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="center" valign="middle" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">8 Geikielite \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="middle">Fe2O3 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">61.403 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">65.402 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">65.827 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">87.252 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">77.266 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">--- \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">--- \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">--- \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="middle">FeO \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">27.696 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">29.499 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">29.691 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">--- \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">--- \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">27.404 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">27.893 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">23.773 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="middle">TiO2 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">2.881 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">2.934 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">--- \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">1.163 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">1.656 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">54.997 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">55.373 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">58.228 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="middle">MnO \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">0.612 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">--- \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">0.012 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">--- \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">1.061 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">2.592 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">4.764 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">5.173 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="middle">MgO \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">3.829 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">1.731 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">1.452 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">8.367 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">9.926 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">9.039 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">7.349 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">8.043 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="middle">CaO \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">--- \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">0.024 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">---- \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">0.779 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">0.329 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">0.352 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">0.074 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">0.310 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="middle">Cr2 O3 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">--- \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">0.349 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">0.332 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">--- \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">--- \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">--- \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">1.417 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">--- \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="middle">NiO \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">0.636 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">--- \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">0.936 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">0.738 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">0.986 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">2.129 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">--- \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">1.451 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="middle">SiO2 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">0.459 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">--- \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">0.209 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">0.819 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">0.626 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">0.885 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">--- \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">0.379 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="middle">AI2 O3 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">--- \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">--- \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">0.186 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">0.734 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">1.933 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">--- \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">--- \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">--- \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="middle">Na2O \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">2.044 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">--- \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">0.073 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">0.327 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">3.897 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">--- \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">--- \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">0.705 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="middle">K2O \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">--- \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">--- \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">--- \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">--- \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">--- \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">--- \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">--- \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">--- \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="middle">∑ \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">99.56 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">99.939 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">98.718 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">100.179 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">97.680 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">97.398 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">96.870 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">98.062 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="middle">Fe+3 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">13.891 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">14.868 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">15.349 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">17.899 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">16.180 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">--- \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">--- \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">--- \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="middle">Fe+2 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">6.963 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">7.453 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">7.694 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">--- \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">--- \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">1.106 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">1.133 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">0.941 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="middle">Ti \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">0.651 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">0.667 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">--- \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">0.238 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">0.347 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">1.997 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">2.023 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">2.073 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="middle">Mn \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">0.156 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">--- \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">0.003 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">--- \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">0.250 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">0.106 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">0.196 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">0.207 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="middle">Mg \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">1.716 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">0.779 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">0.671 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">3.399 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">4.116 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">0.653 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">0.532 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">0.567 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="middle">Ca \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">--- \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">0.008 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">--- \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">0.227 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">0.098 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">0.018 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">0.004 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">0.016 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="middle">Cr \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">--- \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">0.083 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">0.081 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">--- \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">--- \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">--- \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">0.054 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">--- \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="middle">Ni \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">0.154 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">--- \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">0.233 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">0.162 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">0.221 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">0.083 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">--- \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">0.055 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="middle">Si \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">0.138 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">--- \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">0.065 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">0.223 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">0.174 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">0.226 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">--- \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">0.096 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="middle">Al \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">--- \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">--- \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">0.068 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">0.236 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">0.634 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">--- \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">--- \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">--- \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="middle">Na \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">1.191 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">--- \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">0.044 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">0.173 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">2.103 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">--- \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">--- \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">0.065 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="middle">K \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">--- \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">--- \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">--- \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">--- \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">--- \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">--- \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">--- \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">--- \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="middle">∑ \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">24.861 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">23.858 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">24.208 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">25.557 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">24.123 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">4.189 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">3.942 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">4.020 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table> """ ] "imagenFichero" => array:1 [ 0 => "xTab795026.png" ] ] 1 => array:2 [ "tabla" => array:1 [ 0 => """ <table border="0" frame="\n \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="middle" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Oxides and ions \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="center" valign="middle" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">9 Titanomagnetite \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="center" valign="middle" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">10 Tita nomagnetite \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="center" valign="middle" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">11 Tita nomagnetite \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="center" valign="middle" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">12 Tita nomagnetite \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="center" valign="middle" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">13 Titanomagnesioferrite \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="center" valign="middle" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">14 Ilmenite \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="center" valign="middle" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">15 Geikielite \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="center" valign="middle" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">16 Geikielite \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="middle">Fe2O3 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">52.018 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">54.403 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">53.229 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">54.797 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">72.253 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">--- \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">--- \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">--- \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="middle">FeO \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">23.462 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">24.583 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">24.009 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">23.916 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">--- \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">42.439 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">25.812 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">24.468 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="middle">TiO2 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">12.182 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">12.917 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">13.007 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">12.920 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">14.839 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">42.424 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">60.620 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">60.905 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="middle">MnO \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">1.626 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">1.127 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">0.486 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">0.885 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">0.695 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">0.252 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">0.366 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">1.288 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="middle">MgO \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">3.554 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">3.352 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">3.589 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">3.174 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">5.086 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">9.638 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">11.542 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">10.357 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="middle">CaO \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">--- \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">0.401 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">0.190 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">--- \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">0.426 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">0.374 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">0.034 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">0.618 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="middle">Cr2O3 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">0.489 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">0.447 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">0.491 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">0.241 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">--- \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">1.707 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">0.496 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">0.468 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="middle">NiO \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">0.680 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">--- \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">0.749 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">0.576 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">0.400 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">--- \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">--- \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">--- \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="middle">CoO \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">2.485 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">0.086 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">1.716 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">0.299 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">1.076 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">1.432 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">0.095 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">--- \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="middle">V2O3 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">--- \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">--- \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">0.425 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">0.023 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">--- \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">0.253 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">--- \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">0.576 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="middle">SiO2 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">0.395 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">--- \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">0.125 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">0.450 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">0.215 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">--- \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">--- \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">--- \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="middle">AI2O3 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">2.428 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">2.453 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">2.188 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">2.450 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">4.925 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">1.203 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">0.207 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">0.232 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="middle">Na2O \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">0.483 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">0.395 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">0.212 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">0.073 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">--- \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">0.280 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">0.714 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">0.184 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="middle">K2O \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">--- \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">--- \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">--- \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">--- \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">--- \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">--- \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">--- \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">--- \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="middle">∑ \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">99.802 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">100.164 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">100.416 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">99.804 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">99.915 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">100.002 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">99.886 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">99.096 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="middle">Fe+3 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">11.184 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">11.584 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">11.315 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">11.667 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">14.166 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">--- \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">--- \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">--- \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="middle">Fe+2 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">5.606 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">5.817 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">5.672 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">5.659 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">--- \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">1.770 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">0.981 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">0.935 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="middle">Ti \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">2.617 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">2.748 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">2.763 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">2.749 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">2.908 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">1.592 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">2.072 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">2.092 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="middle">Mn \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">0.393 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">0.270 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">0.116 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">0.212 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">0.153 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">0.010 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">0.014 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">0.049 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="middle">Mg \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">1.513 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">1.413 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">1.511 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">1.338 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">1.975 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">0.717 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">0.782 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">0.705 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="middle">Ca \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">--- \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">0.121 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">0.058 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">--- \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">0.118 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">0.020 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">0.002 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">0.030 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="middle">Cr \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">0.110 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">0.099 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">0.109 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">0.054 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">--- \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">0.067 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">0.018 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">0.017 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="middle">Ni \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">0.156 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">--- \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">0.170 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">0.131 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">0.084 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">--- \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">--- \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">--- \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="middle">Co \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">0.569 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">0.019 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">0.388 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">0.067 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">0.225 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">0.057 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">0.004 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">--- \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="middle">V \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">--- \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">--- \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">0.079 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">0.004 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">--- \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">0.008 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">--- \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">0'017 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="middle">Si \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">0.113 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">--- \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">0.035 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">0.127 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">0.056 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">--- \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">--- \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">--- \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="middle">Al \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">0.818 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">0.818 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">0.729 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">0.817 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">1.513 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">0.071 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">0.011 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">0.013 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="middle">Na \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">0.268 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">0.217 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">0.116 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">0.040 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">--- \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">0.070 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">0.063 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">0.016 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="middle">K \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">--- \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">--- \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">--- \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">--- \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">--- \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">--- \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">--- \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">--- \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="middle">∑ \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">23.347 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">23.106 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">23.061 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">22.865 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">21.198 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">4.382 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">3.947 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">3.857 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table> """ ] "imagenFichero" => array:1 [ 0 => "xTab795027.png" ] ] ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Mineral chemistry and structural formula of Fe oxides in pyroxenite." ] ] 13 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "tbl0010" "etiqueta" => "Table 2" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "tabla" => array:1 [ "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "tabla" => array:1 [ 0 => """ <table border="0" frame="\n \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="middle" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Sample \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="middle" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Mineral phase \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="middle">Pyroxenite Jacupiranga \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="middle">Magnetite: Fe3O4 [19-629]Magnesioferrite: MgFe2O4 [36-0396]Pyroxene group: diopside-hedenbergite: Ca(Mg, Fe)[Si2O6][11-654, 25-160]Apatite: CaF(Po4)3 [15-876]Maghemite: γ-Fe2O3 [4-0755]Hematite: α-Fe203 [89-0599] \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table> """ ] "imagenFichero" => array:1 [ 0 => "xTab795029.png" ] ] ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "XRD results." ] ] 14 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "tbl0015" "etiqueta" => "Table 3" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "tabla" => array:1 [ "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "tabla" => array:1 [ 0 => """ <table border="0" frame="\n \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head " align="center" valign="middle" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Sample \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="center" valign="middle" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Size (μm) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="center" valign="middle" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Weight (§) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="center" valign="middle" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">χif \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="center" valign="middle" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">χhf \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="center" valign="middle" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">χfd \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="center" valign="middle" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">χfd% \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">MC1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">26 ± 2 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">1.1090 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">1018.03 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">991.88 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">0.025 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">2.57 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">MC2 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">19 ± 1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">0.7464 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">1158.89 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">1134.78 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">0.020 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">2.08 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">MC3 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">13 ± 1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">0.5068 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">1213.49 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">1156.27 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">0.047 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">4.71 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">MC4 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">9 ± 1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">0.5397 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">1013.53 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">972.76 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">0.040 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">4.02 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">MC5 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">6 ± 1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">0.6125 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">1182.04 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">1067.76 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">0.096 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">9.66 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">MC6 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">6 ~ 0.1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">0.6169 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">650.52 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">584.05 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">0.102 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">10.22 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table> """ ] "imagenFichero" => array:1 [ 0 => "xTab795030.png" ] ] ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Frequency dependent parameters and χfd% of distinct magnetite grain size." ] ] 15 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "tbl0020" "etiqueta" => "Table 4" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "tabla" => array:2 [ "leyenda" => "W = weight" "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "tabla" => array:1 [ 0 => """ <table border="0" frame="\n \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head " align="center" valign="middle" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Sample \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="center" valign="middle" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Mr (μAm2) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="center" valign="middle" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Ms (μAm2) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="center" valign="middle" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Mr/Ms \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="center" valign="middle" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Hc (mT) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="center" valign="middle" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Hcr (mT) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="center" valign="middle" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Hcr/Hc \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="center" valign="middle" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">W (mg) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="center" valign="middle" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Ms/W (Am2/Kg) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">26± 2 μm \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">15.60 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">104.6 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">0.1491 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">14.66 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">26.16 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">1.784 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">6.8 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">15.382 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">19± 1 μm \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">19.37 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">120.5 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">0.1607 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">15.42 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">25.54 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">1.656 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">12.0 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">10.041 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">13± 1 μm \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">19.16 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">107.7 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">0.1780 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">16.82 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">27.36 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">1.626 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">7.9 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">13.632 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">9± 1 μm \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">18.32 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">94.36 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">0.1941 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">18.39 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">29.94 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">1.628 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">6.4 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">14.743 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">6± 1 μm \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">25.87 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">118.6 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">0.2181 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">21.02 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">33.99 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">1.617 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">6.3 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">18.825 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">6~0.1μm \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">21.43 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">72.80 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">0.2943 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">32.20 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">51.22 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">1.590 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">12.6 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">5.777 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table> """ ] "imagenFichero" => array:1 [ 0 => "xTab795028.png" ] ] ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Hysteresis parameters." ] ] ] "bibliografia" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Bibliography" "seccion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "bibs0005" "bibliografiaReferencia" => array:14 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0005" "etiqueta" => "Alva-Valdivia et al., 2009" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Rock magnetism and microscopy of the Jacupiranga alkaline-carbonatitic complex, southern Brazil" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:7 [ 0 => "Alva-Valdivia L.M." 1 => "Perrin M." 2 => "Rivas-Sánchez M.L." 3 => "Goguitchaichvili A." 4 => "Lopez-Loera H." 5 => "Ferreira Lopes O." 6 => "Bastos Bonás T." ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:5 [ "tituloSerie" => "Earth Planets Space" "fecha" => "2009" "volumen" => "61" "paginaInicial" => "161" "paginaFinal" => "171" ] ] ] ] ] ] 1 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0010" "etiqueta" => "Alva-Valdivia and López-Loera, 2011" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "A review of iron oxide transformations, rock magnetism and interpretation of magnetic anomalies: El Morro Mine (Brazil) a case study" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:2 [ 0 => "Alva-Valdivia L.M." 1 => "López-Loera H." ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:5 [ "tituloSerie" => "Geofísica Internacional" "fecha" => "2011" "volumen" => "50" "paginaInicial" => "341" "paginaFinal" => "362" ] ] ] ] ] ] 2 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0015" "etiqueta" => "Day et al., 1977" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Hysteresis properties of TMs: grain size and compositional dependence, Phys" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:3 [ 0 => "Day R." 1 => "Fuller M." 2 => "Schmidt V.A." ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:5 [ "tituloSerie" => "Earth Planet. Inter." "fecha" => "1977" "volumen" => "13" "paginaInicial" => "260" "paginaFinal" => "267" ] ] ] ] ] ] 3 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0020" "etiqueta" => "Dearing et al., 1996" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Frequency-dependent susceptibility measurements of environmental materials" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:7 [ 0 => "Dearing J.A." 1 => "Dann R.J.L." 2 => "Hay K." 3 => "Lees J.A." 4 => "Loveland P.J." 5 => "Maher B.A." 6 => "O’Grady" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:5 [ "tituloSerie" => "Geophys. J. Int." "fecha" => "1996" "volumen" => "124" "paginaInicial" => "228" "paginaFinal" => "240" ] ] ] ] ] ] 4 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0025" "etiqueta" => "Dunlop and Özdemir, 1997" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:2 [ 0 => "Dunlop D." 1 => "Özdemir O." ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Libro" => array:4 [ "titulo" => "Rock-Magnetism, fundamentals and frontiers" "fecha" => "1997" "paginaInicial" => "573" "editorial" => "Cambrige University Press" ] ] ] ] ] ] 5 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0030" "etiqueta" => "Feinberg et al, 2007" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "referenciaCompleta" => "Feinberg J.M., Harrison R.J., Kasama T., Simpson E.T., Dunin-Borkowski R.E., 2007, Electron Holography and Rock Magnetism: IRM Quarterly, 16, 4, p. 5." ] ] ] 6 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0035" "etiqueta" => "Harrison, 2007" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "The magnetic personality of minerals: from nano-scale microstructures to planetary-scale anomalies" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => "Harrison R.J." ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:5 [ "tituloSerie" => "Geol. Soc. Am. Denver Annual Meeting. Abstracts with Programs" "fecha" => "2007" "volumen" => "39" "numero" => "6" "paginaInicial" => "416" ] ] ] ] ] ] 7 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0040" "etiqueta" => "Hirt and Gehring, 1991" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Thermal Alteration of the Magnetic Mineralogy in Ferruginous Rocks" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:2 [ 0 => "Hirt A.M." 1 => "Gehring A.U." ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "J. Geophys. Res." "fecha" => "1991" "volumen" => "96" "numero" => "B6" "paginaInicial" => "9947" "paginaFinal" => "9953" ] ] ] ] ] ] 8 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0045" "etiqueta" => "Hochella, 2008" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Nanogeoscience: From origins to cutting edge applications" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => "Hochella M.F. Jr." ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:5 [ "tituloSerie" => "Elements" "fecha" => "2008" "volumen" => "4" "paginaInicial" => "373" "paginaFinal" => "378" ] ] ] ] ] ] 9 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0050" "etiqueta" => "Hochella et al., 2008" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Nanominerals, mineral nanoparticles, and Earth systems" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:7 [ 0 => "Hochella M.F. Jr." 1 => "Lower S.K." 2 => "Maurice P.A." 3 => "Penn R.L." 4 => "Sahai N." 5 => "Sparks D.L." 6 => "Twining B.S." ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1126/science.1141134" "Revista" => array:7 [ "tituloSerie" => "Science" "fecha" => "2008" "volumen" => "319" "numero" => "5870" "paginaInicial" => "1631" "paginaFinal" => "1635" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18356515" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 10 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0055" "etiqueta" => "McEnroe et al., 2004" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Magnetic anomalies, layered intrusions and Mars" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:6 [ 0 => "McEnroe S.A." 1 => "Skilbrei J.R." 2 => "Robinson P." 3 => "Heidel-bach F." 4 => "Lagenhorst F." 5 => "Brown L.L." ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:4 [ "tituloSerie" => "Geophys. Res. Let" "fecha" => "2004" "volumen" => "31" "paginaInicial" => "L19601" ] ] ] ] ] ] 11 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0060" "etiqueta" => "Rivas-Sánchez et al., 2009" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Natural magnetite nanoparticles from an iron-ore deposit: size dependence on magnetic properties" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:8 [ 0 => "Rivas-Sánchez M.L." 1 => "Alva-Valdivia L.M." 2 => "Arenas-Alatorre J." 3 => "Urrutia-Fucugauchi J." 4 => "Perrin M." 5 => "Goguitchaichvili A." 6 => "Ruiz-Sandoval M." 7 => "Ramos-Molina M.A." ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:5 [ "tituloSerie" => "Earth Planets Space" "fecha" => "2009" "volumen" => "61" "paginaInicial" => "151" "paginaFinal" => "160" ] ] ] ] ] ] 12 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0065" "etiqueta" => "Ruberti et al., 2000" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:3 [ 0 => "Ruberti E." 1 => "Gomes C.B." 2 => "Melchor G.C." ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Libro" => array:6 [ "titulo" => "The Jacupiranga Carbonatite Complex: geological and petrological aspects of the Jacupiranga alkaline-carbonatite association, southern Brazil, Post-Congress Field Trip Aft 08 Guidebook, International Geological Congress" "fecha" => "2000" "paginaInicial" => "1" "paginaFinal" => "21" "editorial" => "Rio de Janeiro" "editorialLocalizacion" => "Brazil" ] ] ] ] ] ] 13 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0070" "etiqueta" => "Tornos, 1997" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => "Tornos F." ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Libro" => array:5 [ "titulo" => "Procesos de alteracion y relleno hidrotermal sobre rocas silicoalumininicas, Atlas de asociaciones minerales en lamina delgada" "fecha" => "1997" "paginaInicial" => "249" "paginaFinal" => "271" "editorial" => "Universidad de Barcelona" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] "agradecimientos" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "identificador" => "xack161000" "titulo" => "Acknowledgments" "texto" => "We are grateful for the kind cooperation of the engineering staff of Planejamento de Lavra/ Geología, BUNGE Fertilizantes S/A Unidade Cajati. This research was funded by the CONACyT project No. 105194 and PAPIIT-UNAM project IN108711. We acknowledge to Dr. J. M. Yañez Limón and Dr. J. Trapaga from CINVESTAV for performance of Raman spectroscopy analyses, and C. Linares and M. Reyes for his great help in the EPMA study.<a name="p110"></a>" "vista" => "all" ] ] ] "idiomaDefecto" => "en" "url" => "/00167169/0000005200000002/v2_201505081345/S001671691371465X/v2_201505081345/en/main.assets" "Apartado" => array:4 [ "identificador" => "36047" "tipo" => "SECCION" "es" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Original paper" "idiomaDefecto" => true ] "idiomaDefecto" => "es" ] "PDF" => "https://static.elsevier.es/multimedia/00167169/0000005200000002/v2_201505081345/S001671691371465X/v2_201505081345/en/main.pdf?idApp=UINPBA00004N&text.app=https://www.elsevier.es/" "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S001671691371465X?idApp=UINPBA00004N"]

