Ometepec-Pinotepa Nacional, Mexico Earthquake of 20 March 2012 (Mw 7.5): A preliminary report

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Three L/d ratios and five ρ2 /p, ratios are considered. The unity departure time is ρ1 indicated" ] ] ] "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "autoresLista" => "Carlos Flores, José M. Romo, Mario Vega" "autores" => array:3 [ 0 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Carlos" "apellidos" => "Flores" ] 1 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "José M." "apellidos" => "Romo" ] 2 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Mario" "apellidos" => "Vega" ] ] ] ] ] "idiomaDefecto" => "en" "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S0016716913714703?idApp=UINPBA00004N" "url" => "/00167169/0000005200000002/v2_201505081345/S0016716913714703/v2_201505081345/en/main.assets" ] "en" => array:19 [ "idiomaDefecto" => true "titulo" => "Ometepec-Pinotepa Nacional, Mexico Earthquake of 20 March 2012 (Mw 7.5): A preliminary report" "tieneTextoCompleto" => true "paginas" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "paginaInicial" => "173" "paginaFinal" => "196" ] ] "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "autoresLista" => "" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "colaborador" => "Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México Seismology Group" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "*" "identificador" => "fn0005" ] ] ] ] "afiliaciones" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "entidad" => "with contribution from Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Azcapozalco, México, D.F." "identificador" => "aff0005" ] ] ] ] "resumenGrafico" => array:2 [ "original" => 0 "multimedia" => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0030" "etiqueta" => "Figure 5" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr5.jpeg" "Alto" => 2492 "Ancho" => 1734 "Tamanyo" => 373338 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Velocities at the six stations in/near the epicentral region." ] ] ] "textoCompleto" => "IntroductionThe Ometepec-Pinotepa Nacional earthquake of 20 March 2012 (Mw 7.5) initiated near the mexican coast at the border between the states of Oaxaca and Guerrero. It was a shallow thrust earthquake which ruptured the interface of the subducting oceanic Cocos and overriding continental North America plates. An Earthquake Engineering Research Institute (EERI) special report on the earthquake (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0140">Juárez García et al., 2012</a>) states that in the epicentral zone “almost 2,000 houses collapsed or were judged to be total losses, over 3,000 houses sustained heavy damage, and over 3,000 were reported with minor damage.” The earthquake was strongly felt in Mexico City.The earthquake was recorded in the epicentral zone at Pinotepa Nacional station (PNIG) which is equipped with a broadband seismograph, an accelerograph, and a GPS receiver with a sampling interval of 1 s (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Figure 1</a>). This station is operated by the National Seismological Service (SSN, Servicio Sismológico Nacional) of Instituto de Geofísica, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM). Data from PNIG are transmitted in real-time to Instituto de Geofísica, UNAM. There were several accelerographs in and near the epicentral zone (elements of seismic alert systems for Mexico City and the City of Oaxaca) which produced strong-motion recordings. There were also a few GPS stations in the area, operating in an autonomous mode, from which coseismic static displacement field could be retrieved. Following the earthquake, a portable network of seven seismic stations was installed in the epicentral area to record aftershocks. At regional distances, the earthquake was recorded by broadband seismographs and accelerographs. The event produced numerous accelerograms in the Valley of Mexico and the City of Oaxaca.<elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia>Based on the analysis of a subset of this large data set, we present preliminary results on the location of the mainshock and aftershocks, slip distribution on the fault, relationship of the aftershock area with the slip distribution, radiated seismic energy, attenuation of PGA as a function of distance, and ground-motion characteristics in the Valley of Mexico. When possible, we compare the 2012 earthquake with other large Mexican subduction thrust earthquakes, including the<a name="p175"></a> 1982 Ometepec doublet (Mw 6.9, 7.0) which may have broken roughly the same segment of the plate boundary and the 1995 Copala earthquake (Mw 7.3) which ruptured the adjacent one. These comparisons help put this earthquake in proper perspective with respect to the other shallow thrust earthquakes along the Mexican subduction zone.Tectonic Setting and Previous Earthquakes in the RegionIn the area of interest, the oceanic Cocos plate subducts below Mexico at a relative convergence rate of 6 cm/yr in the direction N34°E (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0075">DeMets et al., 1990</a>). Shallow, thrust earthquakes along the Pacific coast of Oaxaca, which occur as a consequence of the subduction, exhibit some special characteristics. (1) Large earthquakes seem to occur periodically with a recurrence period of 30-50 years (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0245">Singh et al., 1981</a>). (2) The statistics of earthquakes in the region suggests occurrence of characteristic earthquakes of magnitude around 7.6 (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0275">Singh et al., 1983</a>). (3) The rupture process of the earthquakes, as seen on teleseismic Galitzin and long-period WWSSN seismograms, is remarkably simple to the east of 98.2°W but becomes more complex to the west (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0055">Chael and Stewart, 1982</a>; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0260">Singh and Mortera, 1991</a>).Several parallel ridges of seamounts have been mapped on the sea floor of the Cocos plate in the area (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0150">Kanjorski, 2003</a>). These seamounts are oriented 15-20° from orthogonal to the trench axis (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Figure 1</a>). <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0150">Kanjorski (2003)</a> suggests that characteristics of seismicity in the region are affected by subduction of the seamounts. The oceanic crust is segmented along the seamount-parallel faults at the subduction zone (“slivered” ocean crust model). During large earthquakes each slivered piece of the subducted plate, generally, ruptures independently, the dimension being controlled by the spacing of the parallel seamount chains (50-100 km). We note that the rupture area of the 1982 doublet mostly falls between two parallel faults. As we show later, the rupture area of the 2012 earthquake also lies between these faults and overlaps with that of the 1982 doublet. Based on analysis of local seismicity, <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0300">Yamamoto et al. (2002</a>, <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0305">2013</a>) suggest that the upper plate in the region is also segmented.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a> lists large shallow, thrust earthquakes in the region which have occurred since 1900 near the coast between the latitudes of 95.0°W and 99.0°W. The region covered in this table includes south east Guerrero. <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Figure 1</a> shows the epicenters of these earthquakes. When the aftershock area of an earthquake is reasonably<a name="p176"></a> well known from local and regional seismograms, it is illustrated by a contour of unbroken line in the figure. These include aftershock areas of the central Oaxaca earthquake of 1978 (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0250">Singh et al., 1980</a>) and the Ometepec doublet (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0180">Nava, 1984</a>). For these earthquakes portable seismographs were deployed in the field. For the 1995 Copala earthquake, both aftershock and slip areas (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0065">Courboulex et al., 1997</a>) are shown. We roughly estimated the aftershock area of the 1996 earthquake, using local, single-station, three-component seismograms at PNIG. This area is illustrated in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Figure 1</a> by a contour of broken line. There is more uncertainty in the aftershock areas of 1965 and 1968 earthquakes which were estimated from seismograms at regional distances. Hence, these areas are also shown by broken contours. For pre-1965 events the figure only shows the epicenters; even these are poorly known. Due to uncertainty in the location of the large pre-1965 earthquakes, the recurrence periods of the events, especially in south east Guerrero, are also uncertain.<elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia>Seismic Recordings in and near the Epicentral ZoneThe station PNIG, which, as mentioned earlier, was located near the epicentral region (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Figures 1</a> and <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">2</a>) and equipped with a broadband seismograph, an accelerograph, and a GPS receiver, played an important role in the analysis of the earthquake. There were seven other accelerographs in the region which recorded the event (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Figure 2</a>).<elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0010"></elsevierMultimedia>After a few seconds of recording, the data stream at PNIG was lost for ~ 4 hours. Much of the seismic data, including the mainshock accelerogram, were retrieved soon after communication was re-established. The broadband seismograms were clipped during the mainshock. <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0015">Figure 3a</a> shows acceleration, velocity, and displacement at PNIG (velocity and displacement were obtained from direct integration of the acceleration). The traces begin at the arrival of P wave. The displacements on NS, EW, and Z components, 25 s after P-wave arrival, are – 9.0, - 8.0, and - 8.0 cm, respectively.<elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0015"></elsevierMultimedia>Since 2011, the GPS network operated by the SSN has been reconfigured to transmit high-rate data in real time. At the time of the Ometepec-Pinotepa Nacional earthquake, the PNIG GPS permanent station had been recently set up, and the real-time processing scheme had not been yet implemented. We performed a high-rate postprocessing of PNIG GPS data using Gipsy-Oasis software (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0090">Gregorius, 1996</a>) to obtain displacement records. <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0020">Figure 3b</a> compares the displacement field obtained from double numerical integration of PNIG accelerographic records (continuous line) and from GPS 1 Hz data (red crosses). As can be seen, the GPS continuous stream failed for almost 1 minute, probably due to electrical supply failure. Displacement recovered by double numerical integration agrees well with that obtained from the GPS data in the first 10 s. The displacement field from double integration becomes unreliable after about 25 s which is manifested by the drift in the traces. After about 60 s, the displacements on<a name="p177"></a> NS, EW, and Z components from GPS data at PNIG are - 6.0, - 10.0, and - 5.0 cm (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0020">Figure 3b</a>). For comparison, DeMets (personal communication, 2012) reports NS and EW coseismic static displacements at PNIG as - 8.8 and - 11.0 cm. We note that, for the SSN network, this is the first time that displacements retrieved from acceleration and from GPS data can be compared at the same site.<elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0020"></elsevierMultimedia>Acceleration and velocity time-histories at six other epicentral strong motion stations are illustrated in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0025">Figures 4</a> and <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0030">5</a>, respectively. We note that PGA of ½ g was exceeded at two stations. At SJLL, the PGA on NS, EW, and Z components were 1070, 1070, and 1040 gal, respectively. This is the highest PGA ever recorded above Mexican subduction zone. High PGA at this station is clearly related to a site effect. An examination of the spectra shows a strong peak at 3.6 Hz. PGA at station LA03 reached 726 gal. Here again, the spectra are peaked at 6.5 Hz, suggesting a strong site effect. PGA, however, did not exceed ½ g at any firm strong-motion site, in agreement with previous observations along the Mexican subduction zone (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0265">Singh et al., 1989</a>). A relatively low PGA was recorded at PNIG which is also a firm site. The highest PGV (91 cm/s) was observed at LG01.<elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0025"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0030"></elsevierMultimedia>Mainshock LocationLocating the mainshock presented the usual difficulties associated with large events recorded at local distances. The SSN broadband network is relatively sparse. There were only 4 stations within a radius of 200 km of the epicenter. The broadband seismograms at PNIG and most other regional stations within a radius of ~300 km from the source were clipped on S wave. However, all SSN stations are equipped with accelerometers. We used accelerations (or velocities derived by simple integration) to read the S phase. We also used recordings from autonomous local and regional accelerographs [(S-P) time if absolute time was found to be incorrect]. It was difficult to read S-wave reliably on local stations. P-wave at PNIG clearly showed that the rupture initiated SW of the station. In the location of the earthquake, the azimuth of the hypocenter from PNIG (250°) was taken into account. The depth was fixed to 20 km as it is the typical depth of plate interface below the Mexican coast. A crustal model, modified from <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0115">Iglesias et al. (2001)</a>, was used in the location of the mainshock and the aftershocks. The model consisted of three layers over a half space: layer 1, thickness = 5.2 km, Vs = 3.45 km/s, density = 2.68 gm/cm3; layer 2, thickness = 10.5 km, Vs = 3.50 km/s, density = 2.70 gm/cm3; layer 3, thickness = 5.2 km, Vs = 3.45 km/s, density = 2.84 gm/cm3; half space, V s = 4.45 km/s, density = 3.23 gm/cm3. A Poisson solid was assumed to estimated V. Seismograms were converted to SeisAn format (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0095">Havskov and Ottemöller, 1999</a>) and earthquakes were located using an algorithm by <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0175">Lienert and Havskov (1995)</a>.The locations of the mainshock obtained in this study and the one reported by NEIC, U.S. Geological Survey are listed in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">Table 2</a> and shown<a name="p178"></a> in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Figure 2</a>. The table also lists CMT solutions, including centroid depth, reported by several sources. We note that the NEIC location is 58 km to N40°E of the location from local/regional data.<elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0010"></elsevierMultimedia>Location of AftershocksWe obtained preliminary epicenter locations of 458 aftershocks which occurred in the first 30 hours by reading azimuth and P and S times at PNIG. The depth was fixed at 20 km and the crustal model mentioned above was used in the location. The epicenters of the events are shown in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0035">Figure 6</a>. As mentioned earlier, a network of seven portable digital seismographs was deployed in field (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Figure 2</a>). The network became operational about 30 hours after the mainshock. We located 1235 aftershocks which occurred during the next four days using data from 4 to 7 stations. These are shown in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0035">Figure 6</a>. To check the accuracy of the epicenters of the early aftershocks based on PNIG only, we selected the largest 50 events which were recorded by the portable network and compared the locations with those determined from PNIG alone. The difference in the epicentral locations is about 10 km on average. The four-day aftershocks (beginning 30 hours after the origin time) roughly define a 50 km × 60 km area. This area is larger than the first 30-hour area which is about 40 km × 60 km, indicating expansion with time. Several clusters of aftershocks are visible in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0035">Figure 6</a>. A lineament of aftershocks, oriented ~N45°E, occurs near PNIG. These clusters and the lineament may be related to bathymetric features on the subducted Cocos plate. We note, however, that they do not coincide with the subducted seamount chains.<elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0035"></elsevierMultimedia><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0035">Figure 6</a> shows the GCMT centroid epicenter and focal mechanism of the mainshock from the GCMT catalog. This location is near the north end of the aftershock area, perhaps related to the shift of the NEIC epicenter to north east of the epicenter estimated from the local and regional data. The figure also displays epicenters and focal mechanisms of all large aftershocks. The epicenters are from local and regional data while the focal mechanisms are from GCMT catalog. Most of these larger aftershocks are located at the edge of the aftershock area. The largest aftershock occurred on 2 April 2012 (H = 12 km; Mw 6.1). It has a normal-faulting focal mechanism and is located in the overriding plate. It may have been causally related to the mainshock through stress interaction. An earthquake of similar mechanism occurred about 20 km NW of Acapulco, along the coast, near the town of Coyuca, on 8 October 2001 (Mw 5.8). These events suggest that in situ stress in the upper plate near the coast in these regions is extensional, probably a consequence of tectonic erosion or trench roll back (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0205">Pacheco and Singh, 2010</a>).<a name="p179"></a><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0040">Figure 7</a> compares the aftershock areas of the 2012 earthquake estimated from 30-hour and seven-day activity, with that of seven-day aftershock area of the 1982 doublet (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0180">Nava, 1984</a>). The areas roughly overlap. However, the sum of moments of the doublet (5.6×1019 Nm, <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0020">Astiz and Kanamori, 1984</a>) is only about 1/2 to 1/3 of the moment of the 2012 earthquake (1.3×1020 to 1.98×1020 Nm). It is possible that the 2012 event broke an area which was larger than the doublet area but included it, suggesting a variable rupture mode (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0145">Kanamori and McNally, 1982</a>).<a name="p180"></a><a name="p181"></a><a name="p182"></a><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0040"></elsevierMultimedia>Number of aftershocksThere was a general perception that the aftershocks activity following the 2012 earthquake was unusually intense. The number of aftershocks may be a reflection of the degree of heterogeneity on and near the fault plane. If there is a regional variation in the number of aftershocks then its knowledge is also useful to civil protection authorities. Thus, it is important to know whether the number of aftershocks of the 2012 event was truly large or only a subjective perception. The SSN network has been undergoing expansion and improvement. For this reason, it is not possible to compare the statistics of aftershocks of this earthquake with those of previous large events based on the SSN catalog. Therefore, we used U. S. Geological Survey Earthquake Data<a name="p183"></a> Base (<a href="http://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eqarchives/epic/epic_rect.php">http://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eqarchives/epic/epic_rect.php</a>). For our analysis, we isolated aftershocks of all shallow, thrust events with Mw ≥ 6.9 which occurred along the Mexican subduction zone, from Jalisco-Colima to Oaxaca, beginning 1963 when the World-Wide Standard Seismograph Network became operational. The database lists body-wave magnitude, mb, of small and moderate earthquakes and Ms or Mw for large earthquakes. For many, recent moderate earthquakes Mw rather than mb is listed. For each earthquake we extracted seismicity during the next 30 days in an area which was chosen to be somewhat larger than the expected rupture area. <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0015">Table 3</a> gives N(mb), where N is the number of events with magnitude ≥ mb. N is listed for mb = 4.5 and 5.0. The number includes the mainshock. Mw of moderate earthquakes is taken as mb. The catalog is probably complete for mb ≥ 5.0. Events 5 and 10 in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0015">Table 3</a> are doublets. For these events the 30-day period was counted from the second shock. The seismic moments of the two shocks were added before computing Mw which is listed in the table.<elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0015"></elsevierMultimedia><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0045">Figure 8a</a> shows the location of the mainshocks. The plot of N(mb ≥ 5) versus Mw of the mainshock is illustrated in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0045">Figure 8b</a>. To quantify the lack or access of aftershocks, we assume that N α A, where A is the rupture area (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0280">Singh and Suárez, 1988</a>). Since Mw α (2/3)logM0 α logA, it follows that if N α A then logN α Mw. N versus Mw data is fitted with logN = Mw + C. The line defined by this relation, shown in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0045">Figure 8b</a>, serves to measure lack or excess of aftershocks for the earthquakes listed in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0015">Table 3</a>. The figure shows that events 1 and 5 (Colima-Jalisco 1995 and Michoacán 1985) were the two most deficient ones in the production of aftershocks, while events 11 and 12 (Offshore Pinotepa 1996 and Ometepec-Pinotepa Nacional 2012) <a name="p184"></a> were the two most prolific ones. The relative abundance of aftershocks and simplicity of large earthquakes as seen in the region of the study may reflect both a relative abundance of heterogeneities at small scale but smooth fault plane at larger scale.<elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0045"></elsevierMultimedia>Slip on the Fault from Inversion of Teleseismic DataImmediately after the earthquake, teleseismic body and surface waves were inverted to map slip on the fault by groups at NEIC and Caltech (<a href="http://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eqinthenews/2012/usc0008m6h/finite_fault.php">http://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eqinthenews/2012/usc0008m6h/finite_fault.php</a>; <a href="http://www.tectonics.caltech.edu/slip_history/2012_Mexico/index.html">http://www.tectonics.caltech.edu/slip_history/2012_Mexico/index.html</a>). These inversions use the NEIC hypocenter (16.662°N, 98.188°W, H = 20 km; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">Table 2</a>). The results show a compact, nearly circular source whose dimension can be approximated by a square area of 35 km × 35 km. As a consequence of using the NEIC hypocenter, in these inversions the slip patch is located well inland, far north from our epicenter. Here we use the same simulated annealing, wavelet domain algorithm used by NEIC (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0130">Ji et al., 2002a</a>,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0135">b</a>) to invert teleseismic body and surface waves for the slip on the fault plane. We use an expanded data set compared to the one used for the rapid solution by USGS: a total of 29 P-waves, 15 S-waves, 30 Rayleigh waves and 20 Love waves. We use the hypocenter determined in this study (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">Table 2</a>). We invert for the magnitude, direction and duration of slip at each subpatch of the fault. The slip-rate function of each fault is parameterized by an asymmetric cosine function (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0130">Ji et al., 2002a</a>). The timing of the initial slip is constrained to follow a rupture velocity of 3 km/s. First the body-wave arrivals were aligned on theoretical travel times based on a 1D Earth model. However, we found large apparent time shifts between observed and calculated seismograms, caused by the 3D structure of the Earth. The systematic variation of these shifts with azimuth is probably also responsible for the large mislocation of the hypocenter by global agencies, mentioned above. To minimize the effect of unmodeled 3D<a name="p185"></a> structure on the result, we manually aligned the body-wave phases on the first observable arrival in the seismogram. At stations where we could not identify the first arrival, we aligned them to be consistent with neighboring stations. The alignment of the traces is a difficult task as the first arrivals are small relative to the noise level at many stations. Furthermore, comparing the teleseismic waveforms to the ones observed locally we found that the initial weak rupture (see more detail in the following section) was not seen in any of the teleseismic records. To account for this small initial slip near the hypocenter, we shifted all the traces by two seconds. The distribution of slip on the fault plane determined by the inversion is shown in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0050">Figure 9a</a>. There are two separate regions of slip, both to the East of the hypocenter, one updip and the other one downdip. Each area of slip is about 30 km in diameter and a maximum slip of almost 2 m. It should be emphasized that this is a preliminary solution and that the pattern depends critically on the alignment of the body waves. The solutions we obtained using unaligned seismograms, as well as aligned but not shifted by a constant, have one patch of slip to the north of the hypocenter, similar to the solutions of the groups at NEIC and Caltech. The shift of two seconds is what allows the rupture to get further from the hypocenter before the large slip occurs, in effect allowing two different slip patches. Allowing a much smaller rupture velocity at the beginning could alter this result. However, we note that the two-patch slip model predicts static displacements that are in better agreement with those observed at nearby GPS stations than the one patch model and it is also in better agreement with the slip model obtained from regional data (following section).<elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0050"></elsevierMultimedia>Slip on the Fault from Inversion of Near-Source DataWe inverted the near-source band-pass filtered displacement traces to map the slip on the fault. Because the times at some accelerographs were incorrect, we corrected them using the computed expected P arrival times. The accelerograms were baseline corrected, integrated to obtain velocities, and they were then bandpass filtered (0.025 -1.0 Hz). These traces were integrated to obtain the displacements. The data at station HZ04 were ignored since the traces at nearby JAMI station (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Figure 2</a>) were of much better quality. From a visual inspection of the integrated traces and preliminary results of the inversion, we rejected the vertical displacement seismograms for LG01, SJLL, and LA03 stations (dashed lines in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0055">Figure 10</a>).<elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0055"></elsevierMultimedia>We assumed that the faulting was confined to a 90 km × 90 km area (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0040">Figure 7</a>) which has an azimuth = 295°, dip = 13°, and rake = 91°, in rough accordance with the GCMT solution. This area was divided in 18 × 18 subfaults. The<a name="p186"></a> depth of the fault at the hypocenter (16.254°N, 98.531°W) was 20 km. The inversion was performed in the frequency domain (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0060">Cotton and Campillo, 1995</a>) using a simulated annealing inversion scheme (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0125">Iglesias et al., 2002</a>). The displacement spectrum, ui (ω), at the ith station can be written as<elsevierMultimedia ident="eq0005"></elsevierMultimedia>where n is the number of subfaults; tk, the rupture time (time elapsed from origin time to the initial rupture for each subfault); Sk, the average displacement for kth subfault; gki(ω), the displacement transfer function for unitary slip in the kth subfault recorded at the ith station; and Fk[Rk, ω], the source time function depending on rise time Rk. Following <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0105">Hernandez et al. (2001)</a>, we chose<elsevierMultimedia ident="eq0010"></elsevierMultimedia>We attempted to invert for Rk. However, after several tests we found that Rk could not be resolved. Thus, in further inversions we fixed Rk = 1.7 s.Synthetic seismograms for each subfatult to each station were computed using discrete wave number algorithm (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0035">Bouchon, 1982</a>). The crustal model used in the inversion is given above. We took Qs = 350 and Qp = 600.The differences between observed and synthetic spectra (real and imaginary parts) were minimized at all the discrete frequencies between 0.025 and 1.0 Hz. Each subfault was composed of 49 source points whose rupture was delayed in time by assuming a constant rupture velocity (V = 3.0 km/s). The details of the method are given in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0105">Hernandez et al. (2001)</a> and <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0125">Iglesias et al. (2002)</a>.The result of the inversion is shown in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0050">Figure 9b</a> and the observed and synthetic waveforms are illustrated in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0055">Figure 10</a>. The fit is reasonable. The inversion yields a seismic moment of 1.1×1020 Nm (Mw 7.3). The observed coseismic static<a name="p187"></a> displacements at PINO (the same station as PNIG), OXTP, and MRQL (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Figure 2</a>) were not used in the inversion. Thus, it is reassuring that the predicted static horizontal displacements at these stations, corresponding to the inverted slip, agree well with the observations (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0050">Figure 9b</a>).The inversion shows small slip near the hypocenter. Large slip occurs on two patches: one patch is located updip from the hypocenter towards the south-east while the other one is located downdip towards north. Significant slip is confined within an area of ~25 km × 60 km (1500 km2). The static stress drop, ∆σ, during the earthquake can be estimated from the relation ∆σ = (1/2) (77π3/2/16) (M0/A3/2) where A is the fault area (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0080">Eshelby, 1957</a>). With M0 =1.98×1020 Nm and A = 1500 km2, we obtain ∆σ = 4.3 MPa.Back-projection source imaging using teleseismic P waves recorded at USArray in northeast USA shows a dominant westward rupture propagation (L. Meng and J. P. Ampuero, personal communication, 2012). This network, however, has no resolution to detect along dip rupture propagation, which we find to be the dominant direction of rupture (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0050">Figure 9</a>).From <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0050">Figure 9b</a> we note that the aftershock activity is relatively low in areas of large slip. Do the two patches correspond to the individual events of the 1982 doublet? Comparison of the doublet epicenters (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Figure 1</a>) with the two patches (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0050">Figure 9b</a>) does not support this. However, the errors in the locations of the 1982 doublet are probably too large to reach a definitive conclusion.Radiated Seismic EnergySeismic moment, M0, and radiated seismic energy, Es, are the two basic source parameters of an earthquake. We computed Es of five recent, large, earthquakes in the region using teleseismic P-wave recordings following the method of <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0030">Boatwright and Choy (1986)</a>. The estimate of the energy flux was obtained from the integral of the squared velocity spectrum of the P-wave group (P, pP, and sP waves), corrected for attenuation and site effect (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0220">Pérez-Campos, 2002</a>; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0230">Pérez-Campos et al., 2003</a>). The total P-wave energy was then estimated using covariance-weighting least squares (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0225">Pérez-Campos and Beroza, 2001</a>), and correcting for geometrical spreading and radiation pattern. We used q = 15.58 (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0030">Boatwright and Choy, 1986</a>), the partitioning between S- and P-wave energy, to estimate the total radiated seismic energy. <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0020">Table 4</a> lists Es and Es/M0 values of the 2012 and other earthquakes in the region. We note that Es/M0 of the 1996 and 1997 earthquakes, both located off-shore, near the trench (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Figure 1</a>), are an order of magnitude smaller than for the other three events which broke the plate interface further downdip (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0060">Figure 11</a>). These earthquakes, like some other events near the trench of the Mexican subduction zone, also gave rise to unusually low PGA (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0120">Iglesias et al., 2003</a>). Low Es/M0 is typical of near-trench earthquakes (e.g., <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0170">Lay et al., 2012</a>).<elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0020"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0060"></elsevierMultimedia>Rupture areas of most large Mexican subduction zone earthquakes straddle the coast, seldom reaching the trench. Those that do (e.g., 1995 Colima-Jalisco, Mw 8.0 earthquake) may cause large tsunami. Thus, for tsunami mitigation, it is critically important to know the state of seismic coupling on the updip part of the plate interface. Certainly, there is evidence of near-trench coupling off-shore Pinotepa and Colima-Jalisco. The great 1787 Oaxaca earthquake (M~8.4 - 8.6), which produced the largest historically documented tsunami in Mexico (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0195">Núñez-Cornú et al., 2008</a>; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0285">Suárez and Albini, 2009</a>), suggests that a significant length of near-trench interface in the region may be capable of strain accumulation. The interface may rupture in moderate M6.5-7.0 earthquakes (as in the case of 1997 and 1996 events) and, occasionally, during great earthquakes when several asperities break in one single episode (1787 event).<a name="p188"></a>Observed and Predicted Ground Motions in MexicoPrediction of ground motions from future earthquakes is critically important in seismic hazard analysis. Although first accelerographs in Mexico date back to 1962, it was not until 1985 that a modern accelerographic network, called the Guerrero Accelerograph Array, became operational (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0005">Anderson et al., 1994</a>). This network covered the coastal region of Guerrero and part of Michoacán. It also included a few stations inland and an attenuation line from the Guerrero coast to Mexico City. The 1985 Michoacán earthquake was well-recorded by this newly-installed network. Since 1985, strong-motion stations in Mexico have steadily increased in number. The data have been used to develop ground motion prediction equations (GMPE).The recordings from the 2012 earthquake permit a check on the GMPE for interface earthquakes (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0015">Arroyo et al., 2010</a>). <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0065">Figure 12</a> shows plots of observed and predicted PGA at hard sites as a function of Rrup, the closest distance from the site to the rupture area. Here PGA = [(An2 + Ae2)/2]1/2 (An and Ae are the peak accelerations on NS and EW components, respectively). The predictions are reasonable for Rrup < 400 km, beyond which they underestimate the observations. This is expected since only data at distances of Rrup < 400 km were used by <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0015">Arroyo et al. (2010)</a> in the regression analysis. In any case, ground motions at such large distances are of little importance in earthquake engineering.<elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0065"></elsevierMultimedia><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0070">Figure 13</a> shows PGA contours in Mexico for the 2012 earthquake. These contours were obtained from recorded data (shown by triangles) using a Bayesian interpolation technique. We note that the maximum contour roughly coincides with the maximum slip on the fault (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0050">Figure 9</a>). <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0070">Figure 13</a> also shows municipalities where significant structural damage was observed. These municipalities received federal funds for recovery and reconstruction of the affected population (<a href="http://dof.gob.mx/nota_detalle.php?codigo=5241891&fecha=03/04/2012">http://dof.gob.mx/nota_detalle.php?codigo=5241891&fecha=03/04/2012</a>; <a href="http://dof.gob.mx/nota_detalle.php?codigo=5241892&fecha=03/04/2012">http://dof.gob.mx/nota_detalle.php?codigo=5241892&fecha=03/04/2012</a>).<elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0070"></elsevierMultimedia>Ground Motion in Mexico CityThe 2012 earthquake was strongly felt in Mexico City. Initially it was thought that the city had survived well the onslaught of the largest earthquake since 1985. <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0075">Figure 14</a> compares accelerograms and Fourier spectra of the 2012 (Mw 7.5) and the 1995 Copala (Mw 7.3) earthquakes at CU, a hill-zone site in city. <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0080">Figure 15</a> illustrates the corresponding plots at SCT, a site in the lake-bed zone. The distance from the two sources to Mexico City is roughly equal. The PGAs during the two earthquakes at each of these sites are nearly the same (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0025">Tables 5</a> and <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0030">6</a>). The same is true for Fourier amplitude spectra at frequencies greater than about 1 Hz. At lower frequencies, the Fourier amplitudes of the 2012 earthquake are somewhat greater than of the 1995 event, in agreement with their relative moment magnitudes.<a name="p189"></a><a name="p190"></a><a name="p191"></a><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0075"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0080"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0025"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0030"></elsevierMultimedia>Ten earthquakes which have produced largest PGA at CU since 1985 are listed in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0025">Table 5</a>. PGA during the 2012 earthquake is 12.0 gal, the fifth largest in the table. Annual exceedance rate of 10 gal is about 0.3. We note that eight out of the 10 events gave rise to roughly similar PGA, between 8 and 14 gal. Thus, the 2012 earthquake was not exceptional in terms of PGA. Note that the PGA at CU during the 1985 earthquake was 30 gal, two and half times greater than during the 2012 event.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0030">Table 6</a> is similar to <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0025">Table 5</a> but for SCT. PGA at SCT during the 2012 earthquake was 34 gal, which is the third largest in the table. Annual exceedance rate of 20 gal at this site is about 0.3. During five out of the 10 events the PGA at SCT was between 29 and 39 gal. Again, the PGA at SCT during the 2012 earthquake was not exceptionally large (roughly four times less than during 1985 earthquake).A Possible InterpretationThe 2012 Ometepec-Pinotepa Nacional earthquake may be understood as a single event in a stochastic process:Stress accumulation→ Quiescences → EARTHQUAKE→ Stress drop→ Regional deformations→ Aftershock sequences→ Stress accumulations Quiescences→ EARTHQUAKES→ Stress drops→ Regional deformations→ Aftershock sequences→…where time runs from left to right, and the embedded process of stress accumulation shifts its localization at random (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0050">Castaños et al., 2013</a>). Causality appears to require a different process which, however, never happens:<a name="p192"></a>Stress accumulation→ Foreshock sequences→ EARTHQUAKE→ Stress drop→ Regional deformation→ Quiescence→ Stress accumulation→ Foreshock sequences→ EARTHQUAKES→ Stress drops→ Regional deformation→ Quiescences→In other words, if all earthquakes are caused by precursory stress accumulation the current logic requires that the seismicity in the region should increase before the main shock, not afterwards. The reason is the Coulomb failure criterion<elsevierMultimedia ident="eq0015"></elsevierMultimedia>where the stress σ on the fault builds up gradually with time while the shear strength τ remains constant. Here tanФ) is the coefficient of internal friction and c is the cohesion. The hypothesis of stress buildup before earthquakes remains a fundamental feature of earthquake theory.But the Coulomb failure criterion admits two symmetrically opposite interpretations: (1) the regional stress σ increases in time until it matches or exceeds the constant strength τ of the fault, or (2) the shear strength τ of the fault decays in time until it is overcome by the stationary regional stress σ. Symmetry with respect to time translation yields conservation of energy, as predicted by a famous theorem of <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0190">Noether (1918)</a>: “Every differentiable symmetry in a physical system must be associated with a conserved quantity”.The Cocos plate subducts the North America plate at a relative convergence rate of 6 cm/yr in the N34°E direction (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0075">DeMets et al., 1990</a>). The stochastic process described above is merely a random discretization of the steady-state subduction process. The physics of this process requires that fluctuations in the state of stress will be consistent with the Second Law of Thermodynamics: “Earth system processes perform work by degrading sources of free energy, thereby producing entropy” (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0155">Kleidon and Lorenz, 2005</a>). This fits the Coulomb failure criterion in its second interpretation, i.e., the shear strength x of the fault decays in time until it is overcome by the stationary regional stress σ.What could be the cause of fluctuations in strength on the subduction zone? The answer has to do with the ubiquitous process of stress corrosion in the presence of water. In the active Guerrero subduction zone segmentation is closely related to water content (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0110">Husker and Davis, 2009</a>). After a major earthquake the rupture heals at a roughly constant rate with a half-life of 20 years (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0050">Castaños et al., 2013</a>). Aftershocks are related to the healing process, so that the aftershock region is about the same as the rupture region which has not yet healed.Summary and ConclusionsThe 2012 Ometepec-Pinotepa Nacional nucleated about 5 km offshore, near the border between the states of Guerrero and Oaxaca, at a depth of about 20 km. The epicenter reported by NEIC is 58 km toward N40°E. This large difference in the location is partly due to weak beginning of the earthquake so that P phase read at local and regional distances may not correspond to that read at teleseismic distances. In addition, there are such factors as teleseismic station distribution and the velocity structure of the subduction zone which cause a systematic bias of the NEIC epicenters of Mexican earthquakes to be shifted towards the NE (see, e.g., <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0255">Singh and Lermo, 1985</a>).As a consequence of the mislocation mentioned above, the area of slip distribution mapped from inversion of teleseismic waves by different groups is also shifted to the NE with respect with the one mapped from our inversion of local displacement seismograms. Our preliminary inversion of teleseismic data, using the hypocenter reported here and time shifting discussed above, agrees well with the inversion of the local data. The inversion of local data reveals two patches of large slip, one updip towards SW of the hypocenter and the other downdip to the N. The slip is small near the hypocenter during the first 4 s of rupture. This seems to suggest that the earthquake nucleated in an area of low strength and little strain accumulation. The rupture then broke two stronger asperities. Significant slip extends 25 km updip and 35 km downdip from the coast, and for a length of about 25 km along the strike. This defines a rupture area of about 25 km × 60 km.Our slip area roughly coincides with the 30-hour aftershock area. We note that there is relative lack of aftershocks near the hypocenter where the slip is small, as well as in the areas of large slip. This is a pattern reported for many earthquakes (see <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0070">Das and Henry, 2003</a> for a review). The aftershocks of the 2012 earthquakes cluster in several patches; in addition a large number of them are aligned in the northeast direction towards the station PNIG. This may be related to heterogeneities on the plate interface related to the subducting bathymetric features. The earthquake produced unusually large number of aftershocks, suggesting more heterogeneous interface on this segment than others along the Mexican subduction zone west of 95°W. We note, however, that neither the NE alignment of the aftershocks nor the two patches of large slip coincide with the prolongation of the sea mounts inland.<a name="p193"></a>Although the aftershock areas of 2012 and 1982 doublet roughly overlap, the sum of the seismic moments of the doublet is only about 1/3 that of the 2012 earthquake. Thus, the two events are not a repeat of each other. The 2012 event may have ruptured the doublet fault area plus an additional area, suggesting a variable rupture mode.The region is an excellent laboratory to study different seismic phenomena related to the subduction process. As sketched in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0085">Figure 16</a>, the plate interface can be divided in three domains based on their seismic characteristics. This division is similar to the conceptual model proposed by <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0170">Lay et al. (2012)</a>. Moderate to large thrust earthquakes (M ~ 6-7), accompanied by large number of aftershocks, occur on the uppermost “slow earthquake” domain. This domain extends from the trench up to a downdip distance of about 35 km (depth ≤ 15 km). The earthquakes are characterized by low radiated energy to seismic moment ratio, Es/M0. They also give rise to very low accelerations. A part of the area in this domain may either be creeping (stable sliding) or may be partially locked. The next domain covers a distance range of 35 to 100 km from the trench and depth range of 15-25 km. It is seismically coupled and ruptures in large earthquakes (M ~7-7.5). A fraction of the area is conditionally stable and slips during large events. The domain further downdip, in the distance range of 100 to 200 km from the trench, is very likely the site of slow seismic events (SSEs) and nonvolcanic tremors (NVTs). SSEs and NVTs have been reported in the instrumented adjacent areas of Guerrero to the northwest (e.g., <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0165">Kostoglodov et al., 2003</a>, <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0160">2010</a>; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0215">Payero et al., 2008</a>) and central Oaxaca to the southeast (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0040">Brudzinski et al., 2007</a>, <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0045">2010</a>). These phenomena have not yet been documented in Ometepec-Pinotepa Nacional region which presently lacks adequate instrumentation.<elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0085"></elsevierMultimedia>It is possible that the 2012 earthquake was triggered by the SSE which occurred in the adjacent southeast region during late 2011 and mid-2012 (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0085">Graham et al., 2012</a>). At present the details of temporal and spatial evolution of the SSE is not available. We note, however, that the earthquake nucleated offshore, probably more than 75km updip from the region of SSE. Furthermore, one of the patches of large slip was updip from the hypocenter. To establish a causal relation between the two events, these observations would have to be satisfactorily explained.The earthquake produced the first recording in which the PGA exceeded 1g above the Mexican subduction zone. It was, however, at a soft site. From a seismic engineering point of view, it is reassuring that the observed PGA as function of distance is well-explained by ground motion prediction equation derived from Mexican data. The earthquake was strongly felt in Mexico City. The PGA at CU, a typical hill-zone site, and at SCT, a representative lake-bed zone site, was 12 and 20 gal, respectively. These PGAs were not unusually large; they occur once in about 3 years." "textoCompletoSecciones" => array:1 [ "secciones" => array:19 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "xres497963" "titulo" => "Resumen" "secciones" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "identificador" => "abst0005" ] ] ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xpalclavsec519510" "titulo" => "Palabras clave" ] 2 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "xres497964" "titulo" => "Abstract" "secciones" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "identificador" => "abst0010" ] ] ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xpalclavsec519511" "titulo" => "Key words" ] 4 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0005" "titulo" => "Introduction" ] 5 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0010" "titulo" => "Tectonic Setting and Previous Earthquakes in the Region" ] 6 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0015" "titulo" => "Seismic Recordings in and near the Epicentral Zone" ] 7 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0020" "titulo" => "Mainshock Location" ] 8 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0025" "titulo" => "Location of Aftershocks" ] 9 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0030" "titulo" => "Number of aftershocks" ] 10 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0035" "titulo" => "Slip on the Fault from Inversion of Teleseismic Data" ] 11 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0040" "titulo" => "Slip on the Fault from Inversion of Near-Source Data" ] 12 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0045" "titulo" => "Radiated Seismic Energy" ] 13 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0050" "titulo" => "Observed and Predicted Ground Motions in Mexico" ] 14 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0055" "titulo" => "Ground Motion in Mexico City" ] 15 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0060" "titulo" => "A Possible Interpretation" ] 16 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0065" "titulo" => "Summary and Conclusions" ] 17 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xack161002" "titulo" => "Acknowledgments" ] 18 => array:1 [ "titulo" => "Bibliography" ] ] ] "pdfFichero" => "main.pdf" "tienePdf" => true "fechaRecibido" => "2013-02-02" "fechaAceptado" => "2013-02-15" "PalabrasClave" => array:2 [ "es" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "clase" => "keyword" "titulo" => "Palabras clave" "identificador" => "xpalclavsec519510" "palabras" => array:4 [ 0 => "sismo de Ometepec-Pinotepa Nacional de 2012" 1 => "sismo interplaca" 2 => "deslizamiento y energía radiada" 3 => "movimiento del terreno" ] ] ] "en" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "clase" => "keyword" "titulo" => "Key words" "identificador" => "xpalclavsec519511" "palabras" => array:4 [ 0 => "2012 Ometepec-Pinotepa Nacional earthquake" 1 => "interplate earthquake" 2 => "slip and radiated energy" 3 => "ground motion" ] ] ] ] "tieneResumen" => true "resumen" => array:2 [ "es" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Resumen" "resumen" => "A partir de un análisis de los datos locales y regionales del sismo somero e inverso de Ometepec-Pinotepa Nacional (Mw 7.5), del 20 de marzo de 2012, se determinó la localización de su hipocentro en 16.254°N 98.531°W, aproximadamente 5 km fuera de la costa a una profundidad de 20 km. Durante los primeros 4 segundos de la ruptura, el deslizamiento fue relativamente pequeño. Esta fase inicial fue seguida por dos parches de gran deslizamiento, uno de ellos echado arriba del hipocentro, hacia el SE, y el otro echado abajo, hacia el norte. El área de ruptura total, estimada a partir de la inversión de registros de movimientos fuertes cercanos a la fuente, es de ~25 km × 60 km. El sismo fue seguido por un número excepcionalmente grande de réplicas. El área de réplicas coincide espacialmente con la observada en el doblete de 1982 (Mw 7.0, 6.9). Sin embargo, el momento sísmico del sismo de 2012 es ~3 veces mayor al de la suma de los momentos del doblete, indicando que las características generales de la ruptura de los dos episodios sísmicos difieren. El área de escaso deslizamiento cerca del hipocentro y las áreas de gran deslizamiento de los dos parches se distinguen por una actividad relativamente pequeña de réplicas. Sin embargo, se observa una clara y sorprendente alineación de las réplicas en dirección NE al este del epicentro. Los cocientes de la energía radiada y el momento sísmico (Es/M0) de cinco sismos en la región de estudio revelan que dichos cocientes son, en el caso de sismos cercanos a la trinchera, un orden de magnitud más pequeños que los observados en eventos que ocurren echado abajo (e.g., los sismos de 2012 y de Copala de 1995). Los sismos cercanos a la trinchera son conocidos por producir una aceleración máxima (PGA) baja. La información disponible sugiere que la interfase de la placa en la región puede ser dividida en tres dominios en dirección del echado: (1) De la trinchera a una distancia de 35 km echado abajo. En este dominio ocurren sismos de M~6 a 7 con valores bajos de (Es/M0). Estos eventos generan un gran número de réplicas. No se sabe si el área donde no han ocurrido rupturas en este dominio de la interfase se desliza asísmicamente (deslizamiento estable) o si se encuentra parcialmente acoplada. (2) De 35 a 100 km a partir de la trinchera. Este dominio está sísmicamente acoplado y es en donde ocurre el deslizamiento stick-slip, generando grandes sismos. Probablemente, parte del dominio se encuentra condicionalmente estable. (3) De 100 a 200 km a partir de la trinchera. En este dominio se han reportado eventos de deslizamiento lento (SSE) y tremores no volcánicos (NVT).El sismo causó daños severos en y cerca de los poblados de Ometepec y Pinotepa Nacional. La PGA excedió 1 g en un sitio blando de la región epicentral. Los valores de PGA observados en sitios duros en función de la distancia epicentral concuerdan razonablemente bien con las leyes de atenuación derivadas a partir de datos de sismos mexicanos interplaca. El sismo se sintió fuertemente en la Ciudad de México. La PGA en Ciudad Universitaria, un sitio duro en la capital del país, fue de 12 gales. Registros de movimientos fuertes en la ciudad desde 1985 muestran que los valores de PGA durante el sismo de 2012 no fueron excepcionales, y que movimientos similares en la ciudad ocurren ~ una vez cada tres años." ] "en" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Abstract" "resumen" => "An analysis of local and regional data produced by the shallow, thrust Ometepec-Pinotepa Nacional earthquake (Mw 7.5) of 20 March 2012 shows that it nucleated at 16.254°N 98.531°W, about 5 km offshore at a depth of about 20 km. During the first 4 seconds the slip was relatively small. It was followed by rupture of two patches with large slip, one updip of the hypocenter to the SE and the other downdip to the north. Total rupture area, estimated from inversion of near-source strong-motion recordings, is ~25 km × 60 km. The earthquake was followed by an exceptionally large number of aftershocks. The aftershock area overlaps with that of the 1982 doublet (Mw 7.0, 6.9). However, the seismic moment of the 2012 earthquake is ~3 times the sum of the moments of the doublet, indicating that the gross rupture characteristics of the two earthquake episodes differ. The small-slip area near the hypocenter and large-slip areas of the two patches are characterized by relatively small aftershock activity. A striking, intense, linear NE alignment of the aftershocks is clearly seen. The radiated energy to seismic moment ratios, (Es/M0), of five earthquakes in the region reveal that they are an order of magnitude smaller for near-trench earthquakes than those that occur further downdip (e.g., 2012 and the 1995 Copala earthquakes). The near-trench earthquakes are known to produce low Amax. The available information suggests that the plate interface in the region can be divided in three domains. (1) From the trench to a distance of about 35 km downdip. In this domain M~6 to 7 earthquakes with low values of (Es/M0) occur. These events generate large number of aftershocks. It is not known whether the remaining area on this part of the interface slips aseismically (stable sliding) or is partially locked. (2) From 35 to 100 km from the trench. This domain is seismically coupled where stick-slip sliding occurs, generating large earthquakes. Part of the area is probably conditionally stable. (3) From 100 to 200 km from the trench. In this domain slow slip events (SSE) and nonvolcanic tremors (NVT) have been reported.The earthquake caused severe damage in and near the towns of Ometepec and Pinotepa Nacional. The PGA exceeded 1 g at a soft site in the epicentral region. Observed PGAs on hard sites as a function of distance are in reasonable agreement with the expected ones from ground motion prediction equations derived using data from Mexican interplate earthquakes. The earthquake was strongly felt in Mexico City. PGA at CU, a hard site in the city, was 12 gal. Strong-motion recordings in the city since 1985 demonstrate that PGAs during the 2012 earthquake were not exceptional, and that similar motion occurs about once in three years." ] ] "NotaPie" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "etiqueta" => "*" "nota" => "UNAM Seismology Group includes all researchers and technicians of Institute of Geophysics and Institute of Engineering, UNAM, who work in the field of seismology and engineering seismology." "identificador" => "fn0005" ] ] "multimedia" => array:26 [ 0 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0005" "etiqueta" => "Figure 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr1.jpeg" "Alto" => 863 "Ancho" => 1465 "Tamanyo" => 178424 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Tectonic map of the region showing epicenters of large, shallow, thrust earthquakes in Oaxaca and SE Guerrero (1928-present; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a>) and their aftershock areas if known (closed contour if reliable, dashed otherwise; see text). Epicenter of the Ometepec-Pinotepa Nacional 2012 event is indicated by a star. Epicenter of the 1997 (Mw 6.7) event, of relevance to the study (see text), is given. Parallel thick green lines: faults along seamount lineaments offshore (continuous) and their prolongation inland (dashed), taken from <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0150">Kanjorski (2003)</a>. PNIG is a station equipped with broadband seismometer, accelerometer, and GPS receiver. A schematic section along A-A′ is shown in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0085">Figure 16</a>." ] ] 1 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0010" "etiqueta" => "Figure 2" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr2.jpeg" "Alto" => 1040 "Ancho" => 1343 "Tamanyo" => 133752 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Black triangles: permanent seismic stations (equipped with accelerometers, except PNIG which is also instrumented with a broadband sensor and a GPS receiver). Inverted white triangles: portable seismic stations. Dots: autonomous GPS site. Stars: mainshock locations from local data (red) and from NEIC (green). The centroid location (blue star) and the associated focal mechanism are from GCMT." ] ] 2 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0015" "etiqueta" => "Figure 3" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr3a.jpeg" "Alto" => 2552 "Ancho" => 911 "Tamanyo" => 194214 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "(a) Accelerations, velocities, and displacements at PNIG. (b) Comparison of displacement obtained from double integration (continuous line) and GPS data (crosses) at station PNIG. Note that GPS data was lost from 10 s to 60 s after the arrival of the P wave." ] ] 3 => array:6 [ "identificador" => "fig0020" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr3b.jpeg" "Alto" => 1152 "Ancho" => 1410 "Tamanyo" => 111545 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Figure 3b." ] ] 4 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0025" "etiqueta" => "Figure 4" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr4.jpeg" "Alto" => 2493 "Ancho" => 1782 "Tamanyo" => 433048 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Accelerations at six other stations in/near the epicentral region." ] ] 5 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0030" "etiqueta" => "Figure 5" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr5.jpeg" "Alto" => 2492 "Ancho" => 1734 "Tamanyo" => 373338 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Velocities at the six stations in/near the epicentral region." ] ] 6 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0035" "etiqueta" => "Figure 6" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr6.jpeg" "Alto" => 1055 "Ancho" => 1365 "Tamanyo" => 174346 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Aftershocks locations. Pink circles: first 30 hours; white circles: 4 days beginning 30 hours from origin time. Several concentrated patches and alignments of aftershocks are visible. Triangle: Permanent station PNIG. Stars: mainshock locations from local data (red), NEIC (green), and GCMT. The centroid location (blue star) and the associated focal mechanism are from GCMT. Focal mechanisms of all aftershocks listed in the GCMT catalog are plotted at their epicenters from local data. Parallel thick green lines: faults along seamount lineaments offshore (continuous) and their prolongation inland (dashed), taken from <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0150">Kanjorski (2003)</a>." ] ] 7 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0040" "etiqueta" => "Figure 7" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr7.jpeg" "Alto" => 1058 "Ancho" => 1365 "Tamanyo" => 155786 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Location of thirty-hour (pink circles) and seven-day aftershocks (circles) of the 2012 earthquake. Continuous and dotted blue contours outline the 30-hour and seven-day estimated aftershock area. For comparison, one-week aftershock area of the 1982 doublet (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0180">Nava, 1984</a>) is also shown (black contour). Red star denotes the epicenter location." ] ] 8 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0045" "etiqueta" => "Figure 8" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr8.jpeg" "Alto" => 1588 "Ancho" => 1142 "Tamanyo" => 180288 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "(a) Location of large shallow thrust earthquakes along the Mexican subduction zone whose one-month aftershocks (mb ≥ 4.5 and ≥ 5) are studied in the paper. The numbers are keyed to event number in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0015">Table 3</a>. (Right) N(mb > 5) versus Mw. The excess and deficiency of aftershocks can be estimated with respect to the straight line logN = Mw - 6.84 (see text). Note that events 12 (2012, Mw7.5) and 11 (1996, Mw 7.1) produced the two most and events 1 (1995, Mw 8.0) and 5 (1985, Mw 7.6) generated the least amount of aftershocks." ] ] 9 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0050" "etiqueta" => "Figure 9" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr9.jpeg" "Alto" => 1874 "Ancho" => 976 "Tamanyo" => 178255 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Inversion of slip on the fault using (top) teleseismic body- and surface-wave displacements, (bottom) local band-pass filtered (0.025-1.0 Hz) displacements (see text). Star: mainshock epicenter from local data. Black dots: 30-hour aftershocks. Note that both models indicate that little slip occurred near the hypocenter and the aftershock activity was relatively low near areas of large slip. Arrows show observed and predicted coseismic horizontal displacement vectors" ] ] 10 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0055" "etiqueta" => "Figure 10" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr10.jpeg" "Alto" => 1418 "Ancho" => 1394 "Tamanyo" => 218498 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Observed displacement seismograms used in the near-source inversion (red lines) and the corresponding synthetics (gray lines). Some components were neglected in the inversion because of their poor quality (dashed red lines)." ] ] 11 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0060" "etiqueta" => "Figure 11" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr11.jpeg" "Alto" => 1066 "Ancho" => 1364 "Tamanyo" => 82823 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Es/M0 versus M0 plot of shallow, thrust earthquakes along the Mexican subduction zone. Earthquakes of the region of interest are identified by their dates. Es has been estimated from teleseismic P waves." ] ] 12 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0065" "etiqueta" => "Figure 12" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr12.jpeg" "Alto" => 1122 "Ancho" => 1196 "Tamanyo" => 147634 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Observed (circles) and predicted (red lines) PGA values for 14, 50 and 84 percentiles versus Rrup, the closest point on the rupture surface. Predictions are from <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0015">Arroyo et al. (2010)</a>." ] ] 13 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0070" "etiqueta" => "Figure 13" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr13.jpeg" "Alto" => 1519 "Ancho" => 1288 "Tamanyo" => 197935 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "PGA contours. Star: center of maximum slip (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0050">Figure 9</a>). Triangles: location of accelerographic stations on hard sites. Open circles: municipalities where significant structural damage was observed." ] ] 14 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0075" "etiqueta" => "Figure 14" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr14.jpeg" "Alto" => 1290 "Ancho" => 1407 "Tamanyo" => 163398 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Comparison of accelerograms and Fourier spectra of the 2012 Ometepec-Pinotepa Nacional (Mw 7.5) and the 1995 Copala (Mw 7.3) earthquakes at CU, a typical hill-zone site." ] ] 15 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0080" "etiqueta" => "Figure 15" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr15.jpeg" "Alto" => 1290 "Ancho" => 1407 "Tamanyo" => 167623 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Same as <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0070">Figure 13</a> but at SCT, a site in the lake-bed zone." ] ] 16 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0085" "etiqueta" => "Figure 16" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr16.jpeg" "Alto" => 556 "Ancho" => 1951 "Tamanyo" => 85107 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "A schematic section along line AB in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Figure 1</a>. The plate interface is divided in three domains. Green line: upper most domain which extends up to 35 km from the trench (depth range 5-15 km). Earthquakes (M ~6-7) in this domain have low (Es/M0), give rise to low PGA, and generate many aftershocks. This domain is marked “slow earthquakes” in the figure. Red line: domain of seismic coupling where large earthquakes (M ~7-7.5) occur (marked “seismic” in the figure). It extends from 35 to 100 km from the trench (depth range 15 to 25 km). Yellow line: domain of slow slip events (SSE) and nonvolcanic tremor (NVT). Extends from 100 to 200 km from the trench (depth >25 km)." ] ] 17 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "tbl0005" "etiqueta" => "Table 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "tabla" => array:2 [ "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "tabla" => array:1 [ 0 => """ <table border="0" frame="\n \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="middle" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Date \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="middle" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Lat., °N \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="middle" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Lon., °W \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="middle" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Magnitude<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005">1</a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="middle" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Segment \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="middle">22/03/1928 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">15.67 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">96.10<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0010">2</a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">7.5<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0050">10</a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="middle">East Oaxaca \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="middle">17/06/1928 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">16.33 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">96.70<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0010">2</a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">7.8 (Ms?) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="middle">Central Oaxaca \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="middle">04/08/1928 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">16.20 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">97.52<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0010">2</a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">7.4 (Ms) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="middle">West Oaxaca \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="middle">09/10/1928 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">16.50 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">96.76<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0010">2</a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">7.6<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0050">10</a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="middle">Cenyral Oaxaca \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="middle">23/12/1937 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">16.79 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">98.63<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0015">3</a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">7.5<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0050">10</a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="middle">Copala? \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="middle">14/12/1950 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">16.81 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">98.82<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0015">3</a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">7.3<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0050">10</a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="middle">Copala? \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="middle">23/08/1965 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">16.28 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">96.02<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0020">4</a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">7.5<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0025">5</a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="middle">East Oaxaca \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="middle">02/08/1968 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">16.25 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">98.08<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0020">4</a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">7.3<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0025">5</a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="middle">West Oaxaca \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="middle">29/11/1978 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">16.03 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">96.67<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0025">5</a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">7.7<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0025">5</a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="middle">Central Oaxaca \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="middle">07/06/1982 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">16.35 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">98.37<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0030">6</a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">7.0<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0055">11</a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="middle">Ometepec \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="middle">07/06/1982 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">16.40 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">98.54<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0030">6</a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">6.9<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0055">11</a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="middle">Ometepec \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="middle">14/09/1995 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">16.48 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">98.76<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0035">7</a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">7.3<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0060">12</a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="middle">Copala \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="middle">25/02/1996 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">15.60 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">98.30<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0040">8</a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">7.1<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0060">12</a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="middle">Offshore Pinotepa Nacional \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="middle">20/03/2012 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">16.25 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">98.53<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0045">9</a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">7.5<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0060">12</a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="middle">Ometepec-Pinotepa Nacional \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table> """ ] "imagenFichero" => array:1 [ 0 => "xTab795034.png" ] ] ] "notaPie" => array:12 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "tblfn0005" "etiqueta" => "1" "nota" => "Mw unless otherwise specified" ] 1 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "tblfn0010" "etiqueta" => "2" "nota" => "<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0200">Núñez-Cornú and Ponce (1989)</a>" ] 2 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "tblfn0015" "etiqueta" => "3" "nota" => "<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0185">Nishenko and Singh (1987)</a>" ] 3 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "tblfn0020" "etiqueta" => "4" "nota" => "<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0235">Quintanar (1985)</a>" ] 4 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "tblfn0025" "etiqueta" => "5" "nota" => "<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0055">Chael and Stewart (1982)</a>" ] 5 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "tblfn0030" "etiqueta" => "6" "nota" => "<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0180">Nava (1984)</a>" ] 6 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "tblfn0035" "etiqueta" => "7" "nota" => "<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0065">Courboulex et al. (1997)</a>" ] 7 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "tblfn0040" "etiqueta" => "8" "nota" => "From local/ regional data" ] 8 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "tblfn0045" "etiqueta" => "9" "nota" => "This study (see <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">Table 2</a>);" ] 9 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "tblfn0050" "etiqueta" => "10" "nota" => "<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0010">Anderson et al. (1989)</a>" ] 10 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "tblfn0055" "etiqueta" => "11" "nota" => "<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0020">Astiz and Kanamori (1984)</a>" ] 11 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "tblfn0060" "etiqueta" => "12" "nota" => "Global CMT catalog (http://www.globalcmt.org)." ] ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Large, shallow earthquakes near the coast of Oaxaca and south east Guerrero (95-99°W) since 1900." ] ] 18 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "tbl0010" "etiqueta" => "Table 2" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "tabla" => array:2 [ "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "tabla" => array:1 [ 0 => """ <table border="0" frame="\n \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="middle" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Source Origin Time \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="middle" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Lat., °N \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="middle" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Lon., °W \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="middle" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">H, km \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="middle" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Strike, ° \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="middle" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Dip, ° \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="middle" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Rake, ° \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="middle" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">M0, Nm \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="middle">This study 18:02:45.2 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="middle">16.254 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="middle">98.531 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="middle">20<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0065">*</a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="middle">- \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="middle">- \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="middle">- \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="middle">- \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="middle">Regional W-phase<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0070">+</a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="middle">16.252 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="middle">98.342 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="middle">19 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="middle">287 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="middle">15 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="middle">83 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="middle">1.3×1020 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="middle">NEIC 18:02:48 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="middle">16.662 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="middle">98.188 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="middle">20 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="middle">- \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="middle">- \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="middle">- \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="middle">- \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="middle">USGS, CMT 18:03:14.00 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="middle">16.822 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="middle">97.990 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="middle">21 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="middle">289 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="middle">12 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="middle">78 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="middle">1.8×1020 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="middle">USGS, W-phase CMT, 18:02:48.00 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="middle">16.462 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="middle">97.874 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="middle">15 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="middle">283 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="middle">13 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="middle">71 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="middle">1.4×1020 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="middle">Global CMT 18:02:54.9 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="middle">16.60 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="middle">98.39 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="middle">15.4 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="middle">296 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="middle">10 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="middle">95 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="middle">1.98×1020 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table> """ ] "imagenFichero" => array:1 [ 0 => "xTab795032.png" ] ] ] "notaPie" => array:2 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "tblfn0065" "etiqueta" => "*" "nota" => "Depth fixed." ] 1 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "tblfn0070" "etiqueta" => "+" "nota" => "Based on an algorithm implemented at Instituto de Geofísica, UNAM, which uses regional waveforms recorded on SSN broadband stations. The depth was fixed in the inversion and a grid search was performed for the centroid location." ] ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Some source parameters of the 20 March 2012, Ometepec-Pinotepa Nacional earthquake." ] ] 19 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "tbl0015" "etiqueta" => "Table 3" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "tabla" => array:3 [ "leyenda" => "<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0100">Havskov et al. (1983)</a>" "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "tabla" => array:1 [ 0 => """ <table border="0" frame="\n \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head " rowspan="2" align="left" valign="middle" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Event No.</th><th class="td" title="table-head " rowspan="2" align="left" valign="middle" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Segment</th><th class="td" title="table-head " rowspan="2" align="left" valign="middle" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Date (d/m/y)</th><th class="td" title="table-head " rowspan="2" align="left" valign="middle" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Lat., °N Lon., °W</th><th class="td" title="table-head " rowspan="2" align="left" valign="middle" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Depth, km</th><th class="td" title="table-head " rowspan="2" align="left" valign="middle" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">M0, 1020 Nm</th><th class="td" title="table-head " rowspan="2" align="left" valign="middle" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Mw</th><th class="td" title="table-head " colspan="2" align="left" valign="middle" scope="col">Observed N 30-day period)</th></tr><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="middle" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">mb ≥ 4.5 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="middle" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">mb ≥ 5.0 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " rowspan="2" align="left" valign="middle">1</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="middle">Colima- \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="middle">06/10/1995 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="middle">18.8 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="middle">15<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0080">b</a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="middle">11.50<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0080">b</a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="middle">8.0 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="middle">15 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="middle">5 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="middle">Jalisco \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="middle">104.5<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0075">a</a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " rowspan="2" align="left" valign="middle">2</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="middle">Tecomán, \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="middle">22/01/2003 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="middle">18.63 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="middle">26<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0080">b</a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="middle">2.05<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0080">b</a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="middle">7.5 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="middle">5 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="middle">3 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="middle">Colima \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="middle">104.13<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0085">c</a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " rowspan="2" align="left" valign="middle">3</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="middle">Colima \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="middle">30/01/1973 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="middle">18.39 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="middle">31<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0090">d</a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="middle">3.00<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0090">d</a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="middle">7.6 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="middle">4 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="middle">3 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="middle">103.21<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0090">d</a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " rowspan="2" align="left" valign="middle">4</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="middle">Colima- \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="middle">30/04/1986 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="middle">18.25 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="middle">21<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0080">b</a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="middle">0.31<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0080">b</a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="middle">6.9 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="middle">5 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="middle">1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="middle">Michoacán \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="middle">102.92<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0080">b</a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " rowspan="4" align="left" valign="middle">5</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="middle">Michoacán \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="middle">19/09/1985 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="middle">18.14 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="middle">17<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0100">f</a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="middle">10.05<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0100">f</a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="middle">8.1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="middle">15 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="middle">5 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="middle">102.71<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0095">e</a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="middle">21/09/1985 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="middle">17.62 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="middle">22<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0100">f</a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="middle">2.90<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0100">f</a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="middle">101.82<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0095">e</a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="middle">6 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="middle">Playa Azul \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="middle">25/10/1981 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="middle">17.75 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="middle">27<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0100">f</a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="middle">0.70<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0080">b</a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="middle">7.2 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="middle">5 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="middle">3 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " rowspan="2" align="left" valign="middle">7</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="middle">Petatlán \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="middle">14/03/1979 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="middle">17.46 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="middle">20<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0115">i</a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="middle">2.70<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0115">i</a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="middle">7.6 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="middle">12 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="middle">6 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="middle">101.46<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0110">h</a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " rowspan="2" align="left" valign="middle">8</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="middle">San Marcos \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="middle">25/04/1989 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="middle">16.6 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="middle">15<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0080">b</a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="middle">0.24<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0080">b</a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="middle">6.9 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="middle">3 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="middle">2 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="middle">99.5j \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " rowspan="2" align="left" valign="middle">9</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="middle">Copala \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="middle">14/09/1995 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="middle">17.0 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="middle">22<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0080">b</a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="middle">1.31<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0080">b</a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="middle">7.3 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="middle">9 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="middle">2 