Statistics

Luis M. Alva-Valdivia

Corresponding author

lalva@geofisica.unam.mx

Corresponding author:

, María de la Luz Rivas-Sánchez

Laboratorio de Paleomagnetismo, Instituto de Geofísica, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, 04510, México DF, México

Jesús Arenas-Alatorre

Departamento de Materia Condensada, Instituto de Física, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, 04510, México DF, México

Avto Goguitchaishvili

Laboratorio Interinstitucional de Magnetismo Natural, Instituto de Geofísica, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Campus Morelia, Michoacán, México

Omar Ferreira Lopes

Universidade Federal do Paraná, Departamento de Geología, Jardim das Américas, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil

Read

3964

Times
was read the article

747

Total PDF

3217

Total HTML

Share statistics

 array:22 [
  "pii" => "S001671691371465X"
  "issn" => "00167169"
  "doi" => "10.1016/S0016-7169(13)71465-X"
  "estado" => "S300"
  "fechaPublicacion" => "2013-04-01"
  "aid" => "71465"
  "copyright" => "Universidad Nacional Aut&#243;noma de M&#233;xico"
  "copyrightAnyo" => "2013"
  "documento" => "article"
  "licencia" => "http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/"
  "subdocumento" => "fla"
  "cita" => "Geofisica Internacional. 2013;52:93-110"
  "abierto" => array:3 [
    "ES" => true
    "ES2" => true
    "LATM" => true
  ]
  "gratuito" => true
  "lecturas" => array:2 [
    "total" => 1614
    "formatos" => array:3 [
      "EPUB" => 38
      "HTML" => 1224
      "PDF" => 352
    ]
  ]
  "itemSiguiente" => array:18 [
    "pii" => "S0016716913714661"
    "issn" => "00167169"
    "doi" => "10.1016/S0016-7169(13)71466-1"
    "estado" => "S300"
    "fechaPublicacion" => "2013-04-01"
    "aid" => "71466"
    "copyright" => "Universidad Nacional Aut&#243;noma de M&#233;xico"
    "documento" => "article"
    "licencia" => "http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/"
    "subdocumento" => "fla"
    "cita" => "Geofisica Internacional. 2013;52:111-20"
    "abierto" => array:3 [
      "ES" => true
      "ES2" => true
      "LATM" => true
    ]
    "gratuito" => true
    "lecturas" => array:2 [
      "total" => 842
      "formatos" => array:3 [
        "EPUB" => 23
        "HTML" => 562
        "PDF" => 257
      ]
    ]
    "en" => array:11 [
      "idiomaDefecto" => true
      "titulo" => "Geostatistical simulation of spatial variability of convective storms in Mexico City Valley"
      "tienePdf" => "en"
      "tieneTextoCompleto" => "en"
      "tieneResumen" => array:2 [
        0 => "es"
        1 => "en"
      ]
      "paginas" => array:1 [
        0 => array:2 [
          "paginaInicial" => "111"
          "paginaFinal" => "120"
        ]
      ]
      "contieneResumen" => array:2 [
        "es" => true
        "en" => true
      ]
      "contieneTextoCompleto" => array:1 [
        "en" => true
      ]
      "contienePdf" => array:1 [
        "en" => true
      ]
      "resumenGrafico" => array:2 [
        "original" => 0
        "multimedia" => array:7 [
          "identificador" => "fig0025"
          "etiqueta" => "Figure 5"
          "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA"
          "mostrarFloat" => true
          "mostrarDisplay" => false
          "figura" => array:1 [
            0 => array:4 [
              "imagen" => "gr5.jpeg"
              "Alto" => 1155
              "Ancho" => 964
              "Tamanyo" => 113843
            ]
          ]
          "descripcion" => array:1 [
            "en" => "<p id="spar0060" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Simulation of one hour accumulated rainfall in millimeters for storm 1&#46;</p>"
          ]
        ]
      ]
      "autores" => array:3 [
        0 => array:2 [
          "autoresLista" => "Javier M&#233;ndez-Venegas, Graciela S&#46; Herrera"
          "autores" => array:2 [
            0 => array:2 [
              "nombre" => "Javier"
              "apellidos" => "M&#233;ndez-Venegas"
            ]
            1 => array:2 [
              "nombre" => "Graciela S&#46;"
              "apellidos" => "Herrera"
            ]
          ]
        ]
        1 => array:2 [
          "autoresLista" => "Mart&#237;n A&#46; D&#237;az-Viera"
          "autores" => array:1 [
            0 => array:2 [
              "nombre" => "Mart&#237;n A&#46;"
              "apellidos" => "D&#237;az-Viera"
            ]
          ]
        ]
        2 => array:2 [
          "autoresLista" => "Arturo Vald&#233;s-Manzanilla"
          "autores" => array:1 [
            0 => array:2 [
              "nombre" => "Arturo"
              "apellidos" => "Vald&#233;s-Manzanilla"
            ]
          ]
        ]
      ]
    ]
    "idiomaDefecto" => "en"
    "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S0016716913714661?idApp=UINPBA00004N"
    "url" => "/00167169/0000005200000002/v2_201505081345/S0016716913714661/v2_201505081345/en/main.assets"
  ]
  "en" => array:18 [
    "idiomaDefecto" => true
    "titulo" => "Microscopy and rock magnetism of fine grain-size titanomagnetite from the Jacupiranga Alkaline Complex&#44; Brazil&#58; unearthing Ti-magnesioferrite nanoparticles"
    "tieneTextoCompleto" => true
    "paginas" => array:1 [
      0 => array:2 [
        "paginaInicial" => "93"
        "paginaFinal" => "110"
      ]
    ]
    "autores" => array:4 [
      0 => array:4 [
        "autoresLista" => "Luis M&#46; Alva-Valdivia, Mar&#237;a de la Luz Rivas-S&#225;nchez"
        "autores" => array:2 [
          0 => array:4 [
            "nombre" => "Luis M&#46;"
            "apellidos" => "Alva-Valdivia"
            "email" => array:1 [
              0 => "lalva&#64;geofisica&#46;unam&#46;mx"
            ]
            "referencia" => array:1 [
              0 => array:2 [
                "etiqueta" => "&#42;"
                "identificador" => "cor0005"
              ]
            ]
          ]
          1 => array:2 [
            "nombre" => "Mar&#237;a de la Luz"
            "apellidos" => "Rivas-S&#225;nchez"
          ]
        ]
        "afiliaciones" => array:1 [
          0 => array:2 [
            "entidad" => "Laboratorio de Paleomagnetismo&#44; Instituto de Geof&#237;sica&#44; Universidad Nacional Aut&#243;noma de M&#233;xico&#44; Ciudad Universitaria&#44; 04510&#44; M&#233;xico DF&#44; M&#233;xico"
            "identificador" => "aff0005"
          ]
        ]
        "correspondencia" => array:1 [
          0 => array:3 [
            "identificador" => "cor0005"
            "etiqueta" => "&#42;"
            "correspondencia" => "Corresponding author&#58;"
          ]
        ]
      ]
      1 => array:3 [
        "autoresLista" => "Jes&#250;s Arenas-Alatorre"
        "autores" => array:1 [
          0 => array:2 [
            "nombre" => "Jes&#250;s"
            "apellidos" => "Arenas-Alatorre"
          ]
        ]
        "afiliaciones" => array:1 [
          0 => array:2 [
            "entidad" => "Departamento de Materia Condensada&#44; Instituto de F&#237;sica&#44; Universidad Nacional Aut&#243;noma de M&#233;xico&#44; Ciudad Universitaria&#44; 04510&#44; M&#233;xico DF&#44; M&#233;xico"
            "identificador" => "aff0010"
          ]
        ]
      ]
      2 => array:3 [
        "autoresLista" => "Avto Goguitchaishvili"
        "autores" => array:1 [
          0 => array:2 [
            "nombre" => "Avto"
            "apellidos" => "Goguitchaishvili"
          ]
        ]
        "afiliaciones" => array:1 [
          0 => array:2 [
            "entidad" => "Laboratorio Interinstitucional de Magnetismo Natural&#44; Instituto de Geof&#237;sica&#44; Universidad Nacional Aut&#243;noma de M&#233;xico&#44; Campus Morelia&#44; Michoac&#225;n&#44; M&#233;xico"
            "identificador" => "aff0015"
          ]
        ]
      ]
      3 => array:3 [
        "autoresLista" => "Omar Ferreira Lopes"
        "autores" => array:1 [
          0 => array:2 [
            "nombre" => "Omar"
            "apellidos" => "Ferreira Lopes"
          ]
        ]
        "afiliaciones" => array:1 [
          0 => array:2 [
            "entidad" => "Universidade Federal do Paran&#225;&#44; Departamento de Geolog&#237;a&#44; Jardim das Am&#233;ricas&#44; Curitiba&#44; Paran&#225;&#44; Brazil"
            "identificador" => "aff0020"
          ]
        ]
      ]
    ]
    "resumenGrafico" => array:2 [
      "original" => 0
      "multimedia" => array:7 [
        "identificador" => "fig0045"
        "etiqueta" => "Figure 8"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA"
        "mostrarFloat" => true
        "mostrarDisplay" => false
        "figura" => array:2 [
          0 => array:1 [
            "imagen" => "gr8a.jpeg"
          ]
          1 => array:1 [
            "imagen" => "gr8b.jpeg"
          ]
        ]
        "descripcion" => array:1 [
          "en" => "<p id="spar0130" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Hysteresis loops with paramagnetic correction for typical samples&#46; Samples correspond to TM and TMf particles of distinct size ranges&#46; Inset show isothermal remanent magnetization curves&#46;</p>"
        ]
      ]
    ]
    "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0025"><a name="p94"></a>Introduction</span><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The ubiquity of tiny particles of minerals -mineral nanoparticles- in mineral deposits&#44; oceans and rivers&#44; atmosphere and soils are providing scientists with new ways of understanding Earth&#8217;s processes&#46; Our planet&#8217;s physical&#44; chemical&#44; and biological processes are influenced or driven by the properties of these minerals&#46; The way in which these infinitesimally small minerals influence Earth&#8217;s systems is more complex than previously thought &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0050">Hochella <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">et al</span>&#46;&#44; 2008</a>&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Minerals have an enormous range of physical and chemical properties due to a wide range of composition and structure&#44; including particle size&#46; Nanominerals&#44; however&#44; have one critical difference&#58; a range of physical and chemical properties&#44; depending on their size and shape&#46; This difference changes our view of the diversity and complexity of minerals&#44; and how they influence Earth systems &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0045">Hochella&#44; 2008</a>&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Nanoscale structures are critical in determining the magnetic properties of minerals&#46; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0035">Harrison &#40;2007&#41;</a> describes that the fundamental importance of magnetism at this length scale has been overlooked in the past&#44; leaving a number of long-standing paleomagnetic and rock-magnetic observations that could not be explained &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0030">Feinberg <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">et al</span>&#46;&#44; 2007</a>&#41;&#46; Examples include the origin of strong and stable magnetic anomalies on Mars and the phenomenon of self-reversed thermoremanent magnetization &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0055">McEnroe <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">et al</span>&#46;&#44; 2004</a>&#41;&#46; This gap in understanding arose because the technology required to study mineral magnetism with nanometer resolution had not been developed&#46; We have now begun to establish quantitative links between the nanoscale structure of natural magnetic minerals and their macroscopic magnetic properties &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0035">Harrison&#44; 2007</a>&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">For this study&#44; we used the paleomagnetic samples from eight sites of the Jacupiranga alkaline-carbonatitic complex&#44; Cajati mine&#44; located at the southeastern region of Brazil &#40;48&#176;09&#8242;W&#44; 24&#176;41&#8242;S&#41;&#46; The carbonatite belongs to the Jacupiranga Ultramafic Alkaline Complex of Early Cretaceous age &#40;131 Ma&#44; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0065">Ruberti <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">et al</span>&#46;&#44; 2000</a>&#41;&#46; This Complex has an oval shape in a regional map showing Brazil and the study area &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Figure 1</a>&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">One of its silicate rocks is widely known as &#8220;jacupirangite&#8221;&#46; Among carbonatitic phases&#44; there are different compositions &#40;calciocarbonatites to magnesiumcarbonatites&#41; forming independent plugs&#44; dykes and dyke swarms&#46; The main mineralized geological setting can be recognized as formed by carbonatitic portions &#40;both of calcic and dolomitic composition&#41; separated by specific features as well as other lithological ore types&#44; like minor portions of phoscoritic composition&#46;</p><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The aim of this study is to report the unearthing of TMf nanoparticles embedded in TM &#40;finest magnetic concentrate&#41; by crystallographic analysis of nanostructures using high-resolution TEM&#44; and to determine the effect on the rock magnetic properties of its grain-size&#44; and its influence on the origin and deposition environment&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0030">Experimental methods and sample description</span><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The eight paleomagnetic rock sampled sites &#40;described in detail by <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0005">Alva-Valdivia <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">et al</span>&#46;&#44; 2009</a>&#41; are as follows&#58; Site 1&#44; coarse grain carbonatite&#59;<a name="p95"></a> Site 2&#44; medium grain carbonatite&#59; Site 3&#44; fine grain carbonatite&#59; Site 4&#44; 5 and 6&#44; pyroxenite Jacu-piranga&#59; Site 7&#44; carbonatite- pyroxenite contact&#59; and Site 8&#44; granodiorite intrusive&#46;</p><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">We select one paleomagnetic standard rock specimen &#40;1&#8221; diameter and 2&#46;2 cm long&#41; from each pyroxenite site &#40;4 to 7&#41;&#46; Then all of the four samples were crushed together and put in a magnetic separator to get a magnetic concentrate of different grain-size fractions using the &#8220;hydro-cycle method&#8221; &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0060">Rivas-S&#225;nchez <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">et al</span>&#46;&#44; 2009</a> describe in detail the equipment and crushing processes&#41;&#46; Each specific size fraction was prepared with an average variation around one micron&#46; Granulometric fractions are&#58; MC<span class="elsevierStyleInf">1</span> &#40;26 &#177; 2 urn&#41;&#59; MC<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> &#40;19 &#177; 1 &#956;m&#41;&#59; MC<span class="elsevierStyleInf">3</span> &#40;13 &#177; <span class="elsevierStyleUnderline">1</span> &#956;m&#41;&#59; MC<span class="elsevierStyleInf">4</span> &#40;9 &#177; 1 &#956;m&#41;&#59; MC<span class="elsevierStyleInf">5</span> &#40;6 &#177; 1 &#956;m&#41;&#59; and MC<span class="elsevierStyleInf">6</span> &#40;6 ~ 0&#46;1 &#956;m&#41;&#46; These size fractions and the sample containing TMf nanoparticles &#40;MC<span class="elsevierStyleInf">6</span>&#41; were characterized according to their crystalline&#44; physicochemical and magnetic properties&#46;<a name="p96"></a></p><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Transmitted and reflected light microscopy study was done with a Leica DM-LP model&#59; for X-ray diffraction &#40;XRD&#41; we used a Geiger-Flex model Rigaku difractometer&#44; setting in an aluminum sample-holder of a non-oriented fraction&#44; in the angular interval 26 of 4&#176; to 80&#176; at two distinct velocities &#40;1&#47;2&#176; by minute and 1<span class="elsevierStyleSup">o</span> by minute&#41;&#59; electron probe X-ray micro-analyzer &#40;EPMA&#41; JEOL&#44; JXA 8900-R for multi-elemental analyses via WDS&#59; Raman spectrometry was achieved by using a source of monochromatic infrared laser irradiation &#40;dispersed radiation by molecules at a fixed angle was registered&#41;&#59; and high-resolution TEM with a JEOL 2010 FEG FASTEM&#46;</p><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Magnetic susceptibility at varying frequencies was measured by using a Bartington Instruments MS2 linked to a MS2B dual frequency sensor&#46; We used low frequency &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#967;<span class="elsevierStyleInf">lf</span> &#61;</span> 470 Hz&#41; and high frequency &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#967;<span class="elsevierStyleInf">hf</span></span>&#61; 4700 Hz&#41; to detect qualitatively the presence of ultrafine grain size carriers of superparamagnetic &#40;SP&#41; behavior&#46; The magnetic susceptibility as a function of temperature was determined by means of a Bartington MS2 susceptibilimeter&#44; with a MS2W sensor coupled to a MS2WFP furnace&#46; To measure the hysteresis parameters and isothermal remanent magnetization &#40;IRM&#41; acquisition and backfield demagnetization curves&#44; we used an alternating field-force gradient magnetometer&#44; Micromag 2900&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0035">Results</span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0040">Mineralogy and microscope analyses Optical Microscopy</span><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0005">Alva-Valdivia <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">et al</span>&#46; &#40;2009&#41;</a> report petrography of the rock units&#44; which have been studied again in order to look for details in the oxide minerals &#40;Fe and Fe-Ti&#41; and choose micro-areas with high probability of nanoparticle mineral occurrence&#46;</p><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">At least one polished section from each site was studied by optical microscopy and EPMA in order to determine the composition and mineral textural relationships&#44; which was later verified by XRD and Raman spectroscopy&#44; as follows&#58;<ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0005"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0005"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">1&#41;</span><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Carbonatites show an alotriomorphic granular mosaic of grain size ranging from 300 to 7&#44;000 &#956;m&#44; formed mainly by non-metallic minerals of the carbonate group&#44; as&#58; calcite&#44; dolomite and aragonite&#44; all associated to apatite with minor amount of olivine &#40;forsterite&#41;&#44; phlogopite&#44; pectolite&#44; zircon and zirkelite&#46; The metallic minerals are present in minor proportion and correspond to&#58; magnetite&#44; titanomagnesioferrite&#44; scarce geikielite and sulfides &#40;pyrite&#44; pyrrothite and marcasite&#41;&#44; filling open spaces between the primary minerals&#46;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0010"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">2&#41;</span><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The pyroxenites have coarse-granular grain texture &#40;220 to 1000 &#956;m&#41;&#44; composed mainly by non-metallic minerals&#58; hedenbergite&#44; diopside&#44; and less apatite&#44; Fe-Mg spinel and scarce quartz&#46; The metallic minerals are&#58; titanomagnetite&#44; ilmenite&#44; magnesioferrite&#44; titanomaghemite &#40;TMg&#41; and titanohematite &#40;TH&#41;&#44; in minor proportion&#46; These metallic minerals are filling open spaces in the host rock&#46; Massive TM range in grain size from 380 &#956;m to 6000 &#956;m&#44; with approximately 12&#37; of Ti content slightly altered to TH&#44; observed with graphic and lamellar intergrowths of ilmenite and ferrian spinel in a trellis type texture &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Figure 2</a>&#41;&#46;<a name="p97"></a></p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0010"></elsevierMultimedia></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0015"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">3&#41;</span><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0005">Alva-Valdivia <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">et al</span>&#46; &#40;2009&#41;</a> confirmed the effect of hydrothermal processes in both rock types&#44; as indicated by the next factors&#58; a&#41; In the carbonatite&#44; the magnetite is massive and because of their relationship with rock forming mineral&#44; suggests post-crystallization in relation to these minerals maybe during the latest phase of magmatic differentiation &#40;possibly a high-temperature hydrothermal phase&#41;&#59; b&#41; In the pyroxenite&#44; the TM form an altered metasomatic texture with pyroxene grains&#44; suggesting the effect of hydrothermal processes of primary mineralization produced by the intrusive rock&#46; They also report the presence of ionic exchange&#44; Fe<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2&#43;</span> by Mg in the mineralization of both rock types&#46; In the carbonatite&#44; they did not distinguish Ti in the selected micro-zones of magnetite and magnesioferrite&#44; contrasting with the pyroxenite samples that show up to 10&#37; of Ti in both titanomagnetite and magnesioferrite&#46;</p></li></ul></p><p id="par0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Summarizing&#44; the petrographic characterization of the Jacupiranga complex&#44; define two rock hosts type&#58; carbonatite and pyroxenite&#46; In these both rock types&#44; Fe oxide minerals &#40;magnetite and TM&#44; respectively&#41; are affected in its crystalline structure by partial substitution of Fe<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#43;2</span> by Mg&#44; with formation to magnesioferrite&#46; Being conspicuous the Ti enrichment of oxide mineral &#40;Fe and Fe-Mg&#41; of the pyroxenite&#46; Optical microscopy shows a non-usual roughly texture of the TM with abundant ilmenite emulsion-type exsolution&#44; magnesioferrite and Fe-spinel slightly detected at high amplification&#46; Most of the exsolution measured are below 0&#46;1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#956;m&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0045">Mineral chemistry</span><p id="par0085" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a> show results of mineral chemistry and structural formula of oxide minerals &#40;Fe and Fe-Ti&#41; identified in the carbonatite and pyroxenite&#46; The quantitative chemical analyses were done by EPMA&#46; In the carbonatite&#44; the oxide minerals correspond to magnetite and magnesioferrite&#46; In the pyroxenite&#44; oxides show particular chemical characteristics in its structural formula&#44; being conspicuous the Ti0<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> presence&#46; We named TM and TMf&#44; with a structural formula of Ti content up to 12 and 14&#37;&#44; respectively&#46; The Fe-Ti oxide corresponds to ilmenite&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0090" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In both rock types &#40;carbonatite and pyroxenite&#41;&#44; the oxide minerals are replaced by geikielite&#44; and partial ion substitution of Fe<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#43;2</span> by Mg was observed&#44; while geikielite is enriched in Fe&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0050">X-ray diffraction &#40;XRD&#41;</span><p id="par0095" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">To verify the occurrence of magnesioferrite&#44; maghemite and hematite in the