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="middle">99.0<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0120">k</a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " rowspan="4" align="left" valign="middle">10</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="middle">Ometepec \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="middle">07/06/1982 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="middle">16.25 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="middle">20<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0130">m</a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="middle">0.29<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0130">m</a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="middle">7.1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="middle">10 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="middle">3 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="middle">98.34<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0125">l</a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="middle">07/06/1982 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="middle">16.32 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="middle">10-15<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0130">m</a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="middle">0.27<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0130">m</a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="middle">98.45<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0125">l</a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " rowspan="2" align="left" valign="middle">11</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="middle">Off-shore \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="middle">25/02/1996 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="middle">15.60 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="middle">15<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0080">b</a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="middle">0.55<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0080">b</a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="middle">7.1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="middle">23 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="middle">7 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="middle">Pinotepa \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="middle">98.30<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0135">n</a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " rowspan="2" align="left" valign="middle">12</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " rowspan="2" align="left" valign="middle">Ometepec-Pinotepa</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="middle">20/03/2012 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="middle">16.254 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="middle">20<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0135">n</a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="middle">1.98<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0080">b</a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="middle">7.5 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="middle">44 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="middle">14 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="middle">98.531<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0135">n</a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " rowspan="2" align="left" valign="middle">13</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="middle">W. Oaxaca \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="middle">02/08/1968 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="middle">16.25 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="middle">21<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0115">i</a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="middle">1.00<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0115">i</a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="middle">7.3 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="middle">5 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="middle">3 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="middle">98.08<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0140">o</a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " rowspan="2" align="left" valign="middle">14</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="middle">C. Oaxaca \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="middle">29/11/1978 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="middle">16.03 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="middle">18<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0115">i</a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="middle">3.2<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0115">i</a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="middle">7.6 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="middle">19 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="middle">6 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="middle">96.67<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0145">p</a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " rowspan="2" align="left" valign="middle">15</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="middle">E. Oaxaca \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="middle">23/08/1965 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="middle">16.28 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="middle">25<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0115">i</a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="middle">1.7<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0115">i</a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="middle">7.4 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="middle">4 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="middle">3 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="middle">96.02<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0140">o</a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table> """ ] "imagenFichero" => array:1 [ 0 => "xTab795033.png" ] ] ] "notaPie" => array:14 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "tblfn0075" "etiqueta" => "a" "nota" => "<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0210">Pacheco et al. (1997)</a>" ] 1 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "tblfn0080" "etiqueta" => "b" "nota" => "Global CMT catalog (http://www.globalcmt.org)" ] 2 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "tblfn0085" "etiqueta" => "c" "nota" => "<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0270">Singh et al. (2003)</a>" ] 3 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "tblfn0090" "etiqueta" => "d" "nota" => "<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0240">Reyes et al. (1979)</a>" ] 4 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "tblfn0095" "etiqueta" => "e" "nota" => "<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0290">UNAM Seismology Group (1986)</a>" ] 5 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "tblfn0100" "etiqueta" => "f" "nota" => "<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0025">Astiz et al. (1987)</a>" ] 6 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "tblfn0110" "etiqueta" => "h" "nota" => "<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0295">Valdés-González and Novelo (1998)</a>" ] 7 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "tblfn0115" "etiqueta" => "i" "nota" => "<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0055">Chael and Stewart (1982)</a>" ] 8 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "tblfn0120" "etiqueta" => "k" "nota" => "<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0065">Courboulex et al. (1997)</a>" ] 9 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "tblfn0125" "etiqueta" => "l" "nota" => "<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0180">Nava (1984)</a>" ] 10 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "tblfn0130" "etiqueta" => "m" "nota" => "<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0020">Astiz and Kanamori (1984)</a>" ] 11 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "tblfn0135" "etiqueta" => "n" "nota" => "This study" ] 12 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "tblfn0140" "etiqueta" => "o" "nota" => "<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0235">Quintanar (1985)</a>" ] 13 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "tblfn0145" "etiqueta" => "p" "nota" => "<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0250">Singh et al. (1980)</a>." ] ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Number of aftershocks of large, shallow, thrust earthquakes along the Mexican subduction zone (modified from <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0280">Singh and Suárez, 1988</a>)." ] ] 20 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "tbl0020" "etiqueta" => "Table 4" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "tabla" => array:1 [ "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "tabla" => array:1 [ 0 => """ <table border="0" frame="\n \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head " align="center" valign="middle" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Earthquake \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="center" valign="middle" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">M0, Nm \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="center" valign="middle" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Es \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="center" valign="middle" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Es / M0 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="center" valign="middle" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Mw / MS \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">24/10/1993 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">1.01×1019 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">3.29×1014 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">3.26×105 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">6.6 / 6.6 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">14/09/1995 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">1.31×1020 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">1.54×1015 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">1.18×105 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">7.3 / 7.2 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">25/02/1996 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">5.55×1019 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">1.84×1014 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">3.34×106 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">7.1 / 6.9 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">19/07/1997 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">1.19×1019 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">3.86×1013 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">3.24×106 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">6.7 / 6.3 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">20/03/2012 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">1.98×1020 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">6.16×1015 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">3.11×105 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">7.5 / 7.6 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table> """ ] "imagenFichero" => array:1 [ 0 => "xTab795035.png" ] ] ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Radiated seismic energy, Es, and Es/ M0 of the 2012 and other large earthquakes in the region." ] ] 21 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "tbl0025" "etiqueta" => "Table 5" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "tabla" => array:3 [ "leyenda" => "IS: Intraslab earthquake" "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "tabla" => array:1 [ 0 => """ <table border="0" frame="\n \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head " align="center" valign="middle" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Date \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="center" valign="middle" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Lat., °N \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="center" valign="middle" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Lon., °W \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="center" valign="middle" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">H, km \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="center" valign="middle" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Mw \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="center" valign="middle" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">R to CU, km \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="center" valign="middle" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">PGA, gal \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="center" valign="middle" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Type<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0150">#</a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">19/09/1985 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">18.14 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">102.71 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">22 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">8.0 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">395 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">29.8 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">T \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">11/12/2011 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">17.82 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">99.94 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">57 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">6.4 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">194 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">19.2 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">IS \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">21/09/1985 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">17.62 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">101.82 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">22 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">7.5 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">338 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">13.9 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">T \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">21/07/2000 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">18.11 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">98.97 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">50 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">5.8 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">146 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">12.8 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">IS \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">20/03/2012 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">16.25 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">98.53 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">20 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">7.5 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">317 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">12.0 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">T \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">25/04/1989 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">16.58 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">99.48 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">17 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">6.9 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">307 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">11.9 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">T \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">15/06/1999 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">18.13 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">97.54 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">60 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">6.9 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">226 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">11.6 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">IS \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">14/09/1995 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">16.73 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">98.54 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">22 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">7.3 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">297 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">10.3 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">T \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">22/05/2009 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">18.10 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">98.43 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">46 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">5.8 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">160 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">8.6 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">IS \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">30/09/1999 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">16.03 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">96.96 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">40 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">7.4 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">437 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">7.8 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">IS \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table> """ ] "imagenFichero" => array:1 [ 0 => "xTab795031.png" ] ] ] "notaPie" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "tblfn0150" "etiqueta" => "#" "nota" => "T: Shallow subduction thrust earthquake" ] ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Ten earthquakes with largest recorded PGA at CU, a site in the hill zone of Mexico City, during the period 1985-2012 listed in descending order. Local earthquakes are excluded." ] ] 22 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "tbl0030" "etiqueta" => "Table 6" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "tabla" => array:3 [ "leyenda" => "IS: Intraslab earthquake" "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "tabla" => array:1 [ 0 => """ <table border="0" frame="\n \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head " align="center" valign="middle" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Date \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="center" valign="middle" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Lat., °N \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="center" valign="middle" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Lon., °W \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="center" valign="middle" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">H, km \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="center" valign="middle" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Mw \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="center" valign="middle" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">R to CU, km \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="center" valign="middle" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">PGA, gal \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="center" valign="middle" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Type<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0155">#</a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">19/09/1985 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">18.14 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">102.71 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">22 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">8.0 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">395 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">132.1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">T \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">25/04/1989 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">16.58 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">99.48 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">17 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">6.9 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">307 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">38.8 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">T \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">20/03/2012 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">16.25 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">98.53 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">20 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">7.5 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">317 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">34.2 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">T \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">15/06/1999 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">18.13 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">97.54 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">60 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">6.9 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">226 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">30.0 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">IS \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">14/09/1995 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">16.73 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">98.54 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">22 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">7.3 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">297 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">29.5 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">T \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">30/09/1999 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">16.03 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">96.96 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">40 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">7.4 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">437 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">28.9 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">IS \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">11/12/2011 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">17.82 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">99.94 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">57 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">6.4 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">194 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">20.8 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">IS \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">22/01/2003 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">18.63 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">104.13 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">10 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">7.4 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">537 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">19.8 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">T \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">21/07/2000 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">18.11 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">98.97 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">50 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">5.9 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">136 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">18.8 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">IS \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">10/12/1994 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">17.98 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">101.52 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">49 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">6.4 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">288 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">13.4 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">IS \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table> """ ] "imagenFichero" => array:1 [ 0 => 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Geophys. Res." "fecha" => "1991" "volumen" => "96" "paginaInicial" => "21487" "paginaFinal" => "21502" ] ] ] ] ] ] 52 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0265" "etiqueta" => "Singh et al., 1989" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Analysis of near-source strong motion recordings along the Mexican subduction zone" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:8 [ 0 => "Singh S.K." 1 => "Ordaz M." 2 => "Rodríguez M." 3 => "Quaas R." 4 => "Mena E." 5 => "Ottaviani M." 6 => "Anderson J.G." 7 => "Almora D." ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:5 [ "tituloSerie" => "Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am." "fecha" => "1989" "volumen" => "79" "paginaInicial" => "1697" "paginaFinal" => "1717" ] ] ] ] ] ] 53 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0270" "etiqueta" => "Singh et al., 2003" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "A preliminary report on the Tecomán, Mexico earthquake of 22 January 2003 (Mw 7.4) and its effects" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:14 [ 0 => "Singh S.K." 1 => "Pacheco J.F." 2 => "Alcántara L." 3 => "Reyes G." 4 => "Ordaz M." 5 => "Iglesias A." 6 => "Alcocer S.M." 7 => "Gutierrez C." 8 => "Valdés C." 9 => "Kostoglodov V." 10 => "Reyes C." 11 => "Mikumo T." 12 => "Quass R." 13 => "Anderson J.G." ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:5 [ "tituloSerie" => "Seismol. Res. Lett." "fecha" => "2003" "volumen" => "74" "paginaInicial" => "279" "paginaFinal" => "289" ] ] ] ] ] ] 54 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0275" "etiqueta" => "Singh et al., 1983" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Statistics of small earthquakes and frequency of occurrence of large earthquakes along the Mexican subduction zone" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:3 [ 0 => "Singh S.K." 1 => "Rodríguez M." 2 => "Esteva L." ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:5 [ "tituloSerie" => "Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am." "fecha" => "1983" "volumen" => "73" "paginaInicial" => "1779" "paginaFinal" => "1796" ] ] ] ] ] ] 55 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0280" "etiqueta" => "Singh and Suárez, 1988" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Regional variation in the number of aftershocks (mb ≥> 5) of large, subduction-zone earthquakes (Mw≥ 7.0)" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:2 [ 0 => "Singh S.K." 1 => "Suárez G." ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:5 [ "tituloSerie" => "Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am." "fecha" => "1988" "volumen" => "78" "paginaInicial" => "230" "paginaFinal" => "242" ] ] ] ] ] ] 56 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0285" "etiqueta" => "Suárez and Albini, 2009" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Evidence for great tsunamigenic earthquakes (M 8.6) along the Mexican subduction zone" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:2 [ 0 => "Suárez G." 1 => "Albini P." ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:5 [ "tituloSerie" => "Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am." "fecha" => "2009" "volumen" => "99" "paginaInicial" => "892" "paginaFinal" => "896" ] ] ] ] ] ] 57 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0290" "etiqueta" => "UNAM Seismology Group, 1986" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "The September 19, 1985, Michoacan earthquake: Aftershock distribution and history of rupture" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "colaboracion" => "UNAM Seismology Group" "etal" => false ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:5 [ "tituloSerie" => "Geophys. Res. Lett." "fecha" => "1986" "volumen" => "13" "paginaInicial" => "573" "paginaFinal" => "576" ] ] ] ] ] ] 58 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0295" "etiqueta" => "Valdés-González and Novelo-Casanova, 1998" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "The Western Guerrero, Mexico, seismogenic zone from the microseismicity associated to the 1979 Petatlan and 1985 Zihuatanejo earthquakes" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:2 [ 0 => "Valdés-González C." 1 => "Novelo-Casanova D.A." ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:5 [ "tituloSerie" => "Tectonophysics" "fecha" => "1998" "volumen" => "287" "paginaInicial" => "271" "paginaFinal" => "277" ] ] ] ] ] ] 59 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0300" "etiqueta" => "Yamamoto et al., 2002" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Why earthquake doublets in the Ometepec, Guerrero, Mexico subduction area?" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:3 [ 0 => "Yamamoto J." 1 => "Quintanar L." 2 => "Jimenez Z." ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:5 [ "tituloSerie" => "Phys. Earth Planet. Inter." "fecha" => "2002" "volumen" => "132" "paginaInicial" => "131" "paginaFinal" => "139" ] ] ] ] ] ] 60 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0305" "etiqueta" => "Yamamoto et al., 2013" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Seismic pattern of the Guerrero-Oaxaca, Mexico región, and its relationship to the continental margin structure" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:6 [ 0 => "Yamamoto J." 1 => "González-Moran T." 2 => "Quintanar L." 3 => "Zavaleta A.B." 4 => "Zamora A." 5 => "Espindola V.H." ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:5 [ "tituloSerie" => "Geophys. J. Int." "fecha" => "2013" "volumen" => "192" "paginaInicial" => "375" "paginaFinal" => "389" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] "agradecimientos" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "identificador" => "xack161002" "titulo" => "Acknowledgments" "texto" => "UNAM Seismology Group includes all researchers and technicians, as well as students, of Institute of Geophysics and Institute of Engineering, UNAM, who work in the field of seismology and engineering seismology. In case of a significant earthquake in Mexico, the Group informally coordinates its efforts in data collection from autonomous stations, field deployment of seismographs and accelerographs, analysis of the<a name="p194"></a> data, and elaboration of a preliminary report. The credit of the work is shared by all. We thank Civil Protection authorities of the State of Oaxaca, Centro de Instrumentación y Registros Sísmicos (CIRES) and Centro Nacional de Prevención de Desastres (CENAPRED) for making available to us the recordings of the mainshock. We are indebted to H. Kanamori for sharing his unpublished results with us and for many fruitful discussions on the 2012 earthquake during his visit to UNAM in August 2012. We appreciate comments and suggestions by H. Kanamori, L. Astiz, R. Castro and C. Mendoza who were reviewers of the manuscript. The research was supported by Conacyt project 82599, and PAPIIT-UNAM projects IN112411 and IN111411-2." 