pyroxenite and ultramafic rocks&#44; we used XRD&#44; these minerals have an important amount of Ti&#44; which was confirmed by the multielemental analyses of EPMA results via WDS&#46; Because of the Ti presence&#44; we add the prefix &#8216;titano&#8217; to the minerals&#44; changing toTMf&#44; TMg and TH&#46;</p><p id="par0100" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A mineralogical characterization by XRD analyses was done in an original natural sample &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">Table 2</a>&#41; that confirmed the magnesioferrite&#44; maghemite and hematite presence&#46; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0015">Figure 3a</a>&#44; and <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0020">3b</a> shows well-defined peaks in the XRD spectra&#46;<a name="p98"></a><a name="p99"></a> Also&#44; we got the mineral chemistry composition of the iron oxides identified in the carbonatite and pyroxenite host rocks&#44; respectively&#44; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a>&#40;1-5 and 9 - 13&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0010"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0015"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0020"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0055">Raman spectroscopy</span><p id="par0105" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">We studied six samples of sites MC<span class="elsevierStyleInf">4</span> and MC<span class="elsevierStyleInf">5</span> corresponding to the ultramafic rocks &#40;pyroxenite&#41;&#46; Fine to ultrafine size of ilmenite disseminated in TM was identified by optical microscopy&#44; showing exsolution emulsion-type shape&#46; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0025">Figure 4</a> shows some Raman spectra examples of ilmenite from the Jacupiranga pyroxenite&#46; These spectra show three distinctive peaks &#40;ilmenite Raman&#41;&#44; which appear at 220&#44; 398 and 680 cm<span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span>&#44; confirming that ilmenite is certainly present in this rock&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0025"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0110" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Raman spectra of selected regions of TM are shown in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0030">Figure 5</a>&#46; Magnetite is clearly identified by three peaks slightly moved regarding their wavenumber &#40;cm<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#8722;1</span>&#41; due to the Ti presence&#46; This spectra support the presence of TM with a content of TiO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> up to 12&#37;&#46; We show the first TM Raman analysis&#44; which allowed to establish their structural characteristics and assert their classification &#40;chemical composition was determined by WDS&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0030"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0060">High resolution TEM</span><p id="par0115" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">TMf nanoparticles and likely ilmenite nanoparticles were identified in samples corresponding to the ultrabasic &#40;pyroxenite&#41; rocks&#46; Nanoparticles are 5 to 10 nm size&#46;</p><p id="par0120" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The crystallographic analysis of TMf structures was made with the purpose to determine the structural characteristics and assert its classification&#46; We obtained &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0035">Figure 6</a>&#41; dark and clear &#40;bottom&#41; field high resolution and Fast Fourier Transform &#40;FFT&#41; &#40;upper right&#41; images by using the high resolution TEM&#46; Each mineral nanostructure was crystallographically studied&#44; measuring interplanar distances and getting their diffraction patterns&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0035"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0125" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">TMf of nanometer scale was identified oriented along the edge &#91;1 1 2&#93; with interplanar distances d<span class="elsevierStyleInf">1</span> &#61; 2&#46;98 &#197;&#44; d<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> &#61; 1&#46;48 &#197; that correspond to the planes &#40;220&#41; and &#40;311&#41;&#44; respectively &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0035">Figure 6</a>&#41;&#46;<a name="p100"></a></p><p id="par0130" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The possible ilmenite is oriented along the edge &#91;1 0 4&#93; with interplanar distances d<span class="elsevierStyleInf">1</span> &#61; 2&#46;72 &#197;&#44; d<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> &#61; 2&#46;52 &#197; that correspond to the planes &#40;104&#41; and &#40;110&#41;&#44; respectively&#44; unfortunately was not possible to get a clear image of this mineral&#46;</p></span></span><span id="sec0045" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0065">Rock and mineral magnetic properties of the pyroxenite</span><span id="sec0050" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0070">Frequency-dependent magnetic susceptibility percentage &#40;&#967;<span class="elsevierStyleInf">fd&#37;</span>&#41;&#46;</span><p id="par0135" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">We used a very small amount of natural material &#40;magnetic concentrate&#41; in order to avoid saturation of equipment and to reach better uniformity of the sample during the measurement&#46; Carbonatites were not used for this experiment because they did not show any evidence &#40;optical microscopy&#41; of nanoparticles presence&#46; The selected-analyzed samples by this technique correspond to TM and TMf with size range from 26 &#956;m up to 0&#46;1 urn &#40;MC<span class="elsevierStyleInf">i&#59;</span> MC<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>&#44; MC<span class="elsevierStyleInf">3</span>&#44; MC<span class="elsevierStyleInf">4</span>&#44; MC<span class="elsevierStyleInf">5</span> and MC<span class="elsevierStyleInf">6</span>&#41; &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0015">Table 3</a>&#41;&#46; We used the model proposed by <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0020">Dearing <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">et al</span>&#46; &#40;1996&#41;</a> using theoretical predictions and data from synthetic grains and environmental samples&#44; to suggest an interpretation of our results of frequency-dependent magnetic susceptibility&#58; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#967;<span class="elsevierStyleInf">fd&#37;</span></span> &#60; 5 in TM samples of 0&#46;2 to 7 &#956;m grain size are attributed to grains formed by the union of &#40;assemblages&#41; extremely fine particles &#40;&#60; 5 nm&#41;&#44; together with the mineral concentration and grain size distribution&#59; TM grain size of 0&#46;1 &#956;m to 26 &#956;m range were identified with abundant inclusions of TMf nanoparticles&#59; the fraction between 9 and 26 &#956;m report low values of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#967;<span class="elsevierStyleInf">fd&#37;</span> &#60;</span> 5 attributed to the micro-nanometer textural association that mask the SP signal&#59; finally&#44; we obtained high values of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#967;<span class="elsevierStyleInf">fd&#37;</span></span> &#40;9&#46;6 and 10&#46;2&#41; for the fractions ranging from 0&#46;1 to 6 &#956;m&#44; respectively &#40;samples MC5 and MC6&#44; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0015">Table 3</a>&#41;&#44; which suggests an important proportion of extremely fine particles &#40;&#60; 5 nm&#41; of SP behavior&#46;<a name="p101"></a></p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0015"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0140" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0060">Rivas-S&#225;nchez <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">et al</span>&#46; &#40;2009&#41;</a> reported similar values for samples with abundant magnetite nanoparticles included in berthierine&#58; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#967;<span class="elsevierStyleInf">fd&#37;</span> &#61;</span> 3&#46;4&#37; in a magnetite sample constituted by 0&#46;2 to 7 &#956;m sizes&#44; which are magnetite nanoparticles aggregates in a berthierine matrix&#46; Corresponding M&#246;ssbauer spectroscopy for these samples indicate a 45&#46;2&#37; of SP particles&#44; 44&#46;8&#37; for the ferromagnetic fraction&#44; and a 10&#37; of a paramagnetic fraction&#44; of the total grain content&#46; By association&#44; these results support our conclusion about the SP dominant proportion grains in the sample of this study&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0055" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0075">Magnetic susceptibility versus high temperature</span><p id="par0145" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Susceptibility vs&#46; high temperature &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">k-T&#41;</span> experiments were carried out on the same samples described in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0015">Table 3</a>&#46; These magnetic concentrates &#40;corresponding to TM with abundant ilmenite and TMf emulsion-type exsolutions&#41; included samples<a name="p102"></a><a name="p103"></a> in a size spectra from 45 to 9 &#956;m show typical TM heating curves &#40;soft Hopkinson peak and Curie temperature &#62;550 &#176;C&#41; with slightly lower values on the cooling curves&#44; effect of oxidation or partial transformation of TM to TMg &#40;due to large amount of ilmenite and TMf exsolutions less than 1 &#956;m size and inclusive at nanometer level&#41;&#46; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0025">Dunlop and &#214;zdemir &#40;1997&#41;</a> describe that the multi-domain &#40;MD&#41; grains have a very soft Hopkinson peak&#44; in comparison with those of single-domain &#40;SD&#41; grains&#46; Accordingly&#44; these curve types are typical for MD and SD grain sizes&#44; considering that MD are &#62; 2&#46;0 &#956;m and SD between 0&#46;03 to 0&#46;1 &#956;m &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0040">Figure 7</a>&#41;&#46; Typical curves for minor grain size less than 6 &#956;m &#40;sample MC<span class="elsevierStyleInf">6</span>&#41; shows a Hopkinson peak more conspicuous&#44; related to a major content of &#60; 1 &#956;m particle size&#46; In general&#44; all curves show a delay during the oxidation from TM and TMf by temperature effect&#44; with Curie temperatures higher that expected&#44; 550 &#176;C&#44; the cooling curves are always lower than heating ones but the last two experiments&#44; &#60; 35 nm&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0040"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0150" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">According to data presented in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">Table 2</a>&#44; magnesioferrite should be detectable in the <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">k-T</span> curves&#44; which is not supported by the magnetic data because of the simple reason that our samples are magnetic TM concentrates&#46; So&#44; the least amount of magnetic minerals in these experiments obscures &#40;mask&#41; the possible response of the magnesioferrite&#46;</p><p id="par0155" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Finally&#44; two magnetic susceptibility versus temperature experiments of the same &#40;&#60; 35 nm&#41; sample show that the repeatability during the second heating is probably due to the formation of new TMf nanoparticles and growth of those already present during the first heating process&#46; Comparable results were reported by <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0060">Rivas-S&#225;nchez <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">et al</span>&#46; &#40;2009&#41;</a>&#58; 1&#41; magnetite nanoparticles showed major resistance to heating&#59; 2&#41; formation of new magnetite nanoparticles&#59; and 3&#41; growing of those nanoparticles already present&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0060" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0080">Hysteresis properties and isothermal remanent magnetization &#40;IRM&#41;</span><p id="par0160" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Hysteresis loop experiments obtained at room temperature at magnetic field strengths up to 1&#46;5 T for the samples containing TM and magnesioferrite microparticles and range sizes described in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0015">Table 3</a> are shown in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0045">Figure 8</a>&#46; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0020">Table 4</a> shows a summary of the hysteresis parameters&#46; The saturation remanent magnetization &#40;Mrs&#41;&#44; the saturation magnetization &#40;Ms&#41;&#44; and coercive force &#40;Bc&#41; were calculated after correction for the paramagnetic contribution&#46; The coercivity of remanence &#40;Bcr&#41; was determined by applying progressively increasing backfield after saturation&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0045"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0020"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0165" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The general behavior of the hysteresis shaped loops like a ramp very close to the origin suggest TM&#44; which is supported by the microscopic observations already described&#46; These interpretations confirm the information coming from magnetic susceptibility experiments acquired with distinct frequencies that report high values of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#967;<span class="elsevierStyleInf">fd</span>&#37;</span> for samples of particle size between 6 &#956;m to 6-0&#46;1 &#956;m attributed to a dominant proportion of SP particles&#46; It is remarkable that coercivity &#40;Bc&#41;&#44; in general&#44; increase as the grain size decrease&#58; from 26 &#956;m&#44; Bc&#61; 14&#46;6&#95;mTup to Bc&#61; 32&#46;2 mT for sample size ranging from 6 to 0&#46;1 &#956;m&#46; The Bcr&#47;Bc ratio ranges from 1&#46;784 to 1&#46;590 and Mrs&#47;Ms varies between 0&#46;1491 and 0&#46;2943 &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0020">Table 4</a>&#41;&#46; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0060">Rivas-S&#225;nchez <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">et al</span>&#46; &#40;2009&#41;</a> obtained similar results by using agglomerates of magnetite nanostructures classified in micrometer sizes&#46;</p><p id="par0170" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The hysteresis parameter plot indicates that all values fall in the PSD region &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0050">Figure 9</a>&#41;&#46; Day diagram &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0015">Day <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">et al</span>&#46;&#44; 1977</a>&#41; shows a clear migration of the magnetization and coercivity ratios from PSD to SD&#44; as grain size decreases&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0050"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0175" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Typical IRM acquisition curves for the TM - TMf of the same samples are shown in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0045">Figure 8</a> &#40;inset&#41;&#46;<a name="p104"></a><a name="p105"></a> Major size samples show a rapid increase of the magnetization at low magnetic field and as the grain size decreases&#44; a slightly larger magnetic field is required to get the saturation&#46; The values to get this saturation are as follows&#58; samples with sizes from 26 to 19 &#956;m need 188 mT&#59; samples ranging in size from 13 to 9 &#956;m need 221 mT&#59; and finally&#44; samples with sizes lower than 6 &#956;m require a magnetic field of 249 mT&#46; All samples hold an important amount of SP particles&#46; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0060">Rivas-S&#225;nchez <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">et al</span>&#46; &#40;2009&#41;</a>&#44; conclude that the behaviour of magnetic properties is attributed to their atomic packing&#44; textural arrangement&#44; grains size&#44; and that magnetite nanoparticle agglomeration requires that its magnetic domains display a distinctive behaviour in which SP properties and a major coercitive force require a major magnetic field intensity to reach saturation field&#46;</p></span></span><span id="sec0065" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0085">Petrogenesis and metallogenesis</span><p id="par0180" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0005">Alva-Valdivia <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">et al</span>&#46; &#40;2009&#41;</a> and <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0010">Alva-Valdivia and L&#243;pez-Loera &#40;2011&#41;</a> reported mineralogical and physical-chemical properties &#40;host rocks and magnetic minerals&#41;&#46; In this work&#44; we did detailed observations of oxide minerals&#44; their alteration minerals&#44; mineralogical associations and textural relationships&#44; which allow us to establish the paragenetic sequence of ultramafic rocks&#58; a&#41; In the carbonatite this is magnetite - magnesioferrite - geikielite&#59; and b&#41; In the pyroxenite this is TM - ilmenite - TMf - TMg - geikielite - TH&#46; It is significant in this last sequence the roughly felted texture of the TM and its relation with micro- and nanometric scale TMf and ilmenite&#44; which later were confirmed by high-resolution TEM observations&#46;<a name="p106"></a></p><p id="par0185" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The paragenetic sequence of the magnetic minerals in carbonatite and pyroxenite are distinctive of the magmatic and hydrothermal conditions during their formation&#44; which is controlled by its crystallization-differentiation order&#44; where the hydrothermal phase is the last one&#46;</p><p id="par0190" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The chemical nature and structural formula of the magnetic mineralogy in carbonatite&#44; shows 0 to &#60; 2&#37; TiO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> content in the magnetite-magnesioferrite sequence&#44; which is contrary to the magnetic mineralogy of the pyroxenite with TiO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> &#62;10&#37; content suggesting the use of &#8220;titano&#8221; prefixe to the magnetic mineral name of the pyroxenite&#46;</p><p id="par0195" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The magnetic mineralization of carbonatite and pyroxenite are analogous mineralizations affected by partial substitution of Fe-ferrous by Mg&#46; This type of ionic exchange was produced by circulation Mg-rich hydrothermal solution through porous and open spaces that substitute the Fe<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#43;2</span> of the magnetic mineralogy&#44; making it Mg-rich&#46; This process allowed that mineralization changed gradually from a magmatic body to high temperature hydrothermal&#44; where Mg-rich magnetite and TM produced magnesioferrite and TMf in the carbonatite and pyroxenite&#44; respectively&#46;</p><p id="par0200" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The progressive change of primary mineralization is produced by a complex system of hydratation reactions and ionic exchange between the primary mineralization of the intrusive body and solutions&#44; changing the composition of the hydrothermal fluid&#44; its pH and the redox state &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0070">Tornos&#44; 1997</a>&#41;&#46; The mineralization change gradually and its mineral chemistry and textural relations &#40;size-shape&#41; are affected drastically up to reach equilibrium&#46; This progressive equilibrium process can explain the TMf&#44; and possibly Fe-spinel and ilmenite nanoparticles formation&#46; Ilmenite and Fe-spinel nanoparticles&#44; in the pyroxenite&#44; probably were formed during the last magmatic differentiation process&#46;</p><p id="par0205" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">We show quantitative results in terms of well-identified grain-size distribution that support the general theoretical basis of frequency-dependent magnetic susceptibility &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0015">Table 3</a>&#41; &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0020">Dearing <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">et al</span>&#46;&#44; 1996</a>&#41;&#46; We observed the effect in natural TM comprising TMf particles with micro- to nanometer grain size&#46;</p><p id="par0210" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Ti-magnetite and TMf particles ranging from 9 to 26 &#956;m&#44; provided low values for <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#967;<span class="elsevierStyleInf">fd&#37;</span> &#60;</span> 5&#44; probably due to the close association &#40;amalgamation&#41; of magnetic domains at micro-nanometer scale&#44; where TM mask the SP signal of the TMf nanoparticles&#46;</p><p id="par0215" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The results of a magnetic susceptibility vs&#46; high temperature experiment of the &#60; 35 nm of TM containing TMf nanoparticles sample produces a repetible curve &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0040">Figure 7</a> bottom right&#41;&#44; which repeated in rapid succession suggest the probable formation of new TMf nanoparticles&#44; which is similar to the results obtained by <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0060">Rivas-S&#225;nchez <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">et al</span>&#46; &#40;2009&#41;</a> and <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0040">Hirt and Gehring &#40;1991&#41;</a>&#46;</p><p id="par0220" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The first evidences of a hydrothermal process in carbonatite and pyroxenite are indicated by the next factors&#58;<ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0010"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0020"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">1&#46;</span><p id="par0225" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Texture &#40;size-shape&#41;&#46; In the carbonatite&#44; magnetite is massive and surrounds the minerals forming the rock as apatite&#44; forsterite&#44; carbonates and phlogopite &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0055">Figure 10b&#44; d&#44; e&#44; f</a>&#41;&#44; demonstrating its later crystallization to these forming minerals during the last magmatic differentiation phase that could be high-temperature hydrothermal&#46; In the pyroxenite&#44; TM formed afterwards showing a metasomatic texture with pyroxene grains &#40;hedenbergite&#41;&#44; evidencing the hydrothermal fluid reaction with the primary mineralization &#40;TM with ilmenite exsolutions&#41; of the intrusive rock previously consolidated&#46; This event favored the TMf nanoparticle formation with Ti&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0055"></elsevierMultimedia></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0025"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">2&#46;</span><p id="par0230" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Fe<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#43;2</span> by Mg ionic exchange occurs in the metallic mineralization of carbonatite and pyroxenite&#46; In the