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over 3&#44;000 houses sustained heavy damage&#44; and over 3&#44;000 were reported with minor damage&#46;&#8221; The earthquake was strongly felt in Mexico City&#46;</p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The earthquake was recorded in the epicentral zone at Pinotepa Nacional station &#40;PNIG&#41; which is equipped with a broadband seismograph&#44; an accelerograph&#44; and a GPS receiver with a sampling interval of 1 s &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Figure 1</a>&#41;&#46; This station is operated by the National Seismological Service &#40;SSN&#44; Servicio Sismol&#243;gico Nacional&#41; of Instituto de Geof&#237;sica&#44; Universidad Nacional Aut&#243;noma de M&#233;xico &#40;UNAM&#41;&#46; Data from PNIG are transmitted in real-time to Instituto de Geof&#237;sica&#44; UNAM&#46; There were several accelerographs in and near the epicentral zone &#40;elements of seismic alert systems for Mexico City and the City of Oaxaca&#41; which produced strong-motion recordings&#46; There were also a few GPS stations in the area&#44; operating in an autonomous mode&#44; from which coseismic static displacement field could be retrieved&#46; Following the earthquake&#44; a portable network of seven seismic stations was installed in the epicentral area to record aftershocks&#46; At regional distances&#44; the earthquake was recorded by broadband seismographs and accelerographs&#46; The event produced numerous accelerograms in the Valley of Mexico and the City of Oaxaca&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Based on the analysis of a subset of this large data set&#44; we present preliminary results on the location of the mainshock and aftershocks&#44; slip distribution on the fault&#44; relationship of the aftershock area with the slip distribution&#44; radiated seismic energy&#44; attenuation of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">PGA</span> as a function of distance&#44; and ground-motion characteristics in the Valley of Mexico&#46; When possible&#44; we compare the 2012 earthquake with other large Mexican subduction thrust earthquakes&#44; including the<a name="p175"></a> 1982 Ometepec doublet &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">M<span class="elsevierStyleInf">w</span></span> 6&#46;9&#44; 7&#46;0&#41; which may have broken roughly the same segment of the plate boundary and the 1995 Copala earthquake &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">M<span class="elsevierStyleInf">w</span></span> 7&#46;3&#41; which ruptured the adjacent one&#46; These comparisons help put this earthquake in proper perspective with respect to the other shallow thrust earthquakes along the Mexican subduction zone&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0030">Tectonic Setting and Previous Earthquakes in the Region</span><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In the area of interest&#44; the oceanic Cocos plate subducts below Mexico at a relative convergence rate of 6 cm&#47;yr in the direction N34&#176;E &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0075">DeMets <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">et al</span>&#46;&#44; 1990</a>&#41;&#46; Shallow&#44; thrust earthquakes along the Pacific coast of Oaxaca&#44; which occur as a consequence of the subduction&#44; exhibit some special characteristics&#46; &#40;1&#41; Large earthquakes seem to occur periodically with a recurrence period of 30-50 years &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0245">Singh <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">et al</span>&#46;&#44; 1981</a>&#41;&#46; &#40;2&#41; The statistics of earthquakes in the region suggests occurrence of characteristic earthquakes of magnitude around 7&#46;6 &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0275">Singh <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">et al</span>&#46;&#44; 1983</a>&#41;&#46; &#40;3&#41; The rupture process of the earthquakes&#44; as seen on teleseismic Galitzin and long-period WWSSN seismograms&#44; is remarkably simple to the east of 98&#46;2&#176;W but becomes more complex to the west &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0055">Chael and Stewart&#44; 1982</a>&#59; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0260">Singh and Mortera&#44; 1991</a>&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Several parallel ridges of seamounts have been mapped on the sea floor of the Cocos plate in the area &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0150">Kanjorski&#44; 2003</a>&#41;&#46; These seamounts are oriented 15-20&#176; from orthogonal to the trench axis &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Figure 1</a>&#41;&#46; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0150">Kanjorski &#40;2003&#41;</a> suggests that characteristics of seismicity in the region are affected by subduction of the seamounts&#46; The oceanic crust is segmented along the seamount-parallel faults at the subduction zone &#40;&#8220;slivered&#8221; ocean crust model&#41;&#46; During large earthquakes each slivered piece of the subducted plate&#44; generally&#44; ruptures independently&#44; the dimension being controlled by the spacing of the parallel seamount chains &#40;50-100 km&#41;&#46; We note that the rupture area of the 1982 doublet mostly falls between two parallel faults&#46; As we show later&#44; the rupture area of the 2012 earthquake also lies between these faults and overlaps with that of the 1982 doublet&#46; Based on analysis of local seismicity&#44; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0300">Yamamoto <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">et al</span>&#46; &#40;2002</a>&#44; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0305">2013</a>&#41; suggest that the upper plate in the region is also segmented&#46;</p><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a> lists large shallow&#44; thrust earthquakes in the region which have occurred since 1900 near the coast between the latitudes of 95&#46;0&#176;W and 99&#46;0&#176;W&#46; The region covered in this table includes south east Guerrero&#46; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Figure 1</a> shows the epicenters of these earthquakes&#46; When the aftershock area of an earthquake is reasonably<a name="p176"></a> well known from local and regional seismograms&#44; it is illustrated by a contour of unbroken line in the figure&#46; These include aftershock areas of the central Oaxaca earthquake of 1978 &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0250">Singh <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">et al</span>&#46;&#44; 1980</a>&#41; and the Ometepec doublet &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0180">Nava&#44; 1984</a>&#41;&#46; For these earthquakes portable seismographs were deployed in the field&#46; For the 1995 Copala earthquake&#44; both aftershock and slip areas &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0065">Courboulex <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">et al</span>&#46;&#44; 1997</a>&#41; are shown&#46; We roughly estimated the aftershock area of the 1996 earthquake&#44; using local&#44; single-station&#44; three-component seismograms at PNIG&#46; This area is illustrated in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Figure 1</a> by a contour of broken line&#46; There is more uncertainty in the aftershock areas of 1965 and 1968 earthquakes which were estimated from seismograms at regional distances&#46; Hence&#44; these areas are also shown by broken contours&#46; For pre-1965 events the figure only shows the epicenters&#59; even these are poorly known&#46; Due to uncertainty in the location of the large pre-1965 earthquakes&#44; the recurrence periods of the events&#44; especially in south east Guerrero&#44; are also uncertain&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0035">Seismic Recordings in and near the Epicentral Zone</span><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The station PNIG&#44; which&#44; as mentioned earlier&#44; was located near the epicentral region &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Figures 1</a> and <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">2</a>&#41; and equipped with a broadband seismograph&#44; an accelerograph&#44; and a GPS receiver&#44; played an important role in the analysis of the earthquake&#46; There were seven other accelerographs in the region which recorded the event &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Figure 2</a>&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0010"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">After a few seconds of recording&#44; the data stream at PNIG was lost for ~ 4 hours&#46; Much of the seismic data&#44; including the mainshock accelerogram&#44; were retrieved soon after communication was re-established&#46; The broadband seismograms were clipped during the mainshock&#46; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0015">Figure 3a</a> shows acceleration&#44; velocity&#44; and displacement at PNIG &#40;velocity and displacement were obtained from direct integration of the acceleration&#41;&#46; The traces begin at the arrival of P wave&#46; The displacements on NS&#44; EW&#44; and Z components&#44; 25 s after P-wave arrival&#44; are &#8211; 9&#46;0&#44; - 8&#46;0&#44; and - 8&#46;0 cm&#44; respectively&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0015"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Since 2011&#44; the GPS network operated by the SSN has been reconfigured to transmit high-rate data in real time&#46; At the time of the Ometepec-Pinotepa Nacional earthquake&#44; the PNIG GPS permanent station had been recently set up&#44; and the real-time processing scheme had not been yet implemented&#46; We performed a high-rate postprocessing of PNIG GPS data using Gipsy-Oasis software &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0090">Gregorius&#44; 1996</a>&#41; to obtain displacement records&#46; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0020">Figure 3b</a> compares the displacement field obtained from double numerical integration of PNIG accelerographic records &#40;continuous line&#41; and from GPS 1 Hz data &#40;red crosses&#41;&#46; As can be seen&#44; the GPS continuous stream failed for almost 1 minute&#44; probably due to electrical supply failure&#46; Displacement recovered by double numerical integration agrees well with that obtained from the GPS data in the first 10 s&#46; The displacement field from double integration becomes unreliable after about 25 s which is manifested by the drift in the traces&#46; After about 60 s&#44; the displacements on<a name="p177"></a> NS&#44; EW&#44; and Z components from GPS data at PNIG are - 6&#46;0&#44; - 10&#46;0&#44; and - 5&#46;0 cm &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0020">Figure 3b</a>&#41;&#46; For comparison&#44; DeMets &#40;personal communication&#44; 2012&#41; reports NS and EW coseismic static displacements at PNIG as - 8&#46;8 and - 11&#46;0 cm&#46; We note that&#44; for the SSN network&#44; this is the first time that displacements retrieved from acceleration and from GPS data can be compared at the same site&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0020"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Acceleration and velocity time-histories at six other epicentral strong motion stations are illustrated in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0025">Figures 4</a> and <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0030">5</a>&#44; respectively&#46; We note that <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">PGA</span> of &#189; g was exceeded at two stations&#46; At SJLL&#44; the <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">PGA</span> on NS&#44; EW&#44; and Z components were 1070&#44; 1070&#44; and 1040 gal&#44; respectively&#46; This is the highest <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">PGA</span> ever recorded above Mexican subduction zone&#46; High <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">PGA</span> at this station is clearly related to a site effect&#46; An examination of the spectra shows a strong peak at 3&#46;6 Hz&#46; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">PGA</span> at station LA03 reached 726 gal&#46; Here again&#44; the spectra are peaked at 6&#46;5 Hz&#44; suggesting a strong site effect&#46; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">PGA</span>&#44; however&#44; did not exceed &#189; g at any firm strong-motion site&#44; in agreement with previous observations along the Mexican subduction zone &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0265">Singh <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">et al</span>&#46;&#44; 1989</a>&#41;&#46; A relatively low <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">PGA</span> was recorded at PNIG which is also a firm site&#46; The highest PGV &#40;91 cm&#47;s&#41; was observed at LG01&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0025"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0030"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0040">Mainshock Location</span><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Locating the mainshock presented the usual difficulties associated with large events recorded at local distances&#46; The SSN broadband network is relatively sparse&#46; There were only 4 stations within a radius of 200 km of the epicenter&#46; The broadband seismograms at PNIG and most other regional stations within a radius of ~300 km from the source were clipped on <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">S</span> wave&#46; However&#44; all SSN stations are equipped with accelerometers&#46; We used accelerations &#40;or velocities derived by simple integration&#41; to read the <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">S</span> phase&#46; We also used recordings from autonomous local and regional accelerographs &#91;&#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">S-P</span>&#41; time if absolute time was found to be incorrect&#93;&#46; It was difficult to read <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">S</span>-wave reliably on local stations&#46; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span>-wave at PNIG clearly showed that the rupture initiated SW of the station&#46; In the location of the earthquake&#44; the azimuth of the hypocenter from PNIG &#40;250&#176;&#41; was taken into account&#46; The depth was fixed to 20 km as it is the typical depth of plate interface below the Mexican coast&#46; A crustal model&#44; modified from <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0115">Iglesias <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">et al</span>&#46; &#40;2001&#41;</a>&#44; was used in the location of the mainshock and the aftershocks&#46; The model consisted of three layers over a half space&#58; layer 1&#44; thickness &#61; 5&#46;2 km&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">V<span class="elsevierStyleInf">s</span> &#61;</span> 3&#46;45 km&#47;s&#44; density &#61; 2&#46;68 gm&#47;cm<span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span>&#59; layer 2&#44; thickness &#61; 10&#46;5 km&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">V<span class="elsevierStyleInf">s</span> &#61;</span> 3&#46;50 km&#47;s&#44; density &#61; 2&#46;70 gm&#47;cm<span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span>&#59; layer 3&#44; thickness &#61; 5&#46;2 km&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">V<span class="elsevierStyleInf">s</span> &#61;</span> 3&#46;45 km&#47;s&#44; density &#61; 2&#46;84 gm&#47;cm<span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span>&#59; half space&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">V <span class="elsevierStyleInf">s</span></span> &#61; 4&#46;45 km&#47;s&#44; density &#61; 3&#46;23 gm&#47;cm<span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span>&#46; A Poisson solid was assumed to estimated <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">V</span>&#46; Seismograms were converted to SeisAn format &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0095">Havskov and Ottem&#246;ller&#44; 1999</a>&#41; and earthquakes were located using an algorithm by <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0175">Lienert and Havskov &#40;1995&#41;</a>&#46;</p><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The locations of the mainshock obtained in this study and the one reported by NEIC&#44; U&#46;S&#46; Geological Survey are listed in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">Table 2</a> and shown<a name="p178"></a> in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Figure 2</a>&#46; The table also lists CMT solutions&#44; including centroid depth&#44; reported by several sources&#46; We note that the NEIC location is 58 km to N40&#176;E of the location from local&#47;regional data&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0010"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0045">Location of Aftershocks</span><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">We obtained preliminary epicenter locations of 458 aftershocks which occurred in the first 30 hours by reading azimuth and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span> and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">S</span> times at PNIG&#46; The depth was fixed at 20 km and the crustal model mentioned above was used in the location&#46; The epicenters of the events are shown in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0035">Figure 6</a>&#46; As mentioned earlier&#44; a network of seven portable digital seismographs was deployed in field &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Figure 2</a>&#41;&#46; The network became operational about 30 hours after the mainshock&#46; We located 1235 aftershocks which occurred during the next four days using data from 4 to 7 stations&#46; These are shown in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0035">Figure 6</a>&#46; To check the accuracy of the epicenters of the early aftershocks based on PNIG only&#44; we selected the largest 50 events which were recorded by the portable network and compared the locations with those determined from PNIG alone&#46; The difference in the epicentral locations is about 10 km on average&#46; The four-day aftershocks &#40;beginning 30 hours after the origin time&#41; roughly define a 50 km &#215; 60 km area&#46; This area is larger than the first 30-hour area which is about 40 km &#215; 60 km&#44; indicating expansion with time&#46; Several clusters of aftershocks are visible in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0035">Figure 6</a>&#46; A lineament of aftershocks&#44; oriented ~N45&#176;E&#44; occurs near PNIG&#46; These clusters and the lineament may be related to bathymetric features on the subducted Cocos plate&#46; We note&#44; however&#44; that they do not coincide with the subducted seamount chains&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0035"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0035">Figure 6</a> shows the GCMT centroid epicenter and focal mechanism of the mainshock from the GCMT catalog&#46; This location is near the north end of the aftershock area&#44; perhaps related to the shift of the NEIC epicenter to north east of the epicenter estimated from the local and regional data&#46; The figure also displays epicenters and focal mechanisms of all large aftershocks&#46; The epicenters are from local and regional data while the focal mechanisms are from GCMT catalog&#46; Most of these larger aftershocks are located at the edge of the aftershock area&#46; The largest aftershock occurred on 2 April 2012 &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">H</span> &#61; 12 km&#59; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">M<span class="elsevierStyleInf">w</span></span> 6&#46;1&#41;&#46; It has a normal-faulting focal mechanism and is located in the overriding plate&#46; It may have been causally related to the mainshock through stress interaction&#46; An earthquake of similar mechanism occurred about 20 km NW of Acapulco&#44; along the coast&#44; near the town of Coyuca&#44; on 8 October 2001 &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">M<span class="elsevierStyleInf">w</span></span> 5&#46;8&#41;&#46; These events suggest that in situ stress in the upper plate near the coast in these regions is extensional&#44; probably a consequence of tectonic erosion or trench roll back &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0205">Pacheco and Singh&#44; 2010</a>&#41;&#46;<a name="p179"></a></p><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0040">Figure 7</a> compares the aftershock areas of the 2012 earthquake estimated from 30-hour and seven-day activity&#44; with that of seven-day aftershock area of the 1982 doublet &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0180">Nava&#44; 1984</a>&#41;&#46; The areas roughly overlap&#46; However&#44; the sum of moments of the doublet &#40;5&#46;6&#215;10<span class="elsevierStyleSup">19</span> Nm&#44; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0020">Astiz and Kanamori&#44; 1984</a>&#41; is only about 1&#47;2 to 1&#47;3 of the moment of the 2012 earthquake &#40;1&#46;3&#215;10<span class="elsevierStyleSup">20</span> to 1&#46;98&#215;10<span class="elsevierStyleSup">20</span> Nm&#41;&#46; It is possible that the 2012 event broke an area which was larger than the doublet area but included it&#44; suggesting a variable rupture mode &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0145">Kanamori and McNally&#44; 1982</a>&#41;&#46;<a name="p180"></a><a name="p181"></a><a name="p182"></a></p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0040"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0050">Number of aftershocks</span><p id="par0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">There was a general perception that the aftershocks activity following the 2012 earthquake was unusually intense&#46; The number of aftershocks may be a reflection of the degree of heterogeneity on and near the fault plane&#46; If there is a regional variation in the number of aftershocks then its knowledge is also useful to civil protection authorities&#46; Thus&#44; it is important to know whether the number of aftershocks of the 2012 event was truly large or only a subjective perception&#46; The SSN network has been undergoing expansion and improvement&#46; For this reason&#44; it is not possible to compare the statistics of aftershocks of this earthquake with those of previous large events based on the SSN catalog&#46; Therefore&#44; we used U&#46; S&#46; Geological Survey Earthquake Data<a name="p183"></a> Base &#40;<a href="http://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eqarchives/epic/epic_rect.php">http&#58;&#47;&#47;earthquake&#46;usgs&#46;gov&#47;earthquakes&#47;eqarchives&#47;epic&#47;epic&#95;rect&#46;php</a>&#41;&#46; For our analysis&#44; we isolated aftershocks of all shallow&#44; thrust events with <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">M<span class="elsevierStyleInf">w</span></span> &#8805; 6&#46;9 which occurred along the Mexican subduction zone&#44; from Jalisco-Colima to Oaxaca&#44; beginning 1963 when the World-Wide Standard Seismograph Network became operational&#46; The database lists body-wave magnitude&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">m<span class="elsevierStyleInf">b</span></span>&#44; of small and moderate earthquakes and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">M<span class="elsevierStyleInf">s</span></span> or <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">M<span class="elsevierStyleInf">w</span></span> for large earthquakes&#46; For many&#44; recent moderate earthquakes <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">M<span class="elsevierStyleInf">w</span></span> rather than <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">m<span class="elsevierStyleInf">b</span></span> is listed&#46; For each earthquake we extracted seismicity during the next 30 days in an area which was chosen to be somewhat larger than the expected rupture area&#46; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0015">Table 3</a> gives <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">N</span>&#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">m<span class="elsevierStyleInf">b</span></span>&#41;&#44; where <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">N</span> is the number of events with magnitude &#8805; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">m<span class="elsevierStyleInf">b</span>&#46; N</span> is listed for <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">m<span class="elsevierStyleInf">b</span> &#61;</span> 4&#46;5 and 5&#46;0&#46; The number includes the mainshock&#46; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">M<span class="elsevierStyleInf">w</span></span> of moderate earthquakes is taken as <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">m<span class="elsevierStyleInf">b</span></span>&#46; The catalog is probably complete for <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">m<span class="elsevierStyleInf">b</span></span> &#8805; 5&#46;0&#46; Events 5 and 10 in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0015">Table 3</a> are doublets&#46; For these events the 30-day period was counted from the second shock&#46; The seismic moments of the two shocks were added before computing <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">M<span class="elsevierStyleInf">w</span></span> which is listed in the table&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0015"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0085" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0045">Figure 8a</a> shows the location of the mainshocks&#46; The plot of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">N</span>&#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">m<span class="elsevierStyleInf">b</span> &#8805;</span> 5&#41; versus <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">M<span class="elsevierStyleInf">w</span></span> of the mainshock is illustrated in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0045">Figure 8b</a>&#46; To quantify the lack or access of aftershocks&#44; we assume that <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">N</span> &#945; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">A</span>&#44; where <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">A</span> is the rupture area &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0280">Singh and Su&#225;rez&#44; 1988</a>&#41;&#46; Since <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">M<span class="elsevierStyleInf">w</span></span> &#945; &#40;2&#47;3&#41;log<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">M</span><span class="elsevierStyleInf">0</span> &#945; log<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">A</span>&#44; it follows that if <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">N</span> &#945; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">A</span> then log<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">N</span> &#945; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">M<span class="elsevierStyleInf">w</span>&#46; N</span> versus <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">M<span class="elsevierStyleInf">w</span></span> data is fitted with log<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">N &#61; M<span class="elsevierStyleInf">w</span> &#43; C</span>&#46; The line defined by this relation&#44; shown in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0045">Figure 8b</a>&#44; serves to measure lack or excess of aftershocks for the earthquakes listed in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0015">Table 3</a>&#46; The figure shows that events 1 and 5 &#40;Colima-Jalisco 1995 and Michoac&#225;n 1985&#41; were the two most deficient ones in the production of aftershocks&#44; while events 11 and 12 &#40;Offshore Pinotepa 1996 and Ometepec-Pinotepa Nacional 2012&#41; <a name="p184"></a> were the two most prolific ones&#46; The relative abundance of aftershocks and simplicity of large earthquakes as seen in the region of the study may reflect both a relative abundance of heterogeneities at small scale but smooth fault plane at larger scale&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0045"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0055">Slip on the Fault from Inversion of Teleseismic Data</span><p id="par0090" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Immediately after the earthquake&#44; teleseismic body and surface waves were inverted to map slip on the fault by groups at NEIC and Caltech &#40;<a href="http://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eqinthenews/2012/usc0008m6h/finite_fault.php">http&#58;&#47;&#47;earthquake&#46;usgs&#46;gov&#47;earthquakes&#47;eqinthenews&#47;2012&#47;usc0008m6h&#47;finite&#95;fault&#46;php</a>&#59; <a href="http://www.tectonics.caltech.edu/slip_history/2012_Mexico/index.html">http&#58;&#47;&#47;www&#46;tectonics&#46;caltech&#46;edu&#47;slip&#95;history&#47;2012&#95;Mexico&#47;index&#46;html</a>&#41;&#46; These inversions use the NEIC hypocenter &#40;16&#46;662&#176;N&#44; 98&#46;188&#176;W&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">H &#61;</span> 20 km&#59; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">Table 2</a>&#41;&#46; The results show a compact&#44; nearly circular source whose dimension can be approximated by a square area of 35 km &#215; 35 km&#46; As a consequence of using the NEIC hypocenter&#44; in these inversions the slip patch is located well inland&#44; far north from our epicenter&#46; Here we use the same simulated annealing&#44; wavelet domain algorithm used by NEIC &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0130">Ji <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">et al</span>&#46;&#44; 2002a</a>&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0135">b</a>&#41; to invert teleseismic body and surface waves for the slip on the fault plane&#46; We use an expanded data set compared to the one used for the rapid solution by USGS&#58; a total of 29 <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span>-waves&#44; 15 <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">S</span>-waves&#44; 30 Rayleigh waves and 20 Love waves&#46; We use the hypocenter determined in this study &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">Table 2</a>&#41;&#46; We invert for the magnitude&#44; direction and duration of slip at each subpatch of the fault&#46; The slip-rate function of each fault is parameterized by an asymmetric cosine function &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0130">Ji <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">et al</span>&#46;&#44; 2002a</a>&#41;&#46; The timing of the initial slip is constrained to follow a rupture velocity of 3 km&#47;s&#46; First the body-wave arrivals were aligned on theoretical travel times based on a 1D Earth model&#46; However&#44; we found large apparent time shifts between observed and calculated seismograms&#44; caused by the 3D structure of the Earth&#46; The systematic variation of these shifts with azimuth is probably also responsible for the large mislocation of the hypocenter by global agencies&#44; mentioned above&#46; To minimize the effect of unmodeled 3D<a name="p185"></a> structure on the result&#44; we manually aligned the body-wave phases on the first observable arrival in the seismogram&#46; At stations where we could not identify the first arrival&#44; we aligned them to be consistent with neighboring stations&#46; The alignment of the traces is a difficult task as the first arrivals are small relative to the noise level at many stations&#46; Furthermore&#44; comparing the teleseismic waveforms to the ones observed locally we found that the initial weak rupture &#40;see more detail in the following section&#41; was not seen in any of the teleseismic records&#46; To account for this small initial slip near the hypocenter&#44; we shifted all the traces by two seconds&#46; The distribution of slip on the fault plane determined by the inversion is shown in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0050">Figure 9a</a>&#46; There are two separate regions of slip&#44; both to the East of the hypocenter&#44; one updip and the other one downdip&#46; Each area of slip is about 30 km in diameter and a maximum slip of almost 2 m&#46; It should be emphasized that this is a preliminary solution and that the pattern depends critically on the alignment of the body waves&#46; The solutions we obtained using unaligned seismograms&#44; as well as aligned but not shifted by a constant&#44; have one patch of slip to the north of the hypocenter&#44; similar to the solutions of the groups at NEIC and Caltech&#46; The shift of two seconds is what allows the rupture to get further from the hypocenter before the large slip occurs&#44; in effect allowing two different slip patches&#46; Allowing a much smaller rupture velocity at the beginning could alter this result&#46; However&#44; we note that the two-patch slip model predicts static displacements that are in better agreement with those observed at nearby GPS stations than the one patch model and it is also in better agreement with the slip model obtained from regional data &#40;following section&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0050"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0060">Slip on the Fault from Inversion of Near-Source Data</span><p id="par0095" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">We inverted the near-source band-pass filtered displacement traces to map the slip on the fault&#46; Because the times at some accelerographs were incorrect&#44; we corrected them using the computed expected <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span> arrival times&#46; The accelerograms were baseline corrected&#44; integrated to obtain velocities&#44; and they were then bandpass filtered &#40;0&#46;025 -1&#46;0 Hz&#41;&#46; These traces were integrated to obtain the displacements&#46; The data at station HZ04 were ignored since the traces at nearby JAMI station &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Figure 2</a>&#41; were of much better quality&#46; From a visual inspection of the integrated traces and preliminary results of the inversion&#44; we rejected the vertical displacement seismograms for LG01&#44; SJLL&#44; and LA03 stations &#40;dashed lines in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0055">Figure 10</a>&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0055"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0100" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">We assumed that the faulting was confined to a 90 km &#215; 90 km area &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0040">Figure 7</a>&#41; which has an azimuth &#61; 295&#176;&#44; dip &#61; 13&#176;&#44; and rake &#61; 91&#176;&#44; in rough accordance with the GCMT solution&#46; This area was divided in 18 &#215; 18 subfaults&#46; The<a name="p186"></a> depth of the fault at the hypocenter &#40;16&#46;254&#176;N&#44; 98&#46;531&#176;W&#41; was 20 km&#46; The inversion was performed in the frequency domain &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0060">Cotton and Campillo&#44; 1995</a>&#41; using a simulated annealing inversion scheme &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0125">Iglesias <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">et al</span>&#46;&#44; 2002</a>&#41;&#46; The displacement spectrum&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">u<span class="elsevierStyleInf">i</span></span> &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#969;</span>&#41;&#44; at the <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">i<span class="elsevierStyleSup">th</span></span> station can be written as<elsevierMultimedia ident="eq0005"></elsevierMultimedia></p><p id="par0105" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">where <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span> is the number of subfaults&#59; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">t<span class="elsevierStyleInf">k</span></span>&#44; the rupture time &#40;time elapsed from origin time to the initial rupture for each subfault&#41;&#59; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">S<span class="elsevierStyleInf">k</span></span>&#44; the average displacement for <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">k<span class="elsevierStyleSup">th</span></span> subfault&#59; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">g<span class="elsevierStyleInf">ki</span></span>&#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#969;</span>&#41;&#44; the displacement transfer function for unitary slip in the <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">k<span class="elsevierStyleSup">th</span></span> subfault recorded at the <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">i<span class="elsevierStyleSup">th</span></span> station&#59; and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">F<span class="elsevierStyleInf">k</span></span>&#91;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">R<span class="elsevierStyleInf">k</span>&#44; &#969;</span>&#93;&#44; the source time function depending on rise time <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">R<span class="elsevierStyleInf">k</span></span>&#46; Following <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0105">Hernandez <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">et al</span>&#46; &#40;2001&#41;</a>&#44; we chose<elsevierMultimedia ident="eq0010"></elsevierMultimedia></p><p id="par0110" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">We attempted to invert for <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">R<span class="elsevierStyleInf">k</span></span>&#46; However&#44; after several tests we found that <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">R<span class="elsevierStyleInf">k</span></span> could not be resolved&#46; Thus&#44; in further inversions we fixed <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">R<span class="elsevierStyleInf">k</span> &#61;</span> 1&#46;7 s&#46;</p><p id="par0115" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Synthetic seismograms for each subfatult to each station were computed using discrete wave number algorithm &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0035">Bouchon&#44; 1982</a>&#41;&#46; The crustal model used in the inversion is given above&#46; We took <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Q<span class="elsevierStyleInf">s</span> &#61;</span> 350 and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Q<span class="elsevierStyleInf">p</span> &#61;</span> 600&#46;</p><p id="par0120" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The differences between observed and synthetic spectra &#40;real and imaginary parts&#41; were minimized at all the discrete frequencies between 0&#46;025 and 1&#46;0 Hz&#46; Each subfault was composed of 49 source points whose rupture was delayed in time by assuming a constant rupture velocity &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">V</span> &#61; 3&#46;0 km&#47;s&#41;&#46; The details of the method are given in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0105">Hernandez <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">et al</span>&#46; &#40;2001&#41;</a> and <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0125">Iglesias <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">et al</span>&#46; &#40;2002&#41;</a>&#46;</p><p id="par0125" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The result of the inversion is shown in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0050">Figure 9b</a> and the observed and synthetic waveforms are illustrated in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0055">Figure 10</a>&#46; The fit is reasonable&#46; The inversion yields a seismic moment of 1&#46;1&#215;10<span class="elsevierStyleSup">20</span> Nm &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">M<span class="elsevierStyleInf">w</span></span> 7&#46;3&#41;&#46; The observed coseismic static<a name="p187"></a> displacements at PINO &#40;the same station as PNIG&#41;&#44; OXTP&#44; and MRQL &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Figure 2</a>&#41; were not used in the inversion&#46; Thus&#44; it is reassuring that the predicted static horizontal displacements at these stations&#44; corresponding to the inverted slip&#44; agree well with the observations &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0050">Figure 9b</a>&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0130" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The inversion shows small slip near the hypocenter&#46; Large slip occurs on two patches&#58; one patch is located updip from the hypocenter towards the south-east while the other one is located downdip towards north&#46; Significant slip is confined within an area of ~25 km &#215; 60 km &#40;1500 km<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>&#41;&#46; The static stress drop&#44; &#8710;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#963;</span>&#44; during the earthquake can be estimated from the relation &#8710;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#963;</span> &#61; &#40;1&#47;2&#41; &#40;77<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#960;</span><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3&#47;2</span>&#47;16&#41; &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">M</span><span class="elsevierStyleInf">0</span>&#47;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">A</span><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3&#47;2</span>&#41; where <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">A</span> is the fault area &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0080">Eshelby&#44; 1957</a>&#41;&#46; With <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">M</span><span class="elsevierStyleInf">0</span> &#61;1&#46;98&#215;10<span class="elsevierStyleSup">20</span> Nm and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">A &#61;</span> 1500 km<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>&#44; we obtain &#8710;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#963; &#61;</span> 4&#46;3 MPa&#46;</p><p id="par0135" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Back-projection source imaging using teleseismic <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span> waves recorded at USArray in northeast USA shows a dominant westward rupture propagation &#40;L&#46; Meng and J&#46; P&#46; Ampuero&#44; personal communication&#44; 2012&#41;&#46; This network&#44; however&#44; has no resolution to detect along dip rupture propagation&#44; which we find to be the dominant direction of rupture &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0050">Figure 9</a>&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0140" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">From <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0050">Figure 9b</a> we note that the aftershock activity is relatively low in areas of large slip&#46; Do the two patches correspond to the individual events of the 1982 doublet&#63; Comparison of the doublet epicenters &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Figure 1</a>&#41; with the two patches &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0050">Figure 9b</a>&#41; does not support this&#46; However&#44; the errors in the locations of the 1982 doublet are probably too large to reach a definitive conclusion&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0045" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0065">Radiated Seismic Energy</span><p id="par0145" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Seismic moment&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">M</span><span class="elsevierStyleInf">0</span>&#44; and radiated seismic energy&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">E<span class="elsevierStyleInf">s</span></span>&#44; are the two basic source parameters of an earthquake&#46; We computed <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">E<span class="elsevierStyleInf">s</span></span> of five recent&#44; large&#44; earthquakes in the region using teleseismic <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span>-wave recordings following the method of <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0030">Boatwright and Choy &#40;1986&#41;</a>&#46; The estimate of the energy flux was obtained from the integral of the squared velocity spectrum of the <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span>-wave group &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P&#44; pP</span>&#44; and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">sP</span> waves&#41;&#44; corrected for attenuation and site effect &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0220">P&#233;rez-Campos&#44; 2002</a>&#59; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0230">P&#233;rez-Campos <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">et al</span>&#46;&#44; 2003</a>&#41;&#46; The total <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span>-wave energy was then estimated using covariance-weighting least squares &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0225">P&#233;rez-Campos and Beroza&#44; 2001</a>&#41;&#44; and correcting for geometrical spreading and radiation pattern&#46; We used <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">q &#61;</span> 15&#46;58 &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0030">Boatwright and Choy&#44; 1986</a>&#41;&#44; the partitioning between <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">S</span>- and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span>-wave energy&#44; to estimate the total radiated seismic energy&#46; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0020">Table 4</a> lists <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">E<span class="elsevierStyleInf">s</span></span> and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">E<span class="elsevierStyleInf">s</span></span>&#47;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">M</span><span class="elsevierStyleInf">0</span> values of the 2012 and other earthquakes in the region&#46; We note that <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">E<span class="elsevierStyleInf">s</span></span>&#47;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">M</span><span class="elsevierStyleInf">0</span> of the 1996 and 1997 earthquakes&#44; both located off-shore&#44; near the trench &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Figure 1</a>&#41;&#44; are an order of magnitude smaller than for the other three events which broke the plate interface further downdip &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0060">Figure 11</a>&#41;&#46; These earthquakes&#44; like some other events near the trench of the Mexican subduction zone&#44; also gave rise to unusually low <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">PGA</span> &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0120">Iglesias <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">et al</span>&#46;&#44; 2003</a>&#41;&#46; Low <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">E<span class="elsevierStyleInf">s</span></span>&#47;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">M</span><span class="elsevierStyleInf">0</span> is typical of near-trench earthquakes &#40;e&#46;g&#46;&#44; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0170">Lay <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">et al</span>&#46;&#44; 2012</a>&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0020"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0060"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0150" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Rupture areas of most large Mexican subduction zone earthquakes straddle the coast&#44; seldom reaching the trench&#46; Those that do &#40;e&#46;g&#46;&#44; 1995 Colima-Jalisco&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">M<span class="elsevierStyleInf">w</span></span> 8&#46;0 earthquake&#41; may cause large tsunami&#46; Thus&#44; for tsunami mitigation&#44; it is critically important to know the state of seismic coupling on the updip part of the plate interface&#46; Certainly&#44; there is evidence of near-trench coupling off-shore Pinotepa and Colima-Jalisco&#46; The great 1787 Oaxaca earthquake &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">M</span>~8&#46;4 - 8&#46;6&#41;&#44; which produced the largest historically documented tsunami in Mexico &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0195">N&#250;&#241;ez-Corn&#250; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">et al</span>&#46;&#44; 2008</a>&#59; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0285">Su&#225;rez and Albini&#44; 2009</a>&#41;&#44; suggests that a significant length of near-trench interface in the region may be capable of strain accumulation&#46; The interface may rupture in moderate <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">M</span>6&#46;5-7&#46;0 earthquakes &#40;as in the case of 1997 and 1996 events&#41; and&#44; occasionally&#44; during great earthquakes when several asperities break in one single episode &#40;1787 event&#41;&#46;<a name="p188"></a></p></span><span id="sec0050" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0070">Observed and Predicted Ground Motions in Mexico</span><p id="par0155" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Prediction of ground motions from future earthquakes is critically important in seismic hazard analysis&#46; Although first accelerographs in Mexico date back to 1962&#44; it was not until 1985 that a modern accelerographic network&#44; called the Guerrero Accelerograph Array&#44; became operational &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0005">Anderson <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">et al</span>&#46;&#44; 1994</a>&#41;&#46; This network covered the coastal region of Guerrero and part of Michoac&#225;n&#46; It also included a few stations inland and an attenuation line from the Guerrero coast to Mexico City&#46; The 1985 Michoac&#225;n earthquake was well-recorded by this newly-installed network&#46; Since 1985&#44; strong-motion stations in Mexico have steadily increased in number&#46; The data have been used to develop ground motion prediction equations &#40;GMPE&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0160" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The recordings from the 2012 earthquake permit a check on the GMPE for interface earthquakes &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0015">Arroyo <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">et al</span>&#46;&#44; 2010</a>&#41;&#46; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0065">Figure 12</a> shows plots of observed and predicted <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">PGA</span> at hard sites as a function of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">R<span class="elsevierStyleInf">rup</span>&#44; the closest distance from the site to the rupture area</span>&#46; Here <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">PGA &#61;</span> &#91;&#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">A<span class="elsevierStyleInf">n</span></span><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span> &#43; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">A<span class="elsevierStyleInf">e</span></span><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>&#41;&#47;2&#93;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">1&#47;2</span> &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">A<span class="elsevierStyleInf">n</span></span> and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">A<span class="elsevierStyleInf">e</span></span> are the peak accelerations on NS and EW components&#44; respectively&#41;&#46; The predictions are reasonable for <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">R<span class="elsevierStyleInf">rup</span></span> &#60; 400 km&#44; beyond which they underestimate the observations&#46; This is expected since only data at distances of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">R<span class="elsevierStyleInf">rup</span></span> &#60; 400 km were used by <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0015">Arroyo <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">et al</span>&#46; &#40;2010&#41;</a> in the regression analysis&#46; In any case&#44; ground motions at such large distances are of little importance in earthquake engineering&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0065"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0165" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0070">Figure 13</a> shows <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">PGA</span> contours in Mexico for the 2012 earthquake&#46; These contours were obtained from recorded data &#40;shown by triangles&#41; using a Bayesian interpolation technique&#46; We note that the maximum contour roughly coincides with the maximum slip on the fault &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0050">Figure 9</a>&#41;&#46; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0070">Figure 13</a> also shows municipalities where significant structural damage was observed&#46; These municipalities received federal funds for recovery and reconstruction of the affected population &#40;<a href="http://dof.gob.mx/nota_detalle.php?codigo=5241891&amp;fecha=03/04/2012">http&#58;&#47;&#47;dof&#46;gob&#46;mx&#47;nota&#95;detalle&#46;php&#63;codigo&#61;5241891&#38;fecha&#61;03&#47;04&#47;2012</a>&#59; <a href="http://dof.gob.mx/nota_detalle.php?codigo=5241892&amp;fecha=03/04/2012">http&#58;&#47;&#47;dof&#46;gob&#46;mx&#47;nota&#95;detalle&#46;php&#63;codigo&#61;5241892&#38;fecha&#61;03&#47;04&#47;2012</a>&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0070"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0055" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0075">Ground Motion in Mexico City</span><p id="par0170" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The 2012 earthquake was strongly felt in Mexico City&#46; Initially it was thought that the city had survived well the onslaught of the largest earthquake since 1985&#46; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0075">Figure 14</a> compares accelerograms and Fourier spectra of the 2012 &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">M<span class="elsevierStyleInf">w</span></span> 7&#46;5&#41; and the 1995 Copala &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">M<span class="elsevierStyleInf">w</span></span> 7&#46;3&#41; earthquakes at CU&#44; a hill-zone site in city&#46; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0080">Figure 15</a> illustrates the corresponding plots at SCT&#44; a site in the lake-bed zone&#46; The distance from the two sources to Mexico City is roughly equal&#46; The <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">PGA</span>s during the two earthquakes at each of these sites are nearly the same &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0025">Tables 5</a> and <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0030">6</a>&#41;&#46; The same is true for Fourier amplitude spectra at frequencies greater than about 1 Hz&#46; At lower frequencies&#44; the Fourier amplitudes of the 2012 earthquake are somewhat greater than of the 1995 event&#44; in agreement with their relative moment magnitudes&#46;<a name="p189"></a><a name="p190"></a><a name="p191"></a></p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0075"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0080"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0025"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0030"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0175" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Ten earthquakes which have produced largest <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">PGA</span> at CU since 1985 are listed in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0025">Table 5</a>&#46; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">PGA</span> during the 2012 earthquake is 12&#46;0 gal&#44; the fifth largest in the table&#46; Annual exceedance rate of 10 gal is about 0&#46;3&#46; We note that eight out of the 10 events gave rise to roughly similar <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">PGA</span>&#44; between 8 and 14 gal&#46; Thus&#44; the 2012 earthquake was not exceptional in terms of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">PGA</span>&#46; Note that the <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">PGA</span> at CU during the 1985 earthquake was 30 gal&#44; two and half times greater than during the 2012 event&#46;</p><p id="par0180" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0030">Table 6</a> is similar to <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0025">Table 5</a> but for SCT&#46; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">PGA</span> at SCT during the 2012 earthquake was 34 gal&#44; which is the third largest in the table&#46; Annual exceedance rate of 20 gal at this site is about 0&#46;3&#46; During five out of the 10 events the <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">PGA</span> at SCT was between 29 and 39 gal&#46; Again&#44; the <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">PGA</span> at SCT during the 2012 earthquake was not exceptionally large &#40;roughly four times less than during 1985 earthquake&#41;&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0060" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0080">A Possible Interpretation</span><p id="par0185" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The 2012 Ometepec-Pinotepa Nacional earthquake may be understood as a single event in a stochastic process&#58;<span class="elsevierStyleDisplayedQuote" id="dq0005"><p id="spar0190a" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Stress accumulation&#8594; Quiescences &#8594; EARTHQUAKE&#8594; Stress drop&#8594; Regional deformations&#8594; Aftershock sequences&#8594; Stress accumulations Quiescences&#8594; EARTHQUAKES&#8594; Stress drops&#8594; Regional deformations&#8594; Aftershock sequences&#8594;&#8230;</p></span>where time runs from left to right&#44; and the embedded process of stress accumulation shifts its localization at random &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0050">Casta&#241;os <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">et al</span>&#46;&#44; 2013</a>&#41;&#46; Causality appears to require a different process which&#44; however&#44; never happens&#58;<a name="p192"></a><span class="elsevierStyleDisplayedQuote" id="dq0010"><p id="spar0200a" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Stress accumulation&#8594; Foreshock sequences&#8594; EARTHQUAKE&#8594; Stress drop&#8594; Regional deformation&#8594; Quiescence&#8594; Stress accumulation&#8594; Foreshock sequences&#8594; EARTHQUAKES&#8594; Stress drops&#8594; Regional deformation&#8594; Quiescences&#8594;</p></span></p><p id="par0205" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In other words&#44; if all earthquakes are caused by precursory stress accumulation the current logic requires that the seismicity in the region should increase <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">before</span> the main shock&#44; not afterwards&#46; The reason is the Coulomb failure criterion<elsevierMultimedia ident="eq0015"></elsevierMultimedia></p><p id="par0210" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">where the stress <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#963;</span> on the fault builds up gradually with time while the shear strength <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#964;</span> remains constant&#46; Here tan<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#1060;</span>&#41; is the coefficient of internal friction and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">c</span> is the cohesion&#46; The hypothesis of stress buildup before earthquakes remains a fundamental feature of earthquake theory&#46;</p><p id="par0215" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">But the Coulomb failure criterion admits two symmetrically opposite interpretations&#58; &#40;1&#41; the regional stress <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#963;</span> increases in time until it matches or exceeds the constant strength <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#964;</span> of the fault&#44; or &#40;2&#41; the shear strength <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#964;</span> of the fault decays in time until it is overcome by the stationary regional stress <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#963;</span>&#46; Symmetry with respect to time translation yields conservation of energy&#44; as predicted by a famous theorem of <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0190">Noether &#40;1918&#41;</a>&#58; &#8220;Every differentiable symmetry in a physical system must be associated with a conserved quantity&#8221;&#46;</p><p id="par0220" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The Cocos plate subducts the North America plate at a relative convergence rate of 6 cm&#47;yr in the N34&#176;E direction &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0075">DeMets <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">et al</span>&#46;&#44; 1990</a>&#41;&#46; The stochastic process described above is merely a random discretization of the steady-state subduction process&#46; The physics of this process requires that fluctuations in the state of stress will be consistent with the Second Law of Thermodynamics&#58; &#8220;Earth system processes perform work by degrading sources of free energy&#44; thereby producing entropy&#8221; &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0155">Kleidon and Lorenz&#44; 2005</a>&#41;&#46; This fits the Coulomb failure criterion in its second interpretation&#44; i&#46;e&#46;&#44; the shear strength <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">x</span> of the fault decays in time until it is overcome by the stationary regional stress <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#963;</span>&#46;</p><p id="par0225" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">What could be the cause of fluctuations in strength on the subduction zone&#63; The answer has to do with the ubiquitous process of stress corrosion in the presence of water&#46; In the active Guerrero subduction zone segmentation is closely related to water content &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0110">Husker and Davis&#44; 2009</a>&#41;&#46; After a major earthquake the rupture heals at a roughly constant rate with a half-life of 20 years &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0050">Casta&#241;os <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">et al</span>&#46;&#44; 2013</a>&#41;&#46; Aftershocks are related to the healing process&#44; so that the aftershock region is about the same as the rupture region which has not yet healed&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0065" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0085">Summary and Conclusions</span><p id="par0230" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The 2012 Ometepec-Pinotepa Nacional nucleated about 5 km offshore&#44; near the border between the states of Guerrero and Oaxaca&#44; at a depth of about 20 km&#46; The epicenter reported by NEIC is 58 km toward N40&#176;E&#46; This large difference in the location is partly due to weak beginning of the earthquake so that <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span> phase