carbonatites&#44; magnetite contains up to 4&#37; of MgO and when this increase magnetite is transformed into magnesioferrite&#46; In general&#44; magnetite shows reaction borders when is in contact with dolomite &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0055">Figure 10e&#44; f</a>&#41;&#46; The pyroxenite&#44; TM and ilmenite exsolutions contain MgO&#44; which remains constant from 3&#46;5&#37; and 9&#46;5&#37;&#44; respectively&#44; and TiO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> is up to 10&#37;&#46; It is important to observe that in the carbonatite samples there are magnetite and magnesioferrite contained in some microareas with almost nothing Ti&#44; contrary to the pyroxenite Jacupiranga samples&#46;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0030"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">3&#46;</span><p id="par0235" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Mineral chemistry&#46; The TiO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> content in the magnetite and magnesioferrite of the carbonatite is almost zero&#44; in contrast with theTiO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> of theTM and TMf of the pyroxenite that remains constant from 12&#37; to 13&#37;&#44; as well as MgO in minor amounts to 3&#46;5&#37; and less that 1&#46;7&#37; of MnO &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a>&#41;&#46; The magnesioferrite contains more than 5&#37; of MgO and few amounts of TiO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> and MnO close to that of magnetite &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0060">Figure 11</a>&#41;&#46; Fe-mineralization of both rock types is replaced by geikielite along its borders and cross lines forming well developed parallel lamellas&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0060"></elsevierMultimedia></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0035"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">4&#46;</span><p id="par0240" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The paragenetic sequence of metallic mineralization of carbonatites and pyroxenites was inferred since the evidences showed above&#44; which are closely related to their texture and mineral chemistry&#46; So&#44; we propose a hydrothermal effect in<a name="p107"></a> both rock types that occurred at the last magmatic differentiation phase&#46; This process provoked metasomatism in the pyroxenite by reaction of the hydrothermal fluid with pyroxene intrusive massif that favored a chemical-mineralogical and textural change of the primary TM and ilmenite&#46; All of this has an effect on its chemical composition that was enriched with Mg and its later partial transformation of the TM to TMf&#46; It took also place a drastic change of its texture&#44; forming TMf nanoparticles&#44; and possibly spinel and ilmenite at nanometer scale&#46; In the carbonatite&#44; the hydrothermal process happened possibly at the same time that the formation of magnetite&#44; enriched in Mg&#44; forming the magnesioferrite&#46; The geikielite was deposited later and replaced to the magnetite-magnesioferrite&#46; <a name="p108"></a></p></li></ul></p></span><span id="sec0070" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0090">Discussion</span><p id="par0245" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Our first results &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0005">Alva-Valdivia <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">et al</span>&#46;&#44; 2009</a>&#41; show a complex mineralogy of the pyroxenite respect to the carbonatite that led to a detailed mineralogical study using magnetic concentrates of distinct grain sizes ranges&#46; The magnetic concentrate is characterized by TM particles with TMf inclusions of nanometer and micrometer scale&#44; ilmenite emulsion-type and Fe-spinel acicular exsolution&#46; The ilmenite textural characteristics suggest that it is very probable to find it at nanometer scale&#46; A minor proportion of TM particles are partly altered to TMg through the concave fractures and TH replacing TM along their cross lines forming trellis type texture associated to geikielite&#44; pyroxene &#40;hedenbergite-diopside&#41; and apatite&#46; An estimated proportion of metallic minerals of this sample is&#58; TM&#44; 51&#37;&#59; TMf&#44; 22&#37;&#59; ilmenite&#44; 6&#37;&#59; Fe spinel&#44; 5&#37;&#59; Ti-magemite&#44; 4&#37; and Ti-hematite&#44; 3&#37;&#46;</p><p id="par0250" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">XRD analyses confirmed the existence of magnesioferrite and maghemite&#44; their chemical composition and the structure formula&#58; finding the TMf in our pyroxenite samples&#46; Raman spectroscopy verified the ilmenite&#46;</p><p id="par0255" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">EPMA &#40;using WDS&#41; defined the chemical formula and structure of the complex Fe-Ti oxide minerals&#44; being relevant for the Ti detection&#46; We use the name of TM and TMf&#44; for a structural formula of TiO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> content up to 12&#37; and 14&#37;&#46; The mentioned studies guide the selection of samples to perform the high-resolution TEM that identified the TMf nanoparticles of 5 to 10 nm size&#46;</p><p id="par0260" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The magnetic concentrate is characterized by TM particles of less than 26 &#956;m grain size&#44; with TMf inclusions of nanometer and micrometer scale&#46; The TM particles also have ilmenite emulsion-type and Fe spinel acicular exsolutions&#44;<a name="p109"></a> Mg &#40;Al&#44; Fe&#41;<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>O<span class="elsevierStyleInf">4</span>&#44; both homogeneously distributed&#46; Ilmenite textural characteristics suggest that it is very probable to find it at nanometer scale&#46; An estimated proportion of metallic minerals of this sample is&#58; TM&#44; 51&#37;&#59; TMf&#44; 32&#37;&#59; ilmenite&#44; 10&#37;&#59; and Fe spinel 7&#37;&#46; Because of its chemical characteristics&#44; we use the name of TMf&#44; with a structural formula of Ti content up to 8&#37;&#46; The HRTEM study was performed using the magnetic concentrate of MC6 sample&#46;</p><p id="par0265" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The rock magnetic properties of the Fe-Ti oxides &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#967;<span class="elsevierStyleInf">fd&#37;</span>&#44; k-T</span> curves&#44; hysteresis properties and IRM acquisition curves&#41; support the finding of extremely fine particles &#40;nanometer size&#41; forming bigger &#40;micrometer size&#41; amalgamated particles&#46; Sometimes&#44; the rock magnetic signal are masked by stronger magnetic minerals &#40;TM&#41;&#44; making very difficult the definition of weaker magnetic TMf minerals&#46;</p><p id="par0270" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">We found by high resolution TEM that the TM and TMf form micrometer and nanometer crystalline structures&#44; with specific and distinctive interplanar distances&#58; for 3&#46;00 &#197; and 2&#46;56 &#197; TM&#44; and 2&#46;98 &#197; for TMf&#46; The differences in grain size&#44; represented by TM microparticles interacting with TMf nanostructures give rise to an interference in the ferromagnetic and SP signal&#44; with the increase of the hysteresis parameters and important changes in the magnetization with decreasing of micrometer particle size&#46;</p><p id="par0275" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Typical curve for <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">k-T</span> experiments of minor grain size less than 6 &#956;m &#40;sample MC<span class="elsevierStyleInf">6</span>&#41; shows a Hopkinson peak more conspicuous&#44; related to a major content of particles &#60; 1 &#956;m&#46; In general&#44; all curves show a delay during the oxidation from TM and magnesioferrite by temperature effect&#44; with Curie temperatures higher that expected&#44; 550 &#176;C&#44; the cooling curves are always lower than the heating ones excepting the last two experiments&#44; &#60; 35 &#956;m&#46;</p><p id="par0280" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">These two magnetic susceptibility versus temperature experiments of the same &#40;&#60; 35 nm&#41; sample show that the repeatability during the second heating is probably due to the formation of new TMf nanoparticles and growth of those already present during the first heating process&#46; Similar results were reported by <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0060">Rivas-S&#225;nchez <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">et al</span>&#46; &#40;2009&#41;</a>&#58; magnetite nanoparticles showed major resistance to heating&#59; and therefore to the new nanoparticle formation&#59; and growing of those already existing during the <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">k-T</span> experiments&#46;</p><p id="par0285" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The general behavior of the hysteresis curves is&#44; like a ramp&#44; very close to the origin&#46;</p><p id="par0290" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The TM and TMf form micrometer and nanometer crystalline structures&#44; with specific and distinctive interplanar distances&#58; 3&#46;00 &#197; and 2&#46;56 &#197; for TM&#44; and 2&#46;98 &#197; for TMf&#44; obtained by high resolution TEM&#46; The differences in grain size&#44; represented by TM microparticles interacting with TMf nanostructures provoke an interference in the ferromagnetic and SP signal&#44; with the increase of the hysteresis parameters and important changes in the magnetization with decreasing of micrometer particle size&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0075" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0095">Conclusions</span><p id="par0295" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">This TMf particle study enabled to establish a better knowledge of their magnetic properties&#44; mineralogical association and textural relationship &#40;size-shape&#41; with the TM&#46; All of these information help to establish the paragenetic sequence and consequently the source of mineralization and deposition conditions&#46;</p><p id="par0300" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The experience acquired during the progress of this work&#44; demonstrate that TMf nanoparticles act like genetic guide regarding the environment conditions during their formation&#46;</p><p id="par0305" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">We identified TMf&#44; and possibly spinel and ilmenite nanoparticles using the high-resolution TEM&#44; which was supported by magnetic studies &#40;magnetic susceptibility measured with distinct frequencies&#44; magnetic susceptibility vs&#46; high temperature curves&#44; hysteresis analysis and IRM acquisition curves&#41;&#44; and of course the mineralogical&#44; chemical&#44; mineral and textural relations of Fe-mineralization within carbonatite and pyroxenite&#46; All of this supports the hypothesis of a high-temperature hydrothermal event during the final magmatic crystallization-differentiation process&#46; This event affected the primary Fe-mineralization of the pyroxenite and at the same time of the carbonatite&#44; producing the TMf in the pyroxenite by substitution of Fe<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#43;2</span> by Mg&#44; as well as later deposition of geikielite and pyrite&#44; pyrrhotite and marcasite&#46;</p><p id="par0310" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Based on the mentioned magnetic properties&#44; it was possible to choose sampling suggesting the presence of magnetic oxide nanoparticles&#44; doing easier to look for the pursued nanoparticles by crystallographic and high-resolution TEM studies&#46;</p></span></span>"
    "textoCompletoSecciones" => array:1 [
      "secciones" => array:13 [
        0 => array:3 [
          "identificador" => "xres497959"
          "titulo" => "Resumen"
          "secciones" => array:1 [
            0 => array:1 [
              "identificador" => "abst0005"
            ]
          ]
        ]
        1 => array:2 [
          "identificador" => "xpalclavsec519507"
          "titulo" => "Palabras clave"
        ]
        2 => array:3 [
          "identificador" => "xres497960"
          "titulo" => "Abstract"
          "secciones" => array:1 [
            0 => array:1 [
              "identificador" => "abst0010"
            ]
          ]
        ]
        3 => array:2 [
          "identificador" => "xpalclavsec519506"
          "titulo" => "Key words"
        ]
        4 => array:2 [
          "identificador" => "sec0005"
          "titulo" => "Introduction"
        ]
        5 => array:2 [
          "identificador" => "sec0010"
          "titulo" => "Experimental methods and sample description"
        ]
        6 => array:3 [
          "identificador" => "sec0015"
          "titulo" => "Results"
          "secciones" => array:5 [
            0 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "sec0020"
              "titulo" => "Mineralogy and microscope analyses Optical Microscopy"
            ]
            1 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "sec0025"
              "titulo" => "Mineral chemistry"
            ]
            2 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "sec0030"
              "titulo" => "X-ray diffraction &#40;XRD&#41;"
            ]
            3 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "sec0035"
              "titulo" => "Raman spectroscopy"
            ]
            4 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "sec0040"
              "titulo" => "High resolution TEM"
            ]
          ]
        ]
        7 => array:3 [
          "identificador" => "sec0045"
          "titulo" => "Rock and mineral magnetic properties of the pyroxenite"
          "secciones" => array:3 [
            0 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "sec0050"
              "titulo" => "Frequency-dependent magnetic susceptibility percentage &#40;&#967;&#41;&#46;"
            ]
            1 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "sec0055"
              "titulo" => "Magnetic susceptibility versus high temperature"
            ]
            2 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "sec0060"
              "titulo" => "Hysteresis properties and isothermal remanent magnetization &#40;IRM&#41;"
            ]
          ]
        ]
        8 => array:2 [
          "identificador" => "sec0065"
          "titulo" => "Petrogenesis and metallogenesis"
        ]
        9 => array:2 [
          "identificador" => "sec0070"
          "titulo" => "Discussion"
        ]
        10 => array:2 [
          "identificador" => "sec0075"
          "titulo" => "Conclusions"
        ]
        11 => array:2 [
          "identificador" => "xack161000"
          "titulo" => "Acknowledgments"
        ]
        12 => array:1 [
          "titulo" => "Bibliography"
        ]
      ]
    ]
    "pdfFichero" => "main.pdf"
    "tienePdf" => true
    "fechaRecibido" => "2011-11-07"
    "fechaAceptado" => "2012-11-15"
    "PalabrasClave" => array:2 [
      "es" => array:1 [
        0 => array:4 [
          "clase" => "keyword"
          "titulo" => "Palabras clave"
          "identificador" => "xpalclavsec519507"
          "palabras" => array:6 [
            0 => "nanopart&#237;culas de titanomagnesio-ferrita"
            1 => "propiedades magn&#233;ticas"
            2 => "mineralog&#237;a"
            3 => "efecto del tama&#241;o de grano"
            4 => "complejo alcalino Jacupiranga"
            5 => "Brasil"
          ]
        ]
      ]
      "en" => array:1 [
        0 => array:4 [
          "clase" => "keyword"
          "titulo" => "Key words"
          "identificador" => "xpalclavsec519506"
          "palabras" => array:6 [
            0 => "TMf nanoparticles"
            1 => "magnetic properties"
            2 => "mineralogy"
            3 => "grain size effect"
            4 => "Jacupiranga Alkaline Complex"
            5 => "Brazil"
          ]
        ]
      ]
    ]
    "tieneResumen" => true
    "resumen" => array:2 [
      "es" => array:2 [
        "titulo" => "Resumen"
        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Se seleccionaron muestras muy finas de zonas mineralizadas del complejo Jacupiranga de la mina Cajat&#237; para efectuar la identificaci&#243;n cristalogr&#225;fica de nanoestructuras de titano-magnesioferrita &#40;TMf&#41; embebidas en titanomagnetita &#40;TM&#41; usando microscop&#237;a de transmisi&#243;n de alta resoluci&#243;n &#40;TEM&#41;&#46; Se redujo un concentrado magn&#233;tico a partir de muestras de piroxenita &#40;sitios 4 a 7&#41;&#44; despu&#233;s se dividi&#243; en fracciones de rangos de tama&#241;o distintos&#58; 26&#177;2 &#956;m&#44; 19&#177;1 &#956;m&#44; 13&#177;1 &#956;m&#44; 9&#177;1 &#956;m&#44; 6&#177;1 &#956;m and 6-0&#46;1 &#956;m&#46; Las muestras mineralizadas de piroxenita y carbonatita se caracterizaron por&#58; difracci&#243;n de rayos-X&#44; microscop&#237;a de luz transmitida y reflejada&#44; y microscop&#237;a electr&#243;nica de barrido con an&#225;lisis multielemental&#46; La muestra de concentrado m&#225;s fino &#40;MC<span class="elsevierStyleInf">6</span>&#41; se analiz&#243; por microscop&#237;a TEM y campo anular obscuro de &#225;ngulo alto y espectroscopia Ram&#225;n&#46;</p><p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Se midieron las propiedades magn&#233;ticas de las distintas fracciones granulom&#233;tricas&#44; mostrando cambios dr&#225;sticos cuando los tama&#241;os de grano pasan de tama&#241;os micro a nanom&#233;tricos&#46; El porcentaje de susceptibilidad magn&#233;tica dependiente de la frecuencia &#40;&#967;<span class="elsevierStyleInf">fd&#37;</span>&#41; arroj&#243; valores altos &#40;10&#46;2&#37;&#41; para las fracciones m&#225;s finas &#40;6&#177;1 &#956;m y 6-0&#46;1 &#956;m&#41;&#44; lo que se atribuy&#243; a las fracciones dominantes de part&#237;culas superparamagn&#233;ticas&#46; Los tama&#241;os de grano nanom&#233;trico y &#60; 6 &#956;m de TMf en part&#237;culas de TM requiri&#243; de un campo magn&#233;tico de hasta 249 mT para alcanzar la saturaci&#243;n durante los experimentos de magnetizaci&#243;n remanente isotermal&#46; La coercitividad y la magnetizaci&#243;n remanente de esas muestras aumentaron cuando los tama&#241;os de las part&#237;culas disminu&#237;an&#44; probablemente debido a efectos de acoplamiento paralelo&#46; Los experimentos de susceptibilidad magn&#233;tica versus calentamientos se efectuaron dos veces en la misma muestra &#40;&#60;35 nm&#41;&#44; mostrando que la repetibilidad durante el segundo calentamiento se debe probablemente a la formaci&#243;n de nuevas nanopart&#237;culas de TMf&#44; y al crecimiento de las ya existentes durante el proceso del primer calentamiento&#46;</p></span>"
      ]
      "en" => array:2 [
        "titulo" => "Abstract"
        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Very fine samples from the mineralized zones of the Jacupiranga complex at the Cajati mine were selected for crystallographic identification of Ti-magnesioferrite &#40;TMf&#41; nanostructures embedded in titanomagnetite &#40;TM&#41; using high-resolution transmission electron microscopy &#40;TEM&#41;&#46; A magnetic concentrate obtained of pyroxenite samples &#40;sites 4 to 7&#41; was reduced and divided into fractions of distinct range sizes&#58; 26&#177;2 &#956;m&#44; 19&#177;1 &#956;m&#44; 13&#177;1 &#956;m&#44; 9&#177;1 &#956;m&#44; 6&#177;1 &#956;m and 6-0&#46;1 &#956;m&#46; The mineralized samples of carbonatite and pyroxenite were characterized by X-ray diffraction&#44; transmitted and reflected light microscope&#44; and scanning electron microscope with multielemental analysis&#46; The finest magnetic concentrate sample &#40;MC<span class="elsevierStyleInf">6</span>&#41; was analyzed under high-resolution transmitted electron microscopy &#40;TEM&#41; and high angle annular dark field and Raman spectroscopy&#46; Magnetic properties were measured for the distinct granulometric fractions&#44; showing drastic changes when grain sizes go beyond the frontier from micro to nanometer sizes&#46; Frequency-dependent magnetic susceptibility percentage &#40;&#247;<span class="elsevierStyleInf">fd&#37;</span>&#41; report higher values &#40;10&#46;2&#37;&#41; for the finer fractions &#40;6&#177;1 &#956;m and 6-0&#46;1 &#956;m&#41; attributed to dominant fractions of superparamagnetic particles&#46; Nanometer and &#60; 6 &#956;m grain size TMf in TM particles require a magnetic field up to 249 mT to reach saturation during the isothermal remanent magnetization experiment&#46; Coercivity and remanent magnetization of these samples increase when the particle size decreases&#44; probably due to parallel coupling effects&#46; Magnetic susceptibility versus temperature experiments were conducted two times on the same &#40;&#60; 35 nm&#41; sample&#44; showing that the repetition during the second heating is probably due to the formation of new TMf nanoparticles and growth of those already present during the first heating process&#46;</p></span>"
      ]
    ]
    "multimedia" => array:16 [
      0 => array:7 [
        "identificador" => "fig0005"
        "etiqueta" => "Figure 1"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA"
        "mostrarFloat" => true
        "mostrarDisplay" => false
        "figura" => array:1 [
          0 => array:4 [
            "imagen" => "gr1.jpeg"
            "Alto" => 2022
            "Ancho" => 1574
            "Tamanyo" => 641589
          ]
        ]
        "descripcion" => array:1 [
          "en" => "<p id="spar0020" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Location of the study area&#58; precise location of sampled sites is in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">figure 1</a> of <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0005">Alva-Valdivia <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">et al</span>&#46; &#40;2009&#41;</a>&#46;</p>"
        ]
      ]
      1 => array:7 [
        "identificador" => "fig0010"
        "etiqueta" => "Figure 2"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA"
        "mostrarFloat" => true
        "mostrarDisplay" => false
        "figura" => array:1 [
          0 => array:4 [
            "imagen" => "gr2.jpeg"
            "Alto" => 1943
            "Ancho" => 800
            "Tamanyo" => 307111
          ]
        ]
        "descripcion" => array:1 [
          "en" => "<p id="spar0025" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Representative photomicrographs of TM in pyroxenites using parallel nichols and reflected light&#44; &#40;a&#41; ilmenite exsolutions &#40;I&#41; and Fe spinel &#40;Ep&#41;&#59; &#40;b&#41; ilmenite exsolutions and acicular shape of Fe spinel&#59; and &#40;c&#41; exsolved ilmenite lamellas and Fe spinel&#46;</p>"
        ]
      ]
      2 => array:7 [
        "identificador" => "fig0015"
        "etiqueta" => "Figure 3a"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA"
        "mostrarFloat" => true
        "mostrarDisplay" => false
        "figura" => array:1 [
          0 => array:4 [
            "imagen" => "gr3a.jpeg"
            "Alto" => 961
            "Ancho" => 1919
            "Tamanyo" => 114596
          ]
        ]
        "descripcion" => array:1 [
          "en" => "<p id="spar0030" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">XRD spectrum of the pyroxenite &#40;Jacupiranga&#41;&#46; TM&#44; Ti-magnetite&#59; TMf&#44; Ti-magnesioferrite&#59; TMg&#44; Ti-maghemite&#59; TH&#44; titanohematite&#59; Dp&#44; diopside-hedenbergite&#59; Ap&#44; apatite&#46;</p>"
        ]
      ]
      3 => array:7 [
        "identificador" => "fig0020"