read at local and regional distances may not correspond to that read at teleseismic distances&#46; In addition&#44; there are such factors as teleseismic station distribution and the velocity structure of the subduction zone which cause a systematic bias of the NEIC epicenters of Mexican earthquakes to be shifted towards the NE &#40;see&#44; e&#46;g&#46;&#44; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0255">Singh and Lermo&#44; 1985</a>&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0235" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">As a consequence of the mislocation mentioned above&#44; the area of slip distribution mapped from inversion of teleseismic waves by different groups is also shifted to the NE with respect with the one mapped from our inversion of local displacement seismograms&#46; Our preliminary inversion of teleseismic data&#44; using the hypocenter reported here and time shifting discussed above&#44; agrees well with the inversion of the local data&#46; The inversion of local data reveals two patches of large slip&#44; one updip towards SW of the hypocenter and the other downdip to the N&#46; The slip is small near the hypocenter during the first 4 s of rupture&#46; This seems to suggest that the earthquake nucleated in an area of low strength and little strain accumulation&#46; The rupture then broke two stronger asperities&#46; Significant slip extends 25 km updip and 35 km downdip from the coast&#44; and for a length of about 25 km along the strike&#46; This defines a rupture area of about 25 km &#215; 60 km&#46;</p><p id="par0240" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Our slip area roughly coincides with the 30-hour aftershock area&#46; We note that there is relative lack of aftershocks near the hypocenter where the slip is small&#44; as well as in the areas of large slip&#46; This is a pattern reported for many earthquakes &#40;see <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0070">Das and Henry&#44; 2003</a> for a review&#41;&#46; The aftershocks of the 2012 earthquakes cluster in several patches&#59; in addition a large number of them are aligned in the northeast direction towards the station PNIG&#46; This may be related to heterogeneities on the plate interface related to the subducting bathymetric features&#46; The earthquake produced unusually large number of aftershocks&#44; suggesting more heterogeneous interface on this segment than others along the Mexican subduction zone west of 95&#176;W&#46; We note&#44; however&#44; that neither the NE alignment of the aftershocks nor the two patches of large slip coincide with the prolongation of the sea mounts inland&#46;<a name="p193"></a></p><p id="par0245" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Although the aftershock areas of 2012 and 1982 doublet roughly overlap&#44; the sum of the seismic moments of the doublet is only about 1&#47;3 that of the 2012 earthquake&#46; Thus&#44; the two events are not a repeat of each other&#46; The 2012 event may have ruptured the doublet fault area plus an additional area&#44; suggesting a variable rupture mode&#46;</p><p id="par0250" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The region is an excellent laboratory to study different seismic phenomena related to the subduction process&#46; As sketched in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0085">Figure 16</a>&#44; the plate interface can be divided in three domains based on their seismic characteristics&#46; This division is similar to the conceptual model proposed by <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0170">Lay <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">et al</span>&#46; &#40;2012&#41;</a>&#46; Moderate to large thrust earthquakes &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">M</span> ~ 6-7&#41;&#44; accompanied by large number of aftershocks&#44; occur on the uppermost &#8220;slow earthquake&#8221; domain&#46; This domain extends from the trench up to a downdip distance of about 35 km &#40;depth &#8804; 15 km&#41;&#46; The earthquakes are characterized by low radiated energy to seismic moment ratio&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">E<span class="elsevierStyleInf">s</span></span>&#47;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">M</span><span class="elsevierStyleInf">0</span>&#46; They also give rise to very low accelerations&#46; A part of the area in this domain may either be creeping &#40;stable sliding&#41; or may be partially locked&#46; The next domain covers a distance range of 35 to 100 km from the trench and depth range of 15-25 km&#46; It is seismically coupled and ruptures in large earthquakes &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">M</span> ~7-7&#46;5&#41;&#46; A fraction of the area is conditionally stable and slips during large events&#46; The domain further downdip&#44; in the distance range of 100 to 200 km from the trench&#44; is very likely the site of slow seismic events &#40;SSEs&#41; and nonvolcanic tremors &#40;NVTs&#41;&#46; SSEs and NVTs have been reported in the instrumented adjacent areas of Guerrero to the northwest &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">e&#46;g</span>&#46;&#44; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0165">Kostoglodov <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">et al</span>&#46;&#44; 2003</a>&#44; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0160">2010</a>&#59; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0215">Payero <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">et al</span>&#46;&#44; 2008</a>&#41; and central Oaxaca to the southeast &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0040">Brudzinski <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">et al</span>&#46;&#44; 2007</a>&#44; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0045">2010</a>&#41;&#46; These phenomena have not yet been documented in Ometepec-Pinotepa Nacional region which presently lacks adequate instrumentation&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0085"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0255" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">It is possible that the 2012 earthquake was triggered by the SSE which occurred in the adjacent southeast region during late 2011 and mid-2012 &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0085">Graham <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">et al</span>&#46;&#44; 2012</a>&#41;&#46; At present the details of temporal and spatial evolution of the SSE is not available&#46; We note&#44; however&#44; that the earthquake nucleated offshore&#44; probably more than 75<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>km updip from the region of SSE&#46; Furthermore&#44; one of the patches of large slip was updip from the hypocenter&#46; To establish a causal relation between the two events&#44; these observations would have to be satisfactorily explained&#46;</p><p id="par0260" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The earthquake produced the first recording in which the <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">PGA</span> exceeded 1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>g above the Mexican subduction zone&#46; It was&#44; however&#44; at a soft site&#46; From a seismic engineering point of view&#44; it is reassuring that the observed <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">PGA</span> as function of distance is well-explained by ground motion prediction equation derived from Mexican data&#46; The earthquake was strongly felt in Mexico City&#46; The <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">PGA</span> at CU&#44; a typical hill-zone site&#44; and at SCT&#44; a representative lake-bed zone site&#44; was 12 and 20 gal&#44; respectively&#46; These <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">PGAs</span> were not unusually large&#59; they occur once in about 3 years&#46;</p></span></span>"
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        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">A partir de un an&#225;lisis de los datos locales y regionales del sismo somero e inverso de Ometepec-Pinotepa Nacional &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">M<span class="elsevierStyleInf">w</span></span> 7&#46;5&#41;&#44; del 20 de marzo de 2012&#44; se determin&#243; la localizaci&#243;n de su hipocentro en 16&#46;254&#176;N 98&#46;531&#176;W&#44; aproximadamente 5 km fuera de la costa a una profundidad de 20 km&#46; Durante los primeros 4 segundos de la ruptura&#44; el deslizamiento fue relativamente peque&#241;o&#46; Esta fase inicial fue seguida por dos parches de gran deslizamiento&#44; uno de ellos echado arriba del hipocentro&#44; hacia el SE&#44; y el otro echado abajo&#44; hacia el norte&#46; El &#225;rea de ruptura total&#44; estimada a partir de la inversi&#243;n de registros de movimientos fuertes cercanos a la fuente&#44; es de ~25 km &#215; 60 km&#46; El sismo fue seguido por un n&#250;mero excepcionalmente grande de r&#233;plicas&#46; El &#225;rea de r&#233;plicas coincide espacialmente con la observada en el doblete de 1982 &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">M<span class="elsevierStyleInf">w</span></span> 7&#46;0&#44; 6&#46;9&#41;&#46; Sin embargo&#44; el momento s&#237;smico del sismo de 2012 es ~3 veces mayor al de la suma de los momentos del doblete&#44; indicando que las caracter&#237;sticas generales de la ruptura de los dos episodios s&#237;smicos difieren&#46; El &#225;rea de escaso deslizamiento cerca del hipocentro y las &#225;reas de gran deslizamiento de los dos parches se distinguen por una actividad relativamente peque&#241;a de r&#233;plicas&#46; Sin embargo&#44; se observa una clara y sorprendente alineaci&#243;n de las r&#233;plicas en direcci&#243;n NE al este del epicentro&#46; Los cocientes de la energ&#237;a radiada y el momento s&#237;smico &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">E<span class="elsevierStyleInf">s</span></span>&#47;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">M</span><span class="elsevierStyleInf">0</span>&#41; de cinco sismos en la regi&#243;n de estudio revelan que dichos cocientes son&#44; en el caso de sismos cercanos a la trinchera&#44; un orden de magnitud m&#225;s peque&#241;os que los observados en eventos que ocurren echado abajo &#40;e&#46;g&#46;&#44; los sismos de 2012 y de Copala de 1995&#41;&#46; Los sismos cercanos a la trinchera son conocidos por producir una aceleraci&#243;n m&#225;xima &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">PGA</span>&#41; baja&#46; La informaci&#243;n disponible sugiere que la interfase de la placa en la regi&#243;n puede ser dividida en tres dominios en direcci&#243;n del echado&#58; &#40;1&#41; De la trinchera a una distancia de 35 km echado abajo&#46; En este dominio ocurren sismos de <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">M</span>~6 a 7 con valores bajos de &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">E<span class="elsevierStyleInf">s</span></span>&#47;M<span class="elsevierStyleInf">0</span>&#41;&#46; Estos eventos generan un gran n&#250;mero de r&#233;plicas&#46; No se sabe si el &#225;rea donde no han ocurrido rupturas en este dominio de la interfase se desliza as&#237;smicamente &#40;deslizamiento estable&#41; o si se encuentra parcialmente acoplada&#46; &#40;2&#41; De 35 a 100 km a partir de la trinchera&#46; Este dominio est&#225; s&#237;smicamente acoplado y es en donde ocurre el deslizamiento <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">stick-slip</span>&#44; generando grandes sismos&#46; Probablemente&#44; parte del dominio se encuentra condicionalmente estable&#46; &#40;3&#41; De 100 a 200 km a partir de la trinchera&#46; En este dominio se han reportado eventos de deslizamiento lento &#40;SSE&#41; y tremores no volc&#225;nicos &#40;NVT&#41;&#46;</p><p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">El sismo caus&#243; da&#241;os severos en y cerca de los poblados de Ometepec y Pinotepa Nacional&#46; La <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">PGA</span> excedi&#243; 1 g en un sitio blando de la regi&#243;n epicentral&#46; Los valores de <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">PGA</span> observados en sitios duros en funci&#243;n de la distancia epicentral concuerdan razonablemente bien con las leyes de atenuaci&#243;n derivadas a partir de datos de sismos mexicanos interplaca&#46; El sismo se sinti&#243; fuertemente en la Ciudad de M&#233;xico&#46; La PGA en Ciudad Universitaria&#44; un sitio duro en la capital del pa&#237;s&#44; fue de 12 gales&#46; Registros de movimientos fuertes en la ciudad desde 1985 muestran que los valores de <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">PGA</span> durante el sismo de 2012 no fueron excepcionales&#44; y que movimientos similares en la ciudad ocurren ~ una vez cada tres a&#241;os&#46;</p></span>"
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      "en" => array:2 [
        "titulo" => "Abstract"
        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">An analysis of local and regional data produced by the shallow&#44; thrust Ometepec-Pinotepa Nacional earthquake &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">M<span class="elsevierStyleInf">w</span></span> 7&#46;5&#41; of 20 March 2012 shows that it nucleated at 16&#46;254&#176;N 98&#46;531&#176;W&#44; about 5 km offshore at a depth of about 20 km&#46; During the first 4 seconds the slip was relatively small&#46; It was followed by rupture of two patches with large slip&#44; one updip of the hypocenter to the SE and the other downdip to the north&#46; Total rupture area&#44; estimated from inversion of near-source strong-motion recordings&#44; is ~25 km &#215; 60 km&#46; The earthquake was followed by an exceptionally large number of aftershocks&#46; The aftershock area overlaps with that of the 1982 doublet &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">M<span class="elsevierStyleInf">w</span></span> 7&#46;0&#44; 6&#46;9&#41;&#46; However&#44; the seismic moment of the 2012 earthquake is ~3 times the sum of the moments of the doublet&#44; indicating that the gross rupture characteristics of the two earthquake episodes differ&#46; The small-slip area near the hypocenter and large-slip areas of the two patches are characterized by relatively small aftershock activity&#46; A striking&#44; intense&#44; linear NE alignment of the aftershocks is clearly seen&#46; The radiated energy to seismic moment ratios&#44; &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">E<span class="elsevierStyleInf">s</span></span>&#47;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">M</span><span class="elsevierStyleInf">0</span>&#41;&#44; of five earthquakes in the region reveal that they are an order of magnitude smaller for near-trench earthquakes than those that occur further downdip &#40;e&#46;g&#46;&#44; 2012 and the 1995 Copala earthquakes&#41;&#46; The near-trench earthquakes are known to produce low <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">A<span class="elsevierStyleInf">max</span></span>&#46; The available information suggests that the plate interface in the region can be divided in three domains&#46; &#40;1&#41; From the trench to a distance of about 35 km downdip&#46; In this domain <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">M</span>~6 to 7 earthquakes with low values of &#40;E<span class="elsevierStyleInf">s</span>&#47;M<span class="elsevierStyleInf">0</span>&#41; occur&#46; These events generate large number of aftershocks&#46; It is not known whether the remaining area on this part of the interface slips aseismically &#40;stable sliding&#41; or is partially locked&#46; &#40;2&#41; From 35 to 100 km from the trench&#46; This domain is seismically coupled where stick-slip sliding occurs&#44; generating large earthquakes&#46; Part of the area is probably conditionally stable&#46; &#40;3&#41; From 100 to 200 km from the trench&#46; In this domain slow slip events &#40;SSE&#41; and nonvolcanic tremors &#40;NVT&#41; have been reported&#46;</p><p id="spar0020" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">The earthquake caused severe damage in and near the towns of Ometepec and Pinotepa Nacional&#46; The <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">PGA</span> exceeded 1 g at a soft site in the epicentral region&#46; Observed <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">PGAs</span> on hard sites as a function of distance are in reasonable agreement with the expected ones from ground motion prediction equations derived using data from Mexican interplate earthquakes&#46; The earthquake was strongly felt in Mexico City&#46; PGA at CU&#44; a hard site in the city&#44; was 12 gal&#46; Strong-motion recordings in the city since 1985 demonstrate that <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">PGAs</span> during the 2012 earthquake were not exceptional&#44; and that similar motion occurs about once in three years&#46;</p></span>"
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        "etiqueta" => "&#42;"
        "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar1000">UNAM Seismology Group includes all researchers and technicians of Institute of Geophysics and Institute of Engineering&#44; UNAM&#44; who work in the field of seismology and engineering seismology&#46;</p>"
        "identificador" => "fn0005"
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          "en" => "<p id="spar0025" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Tectonic map of the region showing epicenters of large&#44; shallow&#44; thrust earthquakes in Oaxaca and SE Guerrero &#40;1928-present&#59; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a>&#41; and their aftershock areas if known &#40;closed contour if reliable&#44; dashed otherwise&#59; see text&#41;&#46; Epicenter of the Ometepec-Pinotepa Nacional 2012 event is indicated by a star&#46; Epicenter of the 1997 &#40;M<span class="elsevierStyleInf">w</span> 6&#46;7&#41; event&#44; of relevance to the study &#40;see text&#41;&#44; is given&#46; Parallel thick green lines&#58; faults along seamount lineaments offshore &#40;continuous&#41; and their prolongation inland &#40;dashed&#41;&#44; taken from <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0150">Kanjorski &#40;2003&#41;</a>&#46; PNIG is a station equipped with broadband seismometer&#44; accelerometer&#44; and GPS receiver&#46; A schematic section along A-A&#8242; is shown in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0085">Figure 16</a>&#46;</p>"
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          "en" => "<p id="spar0035" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Black triangles&#58; permanent seismic stations &#40;equipped with accelerometers&#44; except PNIG which is also instrumented with a broadband sensor and a GPS receiver&#41;&#46; Inverted white triangles&#58; portable seismic stations&#46; Dots&#58; autonomous GPS site&#46; Stars&#58; mainshock locations from local data &#40;red&#41; and from NEIC &#40;green&#41;&#46; The centroid location &#40;blue star&#41; and the associated focal mechanism are from GCMT&#46;</p>"
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        "etiqueta" => "Figure 3"
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          "en" => "<p id="spar0040" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">&#40;a&#41; Accelerations&#44; velocities&#44; and displacements at PNIG&#46; &#40;b&#41; Comparison of displacement obtained from double integration &#40;continuous line&#41; and GPS data &#40;crosses&#41; at station PNIG&#46; Note that GPS data was lost from 10 s to 60 s after the arrival of the <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span> wave&#46;</p>"
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      3 => array:6 [
        "identificador" => "fig0020"
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          "en" => "<p id="spar0045" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Figure 3b&#46;</p>"
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        "identificador" => "fig0025"
        "etiqueta" => "Figure 4"
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          "en" => "<p id="spar0055" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Accelerations at six other stations in&#47;near the epicentral region&#46;</p>"
        ]
      ]
      5 => array:7 [
        "identificador" => "fig0030"
        "etiqueta" => "Figure 5"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA"
        "mostrarFloat" => true
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          "en" => "<p id="spar0060" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Velocities at the six stations in&#47;near the epicentral region&#46;</p>"
        ]
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      6 => array:7 [
        "identificador" => "fig0035"
        "etiqueta" => "Figure 6"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA"
        "mostrarFloat" => true
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        "figura" => array:1 [
          0 => array:4 [
            "imagen" => "gr6.jpeg"
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            "Tamanyo" => 174346
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        "descripcion" => array:1 [
          "en" => "<p id="spar0065" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Aftershocks locations&#46; Pink circles&#58; first 30 hours&#59; white circles&#58; 4 days beginning 30 hours from origin time&#46; Several concentrated patches and alignments of aftershocks are visible&#46; Triangle&#58; Permanent station PNIG&#46; Stars&#58; mainshock locations from local data &#40;red&#41;&#44; NEIC &#40;green&#41;&#44; and GCMT&#46; The centroid location &#40;blue star&#41; and the associated focal mechanism are from GCMT&#46; Focal mechanisms of all aftershocks listed in the GCMT catalog are plotted at their epicenters from local data&#46; Parallel thick green lines&#58; faults along seamount lineaments offshore &#40;continuous&#41; and their prolongation inland &#40;dashed&#41;&#44; taken from <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0150">Kanjorski &#40;2003&#41;</a>&#46;</p>"
        ]
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      7 => array:7 [
        "identificador" => "fig0040"
        "etiqueta" => "Figure 7"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA"
        "mostrarFloat" => true
        "mostrarDisplay" => false
        "figura" => array:1 [
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            "imagen" => "gr7.jpeg"
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            "Tamanyo" => 155786
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        "descripcion" => array:1 [
          "en" => "<p id="spar0070" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Location of thirty-hour &#40;pink circles&#41; and seven-day aftershocks &#40;circles&#41; of the 2012 earthquake&#46; Continuous and dotted blue contours outline the 30-hour and seven-day estimated aftershock area&#46; For comparison&#44; one-week aftershock area of the 1982 doublet &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0180">Nava&#44; 1984</a>&#41; is also shown &#40;black contour&#41;&#46; Red star denotes the epicenter location&#46;</p>"
        ]
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      8 => array:7 [
        "identificador" => "fig0045"
        "etiqueta" => "Figure 8"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA"
        "mostrarFloat" => true
        "mostrarDisplay" => false
        "figura" => array:1 [
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        "descripcion" => array:1 [
          "en" => "<p id="spar0080" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">&#40;a&#41; Location of large shallow thrust earthquakes along the Mexican subduction zone whose one-month aftershocks &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">m<span class="elsevierStyleInf">b</span></span> &#8805; 4&#46;5 and &#8805; 5&#41; are studied in the paper&#46; The numbers are keyed to event number in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0015">Table 3</a>&#46; &#40;Right&#41; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">N</span>&#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">m<span class="elsevierStyleInf">b</span></span> &#62; 5&#41; versus <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">M<span class="elsevierStyleInf">w</span></span>&#46; The excess and deficiency of aftershocks can be estimated with respect to the straight line log<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">N</span> &#61; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">M<span class="elsevierStyleInf">w</span> -</span> 6&#46;84 &#40;see text&#41;&#46; Note that events 12 &#40;2012&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">M<span class="elsevierStyleInf">w</span></span>7&#46;5&#41; and 11 &#40;1996&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">M<span class="elsevierStyleInf">w</span></span> 7&#46;1&#41; produced the two most and events 1 &#40;1995&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">M<span class="elsevierStyleInf">w</span></span> 8&#46;0&#41; and 5 &#40;1985&#44; M<span class="elsevierStyleInf">w</span> 7&#46;6&#41; generated the least amount of aftershocks&#46;</p>"
        ]
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      9 => array:7 [
        "identificador" => "fig0050"
        "etiqueta" => "Figure 9"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA"
        "mostrarFloat" => true
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        "figura" => array:1 [
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            "imagen" => "gr9.jpeg"
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            "Tamanyo" => 178255
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        "descripcion" => array:1 [
          "en" => "<p id="spar0085" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Inversion of slip on the fault using &#40;top&#41; teleseismic body- and surface-wave displacements&#44; &#40;bottom&#41; local band-pass filtered &#40;0&#46;025-1&#46;0 Hz&#41; displacements &#40;see text&#41;&#46; Star&#58; mainshock epicenter from local data&#46; Black dots&#58; 30-hour aftershocks&#46; Note that both models indicate that little slip occurred near the hypocenter and the aftershock activity was relatively low near areas of large slip&#46; Arrows show observed and predicted coseismic horizontal displacement vectors</p>"
        ]
      ]
      10 => array:7 [
        "identificador" => "fig0055"
        "etiqueta" => "Figure 10"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA"
        "mostrarFloat" => true
        "mostrarDisplay" => false
        "figura" => array:1 [
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            "imagen" => "gr10.jpeg"
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            "Tamanyo" => 218498
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        "descripcion" => array:1 [
          "en" => "<p id="spar0090" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Observed displacement seismograms used in the near-source inversion &#40;red lines&#41; and the corresponding synthetics &#40;gray lines&#41;&#46; Some components were neglected in the inversion because of their poor quality &#40;dashed red lines&#41;&#46;</p>"
        ]
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      11 => array:7 [
        "identificador" => "fig0060"
        "etiqueta" => "Figure 11"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA"
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        "descripcion" => array:1 [
          "en" => "<p id="spar0100" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">E<span class="elsevierStyleInf">s</span></span>&#47;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">M</span><span class="elsevierStyleInf">0</span> versus <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">M</span><span class="elsevierStyleInf">0</span> plot of shallow&#44; thrust earthquakes along the Mexican subduction zone&#46; Earthquakes of the region of interest are identified by their dates&#46; E<span class="elsevierStyleInf">s</span> has been estimated from teleseismic <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span> waves&#46;</p>"
        ]
      ]
      12 => array:7 [
        "identificador" => "fig0065"
        "etiqueta" => "Figure 12"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA"
        "mostrarFloat" => true
        "mostrarDisplay" => false
        "figura" => array:1 [
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            "imagen" => "gr12.jpeg"
            "Alto" => 1122
            "Ancho" => 1196
            "Tamanyo" => 147634
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        "descripcion" => array:1 [
          "en" => "<p id="spar0105" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Observed &#40;circles&#41; and predicted &#40;red lines&#41; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">PGA</span> values for 14&#44; 50 and 84 percentiles versus R<span class="elsevierStyleInf">rup</span>&#44; the closest point on the rupture surface&#46; Predictions are from <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0015">Arroyo <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">et al</span>&#46; &#40;2010&#41;</a>&#46;</p>"
        ]
      ]
      13 => array:7 [
        "identificador" => "fig0070"
        "etiqueta" => "Figure 13"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA"
        "mostrarFloat" => true
        "mostrarDisplay" => false
        "figura" => array:1 [
          0 => array:4 [
            "imagen" => "gr13.jpeg"
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            "Ancho" => 1288
            "Tamanyo" => 197935
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        "descripcion" => array:1 [
          "en" => "<p id="spar0110" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">PGA contours&#46; Star&#58; center of maximum slip &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0050">Figure 9</a>&#41;&#46; Triangles&#58; location of accelerographic stations on hard sites&#46; Open circles&#58; municipalities where significant structural damage was observed&#46;</p>"
        ]
      ]
      14 => array:7 [
        "identificador" => "fig0075"
        "etiqueta" => "Figure 14"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA"
        "mostrarFloat" => true
        "mostrarDisplay" => false
        "figura" => array:1 [
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            "imagen" => "gr14.jpeg"
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        "descripcion" => array:1 [
          "en" => "<p id="spar0115" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Comparison of accelerograms and Fourier spectra of the 2012 Ometepec-Pinotepa Nacional &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">M<span class="elsevierStyleInf">w</span></span> 7&#46;5&#41; and the 1995 Copala &#40;M<span class="elsevierStyleInf">w</span> 7&#46;3&#41; earthquakes at CU&#44; a typical hill-zone site&#46;</p>"
        ]
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      15 => array:7 [
        "identificador" => "fig0080"
        "etiqueta" => "Figure 15"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA"
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            "imagen" => "gr15.jpeg"
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            "Tamanyo" => 167623
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        "descripcion" => array:1 [
          "en" => "<p id="spar0120" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Same as <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0070">Figure 13</a> but at SCT&#44; a site in the lake-bed zone&#46;</p>"
        ]
      ]
      16 => array:7 [