        "etiqueta" => "Figure 3b"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA"
        "mostrarFloat" => true
        "mostrarDisplay" => false
        "figura" => array:1 [
          0 => array:4 [
            "imagen" => "gr3b.jpeg"
            "Alto" => 832
            "Ancho" => 1339
            "Tamanyo" => 83132
          ]
        ]
        "descripcion" => array:1 [
          "en" => "<p id="spar0085" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">The sample was annealed at 350&#176;C&#44; and the residual material was analyzed by XRD&#46; The diffraction spectra pattern &#40;and structure&#41; of Ti-maghemite increase with temperature&#46;</p>"
        ]
      ]
      4 => array:7 [
        "identificador" => "fig0025"
        "etiqueta" => "Figure 4"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA"
        "mostrarFloat" => true
        "mostrarDisplay" => false
        "figura" => array:1 [
          0 => array:4 [
            "imagen" => "gr4.jpeg"
            "Alto" => 1694
            "Ancho" => 1140
            "Tamanyo" => 179929
          ]
        ]
        "descripcion" => array:1 [
          "en" => "<p id="spar0095" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Raman spectra of selected regions indicating ilmenite from samples 03M023 and 03M032&#46;</p>"
        ]
      ]
      5 => array:7 [
        "identificador" => "fig0030"
        "etiqueta" => "Figure 5"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA"
        "mostrarFloat" => true
        "mostrarDisplay" => false
        "figura" => array:1 [
          0 => array:4 [
            "imagen" => "gr5.jpeg"
            "Alto" => 1313
            "Ancho" => 1797
            "Tamanyo" => 174086
          ]
        ]
        "descripcion" => array:1 [
          "en" => "<p id="spar0100" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Raman spectra of selected regions pointing out to TM from pyroxenite Jacupiranga&#46;</p>"
        ]
      ]
      6 => array:7 [
        "identificador" => "fig0035"
        "etiqueta" => "Figure 6"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA"
        "mostrarFloat" => true
        "mostrarDisplay" => false
        "figura" => array:1 [
          0 => array:4 [
            "imagen" => "gr6.jpeg"
            "Alto" => 1239
            "Ancho" => 799
            "Tamanyo" => 204451
          ]
        ]
        "descripcion" => array:1 [
          "en" => "<p id="spar0105" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">TMf nanostructure image obtained by high-resolution TEM &#40;inset box shows the fast Fourier transform &#40;FFT&#41; analysis&#46;</p>"
        ]
      ]
      7 => array:7 [
        "identificador" => "fig0040"
        "etiqueta" => "Figure 7"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA"
        "mostrarFloat" => true
        "mostrarDisplay" => false
        "figura" => array:1 [
          0 => array:4 [
            "imagen" => "gr7.jpeg"
            "Alto" => 1699
            "Ancho" => 1770
            "Tamanyo" => 229695
          ]
        ]
        "descripcion" => array:1 [
          "en" => "<p id="spar0115" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">High-temperature <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">k-T</span> curves&#46; Arrows indicate the heating&#47;cooling curve&#46; Experiments were done using magnetic concentrates of TM and TMf associated to ilmenite in agglomerated fractions of micrometric scale &#40;a-g&#41; and nanometric &#40;h&#44; i&#41;&#46; The spectrum of &#40;i&#41; is the second run of the same heating as &#40;h&#41; in order to see the repeatability of this process during cooling phase&#46;</p>"
        ]
      ]
      8 => array:7 [
        "identificador" => "fig0045"
        "etiqueta" => "Figure 8"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA"
        "mostrarFloat" => true
        "mostrarDisplay" => false
        "figura" => array:2 [
          0 => array:1 [
            "imagen" => "gr8a.jpeg"
          ]
          1 => array:1 [
            "imagen" => "gr8b.jpeg"
          ]
        ]
        "descripcion" => array:1 [
          "en" => "<p id="spar0130" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Hysteresis loops with paramagnetic correction for typical samples&#46; Samples correspond to TM and TMf particles of distinct size ranges&#46; Inset show isothermal remanent magnetization curves&#46;</p>"
        ]
      ]
      9 => array:7 [
        "identificador" => "fig0050"
        "etiqueta" => "Figure 9"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA"
        "mostrarFloat" => true
        "mostrarDisplay" => false
        "figura" => array:1 [
          0 => array:4 [
            "imagen" => "gr9.jpeg"
            "Alto" => 941
            "Ancho" => 1212
            "Tamanyo" => 134856
          ]
        ]
        "descripcion" => array:1 [
          "en" => "<p id="spar0135" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Day plot data for each fraction grain size &#40;see numbers in microns&#41;&#46;</p>"
        ]
      ]
      10 => array:7 [
        "identificador" => "fig0055"
        "etiqueta" => "Figure 10"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA"
        "mostrarFloat" => true
        "mostrarDisplay" => false
        "figura" => array:1 [
          0 => array:4 [
            "imagen" => "gr10.jpeg"
            "Alto" => 1975
            "Ancho" => 1721
            "Tamanyo" => 573025
          ]
        ]
        "descripcion" => array:1 [
          "en" => "<p id="spar0140" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Optical microscope microphotographs of distinct textural aspects of massive Ti-magnetite &#40;TM&#41; in piroxenite and magnetite &#40;M&#41; in carbonatite with associated minerals&#58; a&#41; Massive Ti-magnetite with hedenbergite &#40;Hd&#41;&#59; b&#41; Magnetite surrounding euhedral and subhedral crystal of apatite &#40;Ap&#41; and dolomite &#40;Do&#41;&#59; c&#41; Forsterite &#40;Fo&#41; and apatite in the massive magnetite&#59; d&#41; Phlogopite sheet &#40;Fl&#41; cut by massive magnetite&#59; and f&#41; Massive magnetite in contact with dolomite&#44; showing reaction borders and possible ionic exchange&#46;</p>"
        ]
      ]
      11 => array:7 [
        "identificador" => "fig0060"
        "etiqueta" => "Figure 11"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA"
        "mostrarFloat" => true
        "mostrarDisplay" => false
        "figura" => array:1 [
          0 => array:4 [
            "imagen" => "gr11.jpeg"
            "Alto" => 1576
            "Ancho" => 1861
            "Tamanyo" => 546471
          ]
        ]
        "descripcion" => array:1 [
          "en" => "<p id="spar0145" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Optical microphotographs of metallic minerals in the pyroxenite&#58; a-d&#41; TM with abundant ilmenite &#40;I&#41; exsolutions and Fe spinel &#40;Ep&#41; homogeneously distributed&#46;</p>"
        ]
      ]
      12 => array:7 [
        "identificador" => "tbl0005"
        "etiqueta" => "Table 1"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA"
        "mostrarFloat" => true
        "mostrarDisplay" => false
        "tabla" => array:2 [
          "leyenda" => "<p id="spar0040" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">CARBONATITE&#58;</p><p id="spar0045" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">1&#44; 2&#44; 3 Euhedral magnetite&#46; Site 1</p><p id="spar0050" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">4&#44; 5 Massive magnesioferrite&#46; Site 1</p><p id="spar0055" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">6&#44; 7&#44; 8 Magnetite and magnesioferrite surrounded by geikielite&#44; also filling open spaces between these minerals&#46;</p><p id="spar0060" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">PIROXENITE JACUPIRANGA&#58;</p><p id="spar0065" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">9&#44; 10&#44; 11&#44; 12 Massive titanomagnetite</p><p id="spar0070" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">13 Titanomagnesioferrite exsolution in titanomagnetite</p><p id="spar0075" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">14 Ilmenite emulsion type exsolutions in the titanomagnetite</p><p id="spar0080" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">15&#44; 16&#44; 17 Geiquielite surrounding titanomagnetite and filling open spaces in this&#46;</p>"
          "tablatextoimagen" => array:2 [
            0 => array:2 [
              "tabla" => array:1 [
                0 => """
                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="middle" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Oxides and ions&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="center" valign="middle" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">1 Magnetite&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="center" valign="middle" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">2 Magnetite&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="center" valign="middle" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">3 Magnetite&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="center" valign="middle" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">4 Magnesioferrite&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="center" valign="middle" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">5 Magnesioferrite&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="center" valign="middle" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">6 Geikielite&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="center" valign="middle" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">7 Geikielite&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="center" valign="middle" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">8 Geikielite&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="middle">Fe<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>O<span class="elsevierStyleInf">3</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">61&#46;403&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">65&#46;402&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">65&#46;827&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">87&#46;252&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">77&#46;266&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">---&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">---&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">---&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="middle">FeO&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">27&#46;696&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">29&#46;499&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">29&#46;691&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">---&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">---&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">27&#46;404&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">27&#46;893&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">23&#46;773&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="middle">TiO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">2&#46;881&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">2&#46;934&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">---&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">1&#46;163&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">1&#46;656&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">54&#46;997&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">55&#46;373&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">58&#46;228&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="middle">MnO&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">0&#46;612&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">---&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">0&#46;012&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">---&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">1&#46;061&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">2&#46;592&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">4&#46;764&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">5&#46;173&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="middle">MgO&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">3&#46;829&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">1&#46;731&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">1&#46;452&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">8&#46;367&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">9&#46;926&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">9&#46;039&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">7&#46;349&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">8&#46;043&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="middle">CaO&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">---&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">0&#46;024&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">----&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">0&#46;779&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">0&#46;329&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">0&#46;352&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">0&#46;074&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">0&#46;310&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="middle">Cr<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> O<span class="elsevierStyleInf">3</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">---&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">0&#46;349&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">0&#46;332&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">---&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">---&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">---&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">1&#46;417&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">---&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="middle">NiO&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">0&#46;636&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">---&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">0&#46;936&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">0&#46;738&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">0&#46;986&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">2&#46;129&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">---&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">1&#46;451&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="middle">SiO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">0&#46;459&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">---&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">0&#46;209&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">0&#46;819&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">0&#46;626&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">0&#46;885&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">---&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">0&#46;379&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="middle">AI<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> O<span class="elsevierStyleInf">3</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">---&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">---&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">0&#46;186&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">0&#46;734&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">1&#46;933&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">---&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">---&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">---&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="middle">Na<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>O&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">2&#46;044&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">---&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">0&#46;073&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">0&#46;327&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">3&#46;897&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">---&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">---&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">0&#46;705&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="middle">K<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>O&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">---&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">---&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">---&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">---&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">---&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">---&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">---&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">---&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="middle">&#8721;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">99&#46;56&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">99&#46;939&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">98&#46;718&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">100&#46;179&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">97&#46;680&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">97&#46;398&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">96&#46;870&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">98&#46;062&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="middle">Fe<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#43;3</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">13&#46;891&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">14&#46;868&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">15&#46;349&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">17&#46;899&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">16&#46;180&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">---&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">---&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">---&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="middle">Fe<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#43;2</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">6&#46;963&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">7&#46;453&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">7&#46;694&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">---&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">---&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">1&#46;106&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">1&#46;133&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">0&#46;941&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="middle">Ti&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">0&#46;651&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">0&#46;667&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">---&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">0&#46;238&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">0&#46;347&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">1&#46;997&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">2&#46;023&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">2&#46;073&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="middle">Mn&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">0&#46;156&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">---&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">0&#46;003&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">---&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">0&#46;250&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">0&#46;106&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">0&#46;196&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">0&#46;207&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="middle">Mg&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">1&#46;716&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">0&#46;779&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">0&#46;671&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">3&#46;399&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">4&#46;116&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">0&#46;653&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">0&#46;532&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">0&#46;567&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="middle">Ca&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">---&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">0&#46;008&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">---&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">0&#46;227&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">0&#46;098&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">0&#46;018&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">0&#46;004&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">0&#46;016&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="middle">Cr&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">---&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">0&#46;083&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">0&#46;081&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">---&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">---&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">---&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">0&#46;054&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">---&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="middle">Ni&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">0&#46;154&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">---&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">0&#46;233&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">0&#46;162&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">0&#46;221&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">0&#46;083&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">---&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">0&#46;055&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="middle">Si&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">0&#46;138&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">---&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">0&#46;065&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">0&#46;223&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">0&#46;174&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">0&#46;226&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">---&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">0&#46;096&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="middle">Al&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">---&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">---&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">0&#46;068&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">0&#46;236&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">0&#46;634&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">---&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">---&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">---&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="middle">Na&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">1&#46;191&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">---&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">0&#46;044&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">0&#46;173&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">2&#46;103&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">---&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">---&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">0&#46;065&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="middle">K&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">---&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">---&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">---&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">---&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">---&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">---&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">---&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">---&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="middle">&#8721;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">24&#46;861&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">23&#46;858&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">24&#46;208&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">25&#46;557&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">24&#46;123&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">4&#46;189&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">3&#46;942&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">4&#46;020&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
                  """
              ]
              "imagenFichero" => array:1 [
                0 => "xTab795026.png"
              ]
            ]
            1 => array:2 [
              "tabla" => array:1 [
                0 => """
                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="middle" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Oxides and ions&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="center" valign="middle" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">9 Titanomagnetite&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="center" valign="middle" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">10 Tita nomagnetite&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="center" valign="middle" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">11 Tita nomagnetite&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="center" valign="middle" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">12 Tita nomagnetite&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="center" valign="middle" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">13 Titanomagnesioferrite&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="center" valign="middle" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">14 Ilmenite&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="center" valign="middle" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">15 Geikielite&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="center" valign="middle" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">16 Geikielite&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="middle">Fe<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>O<span class="elsevierStyleInf">3</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">52&#46;018&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">54&#46;403&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">53&#46;229&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">54&#46;797&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">72&#46;253&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">---&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">---&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">---&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="middle">FeO&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">23&#46;462&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">24&#46;583&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">24&#46;009&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">23&#46;916&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">---&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">42&#46;439&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">25&#46;812&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">24&#46;468&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="middle">TiO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">12&#46;182&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">12&#46;917&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">13&#46;007&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">12&#46;920&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">14&#46;839&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">42&#46;424&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">60&#46;620&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">60&#46;905&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="middle">MnO&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">1&#46;626&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">1&#46;127&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">0&#46;486&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">0&#46;885&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">0&#46;695&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">0&#46;252&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">0&#46;366&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">1&#46;288&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="middle">MgO&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">3&#46;554&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">3&#46;352&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">3&#46;589&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">3&#46;174&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">5&#46;086&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">9&#46;638&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">11&#46;542&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">10&#46;357&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="middle">CaO&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">---&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">0&#46;401&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">0&#46;190&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">---&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">0&#46;426&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">0&#46;374&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">0&#46;034&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">0&#46;618&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="middle">Cr<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>O<span class="elsevierStyleInf">3</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">0&#46;489&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">0&#46;447&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">0&#46;491&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">0&#46;241&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">---&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">1&#46;707&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">0&#46;496&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">0&#46;468&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="middle">NiO&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">0&#46;680&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">---&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">0&#46;749&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">0&#46;576&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">0&#46;400&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">---&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">---&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">---&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="middle">CoO&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">2&#46;485&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">0&#46;086&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">1&#46;716&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">0&#46;299&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">1&#46;076&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">1&#46;432&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">0&#46;095&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">---&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="middle">V<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>O<span class="elsevierStyleInf">3</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">---&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">---&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">0&#46;425&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">0&#46;023&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">---&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">0&#46;253&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">---&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">0&#46;576&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="middle">SiO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">0&#46;395&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">---&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">0&#46;125&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">0&#46;450&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">0&#46;215&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">---&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">---&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">---&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="middle">AI<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>O<span class="elsevierStyleInf">3</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">2&#46;428&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">2&#46;453&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">2&#46;188&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">2&#46;450&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">4&#46;925&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">1&#46;203&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">0&#46;207&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">0&#46;232&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="middle">Na<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>O&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">0&#46;483&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">0&#46;395&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">0&#46;212&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">0&#46;073&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">---&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">0&#46;280&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">0&#46;714&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">0&#46;184&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="middle">K<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>O&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">---&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">---&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">---&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">---&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">---&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">---&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">---&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">---&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="middle">&#8721;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">99&#46;802&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">100&#46;164&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">100&#46;416&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">99&#46;804&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">99&#46;915&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">100&#46;002&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">99&#46;886&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">99&#46;096&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="middle">Fe<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#43;3</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">11&#46;184&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">11&#46;584&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">11&#46;315&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">11&#46;667&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">14&#46;166&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">---&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">---&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">---&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="middle">Fe<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#43;2</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">5&#46;606&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">5&#46;817&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">5&#46;672&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">5&#46;659&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">---&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">1&#46;770&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">0&#46;981&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">0&#46;935&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="middle">Ti&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">2&#46;617&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">2&#46;748&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">2&#46;763&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">2&#46;749&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">2&#46;908&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">1&#46;592&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">2&#46;072&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">2&#46;092&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="middle">Mn&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">0&#46;393&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">0&#46;270&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">0&#46;116&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">0&#46;212&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">0&#46;153&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">0&#46;010&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">0&#46;014&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">0&#46;049&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="middle">Mg&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">1&#46;513&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">1&#46;413&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">1&#46;511&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">1&#46;338&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">1&#46;975&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">0&#46;717&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">0&#46;782&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">0&#46;705&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="middle">Ca&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">---&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">0&#46;121&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">0&#46;058&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">---&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">0&#46;118&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">0&#46;020&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">0&#46;002&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">0&#46;030&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="middle">Cr&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">0&#46;110&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">0&#46;099&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">0&#46;109&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">0&#46;054&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">---&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">0&#46;067&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">0&#46;018&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">0&#46;017&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="middle">Ni&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">0&#46;156&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">---&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">0&#46;170&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">0&#46;131&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">0&#46;084&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">---&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">---&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">---&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="middle">Co&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">0&#46;569&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">0&#46;019&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">0&#46;388&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">0&#46;067&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">0&#46;225&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">0&#46;057&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">0&#46;004&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">---&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="middle">V&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">---&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">---&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">0&#46;079&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">0&#46;004&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">---&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">0&#46;008&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">---&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">0&#39;017&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="middle">Si&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">0&#46;113&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">---&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">0&#46;035&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">0&#46;127&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">0&#46;056&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">---&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">---&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">---&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="middle">Al&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">0&#46;818&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">0&#46;818&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">0&#46;729&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">0&#46;817&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">1&#46;513&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">0&#46;071&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">0&#46;011&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">0&#46;013&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="middle">Na&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">0&#46;268&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">0&#46;217&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">0&#46;116&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">0&#46;040&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">---&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">0&#46;070&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">0&#46;063&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">0&#46;016&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="middle">K&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">---&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">---&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">---&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">---&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">---&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">---&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">---&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">---&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="middle">&#8721;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">23&#46;347&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">23&#46;106&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">23&#46;061&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">22&#46;865&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">21&#46;198&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">4&#46;382&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">3&#46;947&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">3&#46;857&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
                  """
              ]
              "imagenFichero" => array:1 [
                0 => "xTab795027.png"
              ]
            ]
          ]
        ]
        "descripcion" => array:1 [
          "en" => "<p id="spar0035" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Mineral chemistry and structural formula of Fe oxides in pyroxenite&#46;</p>"
        ]
      ]
      13 => array:7 [
        "identificador" => "tbl0010"
        "etiqueta" => "Table 2"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA"
        "mostrarFloat" => true
        "mostrarDisplay" => false
        "tabla" => array:1 [
          "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [
            0 => array:2 [
              "tabla" => array:1 [
                0 => """
                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="middle" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Sample&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="middle" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Mineral phase&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="middle"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Pyroxenite Jacupiranga</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="middle">Magnetite&#58; Fe<span class="elsevierStyleInf">3</span>O<span class="elsevierStyleInf">4</span> &#91;19-629&#93;Magnesioferrite&#58; MgFe<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>O<span class="elsevierStyleInf">4</span> &#91;36-0396&#93;Pyroxene group&#58; diopside-hedenbergite&#58; Ca&#40;Mg&#44; Fe&#41;&#91;Si<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>O<span class="elsevierStyleInf">6</span>&#93;&#91;11-654&#44; 25-160&#93;Apatite&#58; CaF&#40;Po<span class="elsevierStyleInf">4</span>&#41;3 &#91;15-876&#93;Maghemite&#58; &#947;-Fe<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>O<span class="elsevierStyleInf">3</span> &#91;4-0755&#93;Hematite&#58; &#945;-Fe<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>0<span class="elsevierStyleInf">3</span> &#91;89-0599&#93;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
                  """
              ]
              "imagenFichero" => array:1 [
                0 => "xTab795029.png"
              ]
            ]
          ]
        ]
        "descripcion" => array:1 [
          "en" => "<p id="spar0090" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">XRD results&#46;</p>"
        ]
      ]
      14 => array:7 [
        "identificador" => "tbl0015"
        "etiqueta" => "Table 3"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA"
        "mostrarFloat" => true
        "mostrarDisplay" => false
        "tabla" => array:1 [
          "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [
            0 => array:2 [
              "tabla" => array:1 [
                0 => """
                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="center" valign="middle" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Sample&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="center" valign="middle" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Size &#40;&#956;m&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="center" valign="middle" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Weight &#40;&#167;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="center" valign="middle" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#967;<span class="elsevierStyleInf">if</span></span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="center" valign="middle" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#967;<span class="elsevierStyleInf">hf</span></span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="center" valign="middle" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#967;<span class="elsevierStyleInf">fd</span></span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="center" valign="middle" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#967;<span class="elsevierStyleInf">fd&#37;</span></span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">MC<span class="elsevierStyleInf">1</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">26 &#177; 2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">1&#46;1090&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">1018&#46;03&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">991&#46;88&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">0&#46;025&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">2&#46;57&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">MC<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">19 &#177; 1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">0&#46;7464&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">1158&#46;89&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">1134&#46;78&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">0&#46;020&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">2&#46;08&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">MC<span class="elsevierStyleInf">3</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">13 &#177; 1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">0&#46;5068&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">1213&#46;49&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">1156&#46;27&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">0&#46;047&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">4&#46;71&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">MC<span class="elsevierStyleInf">4</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">9 &#177; 1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">0&#46;5397&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">1013&#46;53&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">972&#46;76&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">0&#46;040&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">4&#46;02&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">MC<span class="elsevierStyleInf">5</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">6 &#177; 1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">0&#46;6125&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">1182&#46;04&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">1067&#46;76&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">0&#46;096&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">9&#46;66&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">MC<span class="elsevierStyleInf">6</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">6 ~ 0&#46;1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">0&#46;6169&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">650&#46;52&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">584&#46;05&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">0&#46;102&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">10&#46;22&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
                  """
              ]
              "imagenFichero" => array:1 [
                0 => "xTab795030.png"
              ]
            ]
          ]
        ]
        "descripcion" => array:1 [
          "en" => "<p id="spar0110" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Frequency dependent parameters and &#967;<span class="elsevierStyleInf">fd&#37;</span> of distinct magnetite grain size&#46;</p>"
        ]
      ]
      15 => array:7 [
        "identificador" => "tbl0020"
        "etiqueta" => "Table 4"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA"
        "mostrarFloat" => true
        "mostrarDisplay" => false
        "tabla" => array:2 [
          "leyenda" => "<p id="spar0125" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">W &#61; weight</p>"
          "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [
            0 => array:2 [
              "tabla" => array:1 [
                0 => """
                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="center" valign="middle" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Sample&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="center" valign="middle" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Mr &#40;&#956;Am<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="center" valign="middle" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Ms &#40;&#956;Am<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="center" valign="middle" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Mr&#47;Ms&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="center" valign="middle" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Hc &#40;mT&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="center" valign="middle" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Hcr &#40;mT&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="center" valign="middle" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Hcr&#47;Hc&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="center" valign="middle" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">W &#40;mg&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="center" valign="middle" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Ms&#47;W &#40;Am<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>&#47;Kg&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">26&#177; 2 &#956;m&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">15&#46;60&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">104&#46;6&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">0&#46;1491&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">14&#46;66&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">26&#46;16&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">1&#46;784&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">6&#46;8&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">15&#46;382&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">19&#177; 1 &#956;m&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">19&#46;37&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">120&#46;5&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">0&#46;1607&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">15&#46;42&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">25&#46;54&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">1&#46;656&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">12&#46;0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">10&#46;041&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">13&#177; 1 &#956;m&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">19&#46;16&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">107&#46;7&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">0&#46;1780&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">16&#46;82&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">27&#46;36&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">1&#46;626&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">7&#46;9&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">13&#46;632&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">9&#177; 1 &#956;m&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">18&#46;32&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">94&#46;36&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">0&#46;1941&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">18&#46;39&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">29&#46;94&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">1&#46;628&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">6&#46;4&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">14&#46;743&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">6&#177; 1 &#956;m&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">25&#46;87&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">118&#46;6&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">0&#46;2181&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">21&#46;02&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">33&#46;99&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">1&#46;617&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">6&#46;3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">18&#46;825&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">6~0&#46;1&#956;m&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">21&#46;43&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">72&#46;80&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">0&#46;2943&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">32&#46;20&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">51&#46;22&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">1&#46;590&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">12&#46;6&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">5&#46;777&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
                  """
              ]
              "imagenFichero" => array:1 [
                0 => "xTab795028.png"
              ]
            ]
          ]
        ]
        "descripcion" => array:1 [
          "en" => "<p id="spar0120" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Hysteresis parameters&#46;</p>"
        ]
      ]
    ]
    "bibliografia" => array:2 [
      "titulo" => "Bibliography"
      "seccion" => array:1 [
        0 => array:2 [
          "identificador" => "bibs0005"
          "bibliografiaReferencia" => array:14 [
            0 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0005"
              "etiqueta" => "Alva-Valdivia et al&#46;&#44; 2009"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Rock magnetism and microscopy of the Jacupiranga alkaline-carbonatitic complex&#44; southern Brazil"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:7 [
                            0 => "Alva-Valdivia L&#46;M&#46;"
                            1 => "Perrin M&#46;"
                            2 => "Rivas-S&#225;nchez M&#46;L&#46;"
                            3 => "Goguitchaichvili A&#46;"
                            4 => "Lopez-Loera H&#46;"
                            5 => "Ferreira Lopes O&#46;"
                            6 => "Bastos Bon&#225;s T&#46;"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:5 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Earth Planets Space"
                        "fecha" => "2009"
                        "volumen" => "61"
                        "paginaInicial" => "161"
                        "paginaFinal" => "171"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            1 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0010"
              "etiqueta" => "Alva-Valdivia and L&#243;pez-Loera&#44; 2011"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "A review of iron oxide transformations&#44; rock magnetism and interpretation of magnetic anomalies&#58; El Morro Mine &#40;Brazil&#41; a case study"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:2 [
                            0 => "Alva-Valdivia L&#46;M&#46;"
                            1 => "L&#243;pez-Loera H&#46;"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:5 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Geof&#237;sica Internacional"
                        "fecha" => "2011"
                        "volumen" => "50"
                        "paginaInicial" => "341"
                        "paginaFinal" => "362"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            2 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0015"
              "etiqueta" => "Day et al&#46;&#44; 1977"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Hysteresis properties of TMs&#58; grain size and compositional dependence&#44; Phys"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:3 [
                            0 => "Day R&#46;"
                            1 => "Fuller M&#46;"
                            2 => "Schmidt V&#46;A&#46;"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:5 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Earth Planet&#46; Inter&#46;"
                        "fecha" => "1977"
                        "volumen" => "13"
                        "paginaInicial" => "260"
                        "paginaFinal" => "267"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            3 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0020"
              "etiqueta" => "Dearing et al&#46;&#44; 1996"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Frequency-dependent susceptibility measurements of environmental materials"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:7 [
                            0 => "Dearing J&#46;A&#46;"
                            1 => "Dann R&#46;J&#46;L&#46;"
                            2 => "Hay K&#46;"
                            3 => "Lees J&#46;A&#46;"
                            4 => "Loveland P&#46;J&#46;"
                            5 => "Maher B&#46;A&#46;"
                            6 => "O&#8217;Grady"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:5 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Geophys&#46; J&#46; Int&#46;"
                        "fecha" => "1996"
                        "volumen" => "124"
                        "paginaInicial" => "228"
                        "paginaFinal" => "240"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            4 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0025"
              "etiqueta" => "Dunlop and &#214;zdemir&#44; 1997"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:2 [
                            0 => "Dunlop D&#46;"
                            1 => "&#214;zdemir O&#46;"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Libro" => array:4 [
                        "titulo" => "Rock-Magnetism&#44; fundamentals and frontiers"
                        "fecha" => "1997"
                        "paginaInicial" => "573"
                        "editorial" => "Cambrige University Press"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            5 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0030"
              "etiqueta" => "Feinberg et al&#44; 2007"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:1 [
                  "referenciaCompleta" => "Feinberg J&#46;M&#46;&#44; Harrison R&#46;J&#46;&#44; Kasama T&#46;&#44; Simpson E&#46;T&#46;&#44; Dunin-Borkowski R&#46;E&#46;&#44; 2007&#44; Electron Holography and Rock Magnetism&#58; IRM Quarterly&#44; 16&#44; 4&#44; p&#46; 5&#46;"
                ]
              ]
            ]
            6 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0035"
              "etiqueta" => "Harrison&#44; 2007"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "The magnetic personality of minerals&#58; from nano-scale microstructures to planetary-scale anomalies"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:1 [
                            0 => "Harrison R&#46;J&#46;"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:5 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Geol&#46; Soc&#46; Am&#46; Denver Annual Meeting&#46; Abstracts with Programs"
                        "fecha" => "2007"
                        "volumen" => "39"
                        "numero" => "6"
                        "paginaInicial" => "416"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            7 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0040"
              "etiqueta" => "Hirt and Gehring&#44; 1991"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Thermal Alteration of the Magnetic Mineralogy in Ferruginous Rocks"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:2 [
                            0 => "Hirt A&#46;M&#46;"
                            1 => "Gehring A&#46;U&#46;"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "J&#46; Geophys&#46; Res&#46;"
                        "fecha" => "1991"
                        "volumen" => "96"
                        "numero" => "B6"
                        "paginaInicial" => "9947"
                        "paginaFinal" => "9953"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            8 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0045"
              "etiqueta" => "Hochella&#44; 2008"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Nanogeoscience&#58; From origins to cutting edge applications"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:1 [
                            0 => "Hochella M&#46;F&#46; Jr&#46;"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:5 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Elements"
                        "fecha" => "2008"
                        "volumen" => "4"
                        "paginaInicial" => "373"
                        "paginaFinal" => "378"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            9 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0050"
              "etiqueta" => "Hochella et al&#46;&#44; 2008"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Nanominerals&#44; mineral nanoparticles&#44; and Earth systems"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:7 [
                            0 => "Hochella M&#46;F&#46; Jr&#46;"
                            1 => "Lower S&#46;K&#46;"
                            2 => "Maurice P&#46;A&#46;"
                            3 => "Penn R&#46;L&#46;"
                            4 => "Sahai N&#46;"
                            5 => "Sparks D&#46;L&#46;"
                            6 => "Twining B&#46;S&#46;"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1126/science.1141134"
                      "Revista" => array:7 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Science"
                        "fecha" => "2008"
                        "volumen" => "319"
                        "numero" => "5870"
                        "paginaInicial" => "1631"
                        "paginaFinal" => "1635"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18356515"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            10 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0055"
              "etiqueta" => "McEnroe et al&#46;&#44; 2004"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Magnetic anomalies&#44; layered intrusions and Mars"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:6 [
                            0 => "McEnroe S&#46;A&#46;"
                            1 => "Skilbrei J&#46;R&#46;"
                            2 => "Robinson P&#46;"
                            3 => "Heidel-bach F&#46;"
                            4 => "Lagenhorst F&#46;"
                            5 => "Brown L&#46;L&#46;"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:4 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Geophys&#46; Res&#46; Let"
                        "fecha" => "2004"
                        "volumen" => "31"
                        "paginaInicial" => "L19601"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            11 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0060"
              "etiqueta" => "Rivas-S&#225;nchez et al&#46;&#44; 2009"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Natural magnetite nanoparticles from an iron-ore deposit&#58; size dependence on magnetic properties"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:8 [
                            0 => "Rivas-S&#225;nchez M&#46;L&#46;"
                            1 => "Alva-Valdivia L&#46;M&#46;"
                            2 => "Arenas-Alatorre J&#46;"
                            3 => "Urrutia-Fucugauchi J&#46;"
                            4 => "Perrin M&#46;"
                            5 => "Goguitchaichvili A&#46;"
                            6 => "Ruiz-Sandoval M&#46;"
                            7 => "Ramos-Molina M&#46;A&#46;"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:5 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Earth Planets Space"
                        "fecha" => "2009"
                        "volumen" => "61"
                        "paginaInicial" => "151"
                        "paginaFinal" => "160"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            12 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0065"
              "etiqueta" => "Ruberti et al&#46;&#44; 2000"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:3 [
                            0 => "Ruberti E&#46;"
                            1 => "Gomes C&#46;B&#46;"
                            2 => "Melchor G&#46;C&#46;"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Libro" => array:6 [
                        "titulo" => "The Jacupiranga Carbonatite Complex&#58; geological and petrological aspects of the Jacupiranga alkaline-carbonatite association&#44; southern Brazil&#44; Post-Congress Field Trip Aft 08 Guidebook&#44; International Geological Congress"
                        "fecha" => "2000"
                        "paginaInicial" => "1"
                        "paginaFinal" => "21"
                        "editorial" => "Rio de Janeiro"
                        "editorialLocalizacion" => "Brazil"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            13 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0070"
              "etiqueta" => "Tornos&#44; 1997"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:1 [
                            0 => "Tornos F&#46;"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Libro" => array:5 [
                        "titulo" => "Procesos de alteracion y relleno hidrotermal sobre rocas silicoalumininicas&#44; Atlas de asociaciones minerales en lamina delgada"
                        "fecha" => "1997"
                        "paginaInicial" => "249"
                        "paginaFinal" => "271"
                        "editorial" => "Universidad de Barcelona"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
          ]
        ]
      ]
    ]
    "agradecimientos" => array:1 [
      0 => array:4 [
        "identificador" => "xack161000"
        "titulo" => "Acknowledgments"
        "texto" => "<p id="par0315" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">We are grateful for the kind cooperation of the engineering staff of Planejamento de Lavra&#47; Geolog&#237;a&#44; BUNGE Fertilizantes S&#47;A Unidade Cajati&#46; This research was funded by the CONACyT project No&#46; 105194 and PAPIIT-UNAM project IN108711&#46; We acknowledge to Dr&#46; J&#46; M&#46; Ya&#241;ez Lim&#243;n and Dr&#46; J&#46; Trapaga from CINVESTAV for performance of Raman spectroscopy analyses&#44; and C&#46; Linares and M&#46; Reyes for his great help in the EPMA study&#46;<a name="p110"></a></p>"
        "vista" => "all"
      ]
    ]
  ]
  "idiomaDefecto" => "en"
  "url" => "/00167169/0000005200000002/v2_201505081345/S001671691371465X/v2_201505081345/en/main.assets"
  "Apartado" => array:4 [
    "identificador" => "36047"
    "tipo" => "SECCION"
    "es" => array:2 [
      "titulo" => "Original paper"
      "idiomaDefecto" => true
    ]
    "idiomaDefecto" => "es"
  ]
  "PDF" => "https://static.elsevier.es/multimedia/00167169/0000005200000002/v2_201505081345/S001671691371465X/v2_201505081345/en/main.pdf?idApp=UINPBA00004N&text.app=https://www.elsevier.es/"
  "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S001671691371465X?idApp=UINPBA00004N"
]

Article information

ISSN: 00167169
Original language: English

DOI:10.1016/S0016-7169(13)71465-X

The statistics are updated each day

Year/Month	Html	Pdf	Total

2024 November	3	3	6
2024 October	18	4	22
2024 September	32	8	40
2024 August	28	3	31
2024 July	22	3	25
2024 June	22	4	26
2024 May	16	2	18
2024 April	17	5	22
2024 March	36	4	40
2024 February	29	2	31
2024 January	44	3	47
2023 December	34	7	41
2023 November	50	10	60
2023 October	61	8	69
2023 September	15	6	21
2023 August	33	5	38
2023 July	25	6	31
2023 June	25	10	35
2023 May	57	12	69
2023 April	32	2	34
2023 March	47	5	52
2023 February	38	0	38
2023 January	54	10	64
2022 December	43	4	47
2022 November	38	2	40
2022 October	33	13	46
2022 September	34	6	40
2022 August	23	13	36
2022 July	38	6	44
2022 June	31	6	37
2022 May	42	5	47
2022 April	31	16	47
2022 March	56	13	69
2022 February	36	9	45
2022 January	61	14	75
2021 December	41	15	56
2021 November	44	7	51
2021 October	40	9	49
2021 September	34	7	41
2021 August	31	5	36
2021 July	36	7	43
2021 June	16	4	20
2021 May	32	8	40
2021 April	60	24	84
2021 March	66	18	84
2021 February	51	5	56
2021 January	49	6	55
2020 December	47	5	52
2020 November	49	7	56
2020 October	28	8	36
2020 September	14	4	18
2020 August	22	6	28
2020 July	31	4	35
2020 June	22	3	25
2020 May	21	3	24
2020 April	27	6	33
2020 March	24	2	26
2020 February	13	3	16
2020 January	27	3	30
2019 December	17	3	20
2019 November	7	2	9
2019 October	18	3	21
2019 September	14	0	14
2019 August	9	0	9
2019 July	15	6	21
2019 June	54	9	63
2019 May	120	7	127
2019 April	87	4	91
2019 March	16	2	18
2019 February	22	1	23
2019 January	16	2	18
2018 December	8	3	11
2018 November	21	3	24
2018 October	21	7	28
2018 September	10	2	12
2018 August	31	2	33
2018 July	21	1	22
2018 June	15	0	15
2018 May	16	5	21
2018 April	79	6	85
2018 March	4	1	5
2018 February	9	1	10
2018 January	8	3	11
2017 December	10	2	12
2017 November	11	2	13
2017 October	7	12	19
2017 September	12	6	18
2017 August	9	20	29
2017 July	11	3	14
2017 June	17	6	23
2017 May	19	4	23
2017 April	10	3	13
2017 March	8	45	53
2017 February	13	9	22
2017 January	14	6	20
2016 December	23	6	29
2016 November	31	7	38
2016 October	28	4	32
2016 September	21	6	27
2016 August	28	7	35
2016 July	24	4	28
2016 June	39	9	48
2016 May	20	10	30
2016 April	20	12	32
2016 March	25	9	34
2016 February	16	15	31
2016 January	24	14	38
2015 December	26	11	37
2015 November	16	15	31
2015 October	14	13	27
2015 September	19	10	29
2015 August	26	3	29
2015 July	6	3	9
2015 June	1	0	1
2015 May	1	0	1
2015 April	1	0	1

Show all

Indexed in:

Follow us:

Statistics

Indexed in:

Follow us:

Statistics

Subscribe to our newsletter