        "identificador" => "fig0085"
        "etiqueta" => "Figure 16"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA"
        "mostrarFloat" => true
        "mostrarDisplay" => false
        "figura" => array:1 [
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            "imagen" => "gr16.jpeg"
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            "Tamanyo" => 85107
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        "descripcion" => array:1 [
          "en" => "<p id="spar0145" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">A schematic section along line AB in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Figure 1</a>&#46; The plate interface is divided in three domains&#46; Green line&#58; upper most domain which extends up to 35 km from the trench &#40;depth range 5-15 km&#41;&#46; Earthquakes &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">M</span> ~6-7&#41; in this domain have low &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">E<span class="elsevierStyleInf">s</span></span>&#47;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">M</span><span class="elsevierStyleInf">0</span>&#41;&#44; give rise to low PGA&#44; and generate many aftershocks&#46; This domain is marked &#8220;slow earthquakes&#8221; in the figure&#46; Red line&#58; domain of seismic coupling where large earthquakes &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">M</span> ~7-7&#46;5&#41; occur &#40;marked &#8220;seismic&#8221; in the figure&#41;&#46; It extends from 35 to 100 km from the trench &#40;depth range 15 to 25 km&#41;&#46; Yellow line&#58; domain of slow slip events &#40;SSE&#41; and nonvolcanic tremor &#40;NVT&#41;&#46; Extends from 100 to 200 km from the trench &#40;depth &#62;25 km&#41;&#46;</p>"
        ]
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                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="middle" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Date&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="middle" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Lat&#46;&#44; &#176;N&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="middle" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Lon&#46;&#44; &#176;W&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="middle" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Magnitude<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="middle" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Segment&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="middle">22&#47;03&#47;1928&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">15&#46;67&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">96&#46;10<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">7&#46;5<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0050"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="middle">East Oaxaca&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="middle">17&#47;06&#47;1928&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">16&#46;33&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">96&#46;70<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">7&#46;8 &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">M<span class="elsevierStyleSup">s</span></span>&#63;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="middle">Central Oaxaca&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="middle">04&#47;08&#47;1928&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">16&#46;20&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">97&#46;52<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">7&#46;4 &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">M<span class="elsevierStyleSup">s</span></span>&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="middle">West Oaxaca&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="middle">09&#47;10&#47;1928&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">16&#46;50&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">96&#46;76<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">7&#46;6<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0050"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="middle">Cenyral Oaxaca&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="middle">23&#47;12&#47;1937&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">16&#46;79&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">98&#46;63<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">7&#46;5<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0050"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="middle">Copala&#63;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="middle">14&#47;12&#47;1950&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">16&#46;81&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">98&#46;82<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">7&#46;3<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0050"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="middle">Copala&#63;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="middle">23&#47;08&#47;1965&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">16&#46;28&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">96&#46;02<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0020"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">7&#46;5<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0025"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="middle">East Oaxaca&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="middle">02&#47;08&#47;1968&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">16&#46;25&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">98&#46;08<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0020"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">7&#46;3<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0025"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="middle">West Oaxaca&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="middle">29&#47;11&#47;1978&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">16&#46;03&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">96&#46;67<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0025"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">7&#46;7<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0025"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="middle">Central Oaxaca&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="middle">07&#47;06&#47;1982&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">16&#46;35&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">98&#46;37<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0030"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">7&#46;0<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0055"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="middle">Ometepec&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="middle">07&#47;06&#47;1982&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">16&#46;40&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">98&#46;54<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0030"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">6&#46;9<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0055"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="middle">Ometepec&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="middle">14&#47;09&#47;1995&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">16&#46;48&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">98&#46;76<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0035"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">7&#46;3<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0060"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="middle">Copala&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="middle">25&#47;02&#47;1996&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">15&#46;60&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">98&#46;30<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0040"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">7&#46;1<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0060"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="middle">Offshore Pinotepa Nacional&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="middle">20&#47;03&#47;2012&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">16&#46;25&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">98&#46;53<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0045"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">7&#46;5<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0060"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="middle">Ometepec-Pinotepa Nacional&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
                  """
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            1 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "tblfn0010"
              "etiqueta" => "2"
              "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0010"><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0200">N&#250;&#241;ez-Corn&#250; and Ponce &#40;1989&#41;</a></p>"
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            2 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "tblfn0015"
              "etiqueta" => "3"
              "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0015"><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0185">Nishenko and Singh &#40;1987&#41;</a></p>"
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            3 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "tblfn0020"
              "etiqueta" => "4"
              "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0020"><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0235">Quintanar &#40;1985&#41;</a></p>"
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            4 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "tblfn0025"
              "etiqueta" => "5"
              "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0025"><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0055">Chael and Stewart &#40;1982&#41;</a></p>"
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            5 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "tblfn0030"
              "etiqueta" => "6"
              "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0030"><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0180">Nava &#40;1984&#41;</a></p>"
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              "identificador" => "tblfn0035"
              "etiqueta" => "7"
              "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0035"><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0065">Courboulex et al&#46; &#40;1997&#41;</a></p>"
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              "identificador" => "tblfn0040"
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              "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0040">From local&#47; regional data</p>"
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              "identificador" => "tblfn0045"
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              "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0045">This study &#40;see <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">Table 2</a>&#41;&#59;</p>"
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              "identificador" => "tblfn0050"
              "etiqueta" => "10"
              "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0050"><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0010">Anderson et al&#46; &#40;1989&#41;</a></p>"
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              "identificador" => "tblfn0055"
              "etiqueta" => "11"
              "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0055"><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0020">Astiz and Kanamori &#40;1984&#41;</a></p>"
            ]
            11 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "tblfn0060"
              "etiqueta" => "12"
              "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0060">Global CMT catalog &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleInterRef" id="intr0005" href="http://www.globalcmt.org">http&#58;&#47;&#47;www&#46;globalcmt&#46;org</span>&#41;&#46;</p>"
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          "en" => "<p id="spar0030" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Large&#44; shallow earthquakes near the coast of Oaxaca and south east Guerrero &#40;95-99&#176;W&#41; since 1900&#46;</p>"
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                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="middle" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Source Origin Time&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="middle" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Lat&#46;&#44; &#176;N&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="middle" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Lon&#46;&#44; &#176;W&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="middle" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">H</span>&#44; km&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="middle" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Strike&#44; &#176;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="middle" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Dip&#44; &#176;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="middle" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Rake&#44; &#176;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="middle" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">M</span><span class="elsevierStyleInf">0</span>&#44; Nm&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="middle">This study 18&#58;02&#58;45&#46;2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="middle">16&#46;254&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="middle">98&#46;531&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="middle">20<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0065">&#42;</a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="middle">-&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="middle">-&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="middle">-&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="middle">-&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="middle">Regional W-phase<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0070"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#43;</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="middle">16&#46;252&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="middle">98&#46;342&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="middle">19&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="middle">287&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="middle">15&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="middle">83&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="middle">1&#46;3&#215;10<span class="elsevierStyleSup">20</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="middle">NEIC 18&#58;02&#58;48&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="middle">16&#46;662&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="middle">98&#46;188&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="middle">20&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="middle">-&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="middle">-&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="middle">-&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="middle">-&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="middle">USGS&#44; CMT 18&#58;03&#58;14&#46;00&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="middle">16&#46;822&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="middle">97&#46;990&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="middle">21&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="middle">289&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="middle">12&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="middle">78&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="middle">1&#46;8&#215;10<span class="elsevierStyleSup">20</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="middle">USGS&#44; W-phase CMT&#44; 18&#58;02&#58;48&#46;00&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="middle">16&#46;462&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="middle">97&#46;874&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="middle">15&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="middle">283&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="middle">13&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="middle">71&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="middle">1&#46;4&#215;10<span class="elsevierStyleSup">20</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="middle">Global CMT 18&#58;02&#58;54&#46;9&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="middle">16&#46;60&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="middle">98&#46;39&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="middle">15&#46;4&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="middle">296&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="middle">10&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="middle">95&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="middle">1&#46;98&#215;10<span class="elsevierStyleSup">20</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
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          "leyenda" => "<p id="spar1005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall"><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0100">Havskov et al&#46; &#40;1983&#41;</a></p>"
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                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head  " rowspan="2" align="left" valign="middle" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Event No&#46;</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " rowspan="2" align="left" valign="middle" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Segment</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " rowspan="2" align="left" valign="middle" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Date &#40;d&#47;m&#47;y&#41;</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " rowspan="2" align="left" valign="middle" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Lat&#46;&#44; &#176;N Lon&#46;&#44; &#176;W</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " rowspan="2" align="left" valign="middle" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Depth&#44; km</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " rowspan="2" align="left" valign="middle" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">M</span><span class="elsevierStyleInf">0</span>&#44; 1020 Nm</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " rowspan="2" align="left" valign="middle" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">M<span class="elsevierStyleInf">w</span></span></th><th class="td" title="table-head  " colspan="2" align="left" valign="middle" scope="col">Observed <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">N</span> 30-day period&#41;</th></tr><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="middle" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">m<span class="elsevierStyleInf">b</span></span> &#8805; 4&#46;5&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="middle" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">m<span class="elsevierStyleInf">b</span></span> &#8805; 5&#46;0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " rowspan="2" align="left" valign="middle">1</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="middle">Colima-&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="middle">06&#47;10&#47;1995&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="middle">18&#46;8&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="middle">15<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0080"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="middle">11&#46;50<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0080"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="middle">8&#46;0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="middle">15&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="middle">5&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="middle">Jalisco&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="middle">104&#46;5<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0075"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " rowspan="2" align="left" valign="middle">2</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="middle">Tecom&#225;n&#44;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="middle">22&#47;01&#47;2003&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="middle">18&#46;63&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="middle">26<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0080"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="middle">2&#46;05<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0080"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="middle">7&#46;5&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="middle">5&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="middle">3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="middle">Colima&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="middle">104&#46;13<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0085"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">c</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " rowspan="2" align="left" valign="middle">3</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="middle">Colima&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="middle">30&#47;01&#47;1973&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="middle">18&#46;39&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="middle">31<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0090"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">d</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="middle">3&#46;00<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0090"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">d</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="middle">7&#46;6&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="middle">4&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="middle">3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="middle">103&#46;21<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0090"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">d</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " rowspan="2" align="left" valign="middle">4</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="middle">Colima-&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="middle">30&#47;04&#47;1986&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="middle">18&#46;25&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="middle">21<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0080"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="middle">0&#46;31<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0080"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="middle">6&#46;9&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="middle">5&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="middle">1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="middle">Michoac&#225;n&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="middle">102&#46;92<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0080"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " rowspan="4" align="left" valign="middle">5</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="middle">Michoac&#225;n&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="middle">19&#47;09&#47;1985&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="middle">18&#46;14&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="middle">17<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0100"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">f</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="middle">10&#46;05<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0100"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">f</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="middle">8&#46;1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="middle">15&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="middle">5&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="middle">102&#46;71<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0095"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">e</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="middle">21&#47;09&#47;1985&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="middle">17&#46;62&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="middle">22<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0100"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">f</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="middle">2&#46;90<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0100"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">f</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="middle">101&#46;82<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0095"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">e</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="middle">6&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="middle">Playa Azul&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="middle">25&#47;10&#47;1981&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="middle">17&#46;75&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="middle">27<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0100"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">f</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="middle">0&#46;70<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0080"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="middle">7&#46;2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="middle">5&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="middle">3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " rowspan="2" align="left" valign="middle">7</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="middle">Petatl&#225;n&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="middle">14&#47;03&#47;1979&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="middle">17&#46;46&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="middle">20<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0115"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">i</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="middle">2&#46;70<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0115"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">i</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="middle">7&#46;6&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="middle">12&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="middle">6&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="middle">101&#46;46<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0110"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">h</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " rowspan="2" align="left" valign="middle">8</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="middle">San Marcos&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="middle">25&#47;04&#47;1989&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="middle">16&#46;6&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="middle">15<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0080"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="middle">0&#46;24<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0080"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="middle">6&#46;9&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="middle">3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="middle">2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="middle">99&#46;5<span class="elsevierStyleSup">j</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " rowspan="2" align="left" valign="middle">9</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="middle">Copala&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="middle">14&#47;09&#47;1995&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="middle">17&#46;0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="middle">22<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0080"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="middle">1&#46;31<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0080"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="middle">7&#46;3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="middle">9&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="middle">2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="middle">99&#46;0<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0120"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">k</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " rowspan="4" align="left" valign="middle">10</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="middle">Ometepec&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="middle">07&#47;06&#47;1982&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="middle">16&#46;25&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="middle">20<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0130"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">m</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="middle">0&#46;29<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0130"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">m</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="middle">7&#46;1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="middle">10&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="middle">3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="middle">98&#46;34<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0125"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">l</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="middle">07&#47;06&#47;1982&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="middle">16&#46;32&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="middle">10-15<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0130"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">m</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="middle">0&#46;27<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0130"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">m</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="middle">98&#46;45<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0125"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">l</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " rowspan="2" align="left" valign="middle">11</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="middle">Off-shore&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="middle">25&#47;02&#47;1996&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="middle">15&#46;60&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="middle">15<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0080"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="middle">0&#46;55<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0080">b</a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="middle">7&#46;1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="middle">23&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="middle">7&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="middle">Pinotepa&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="middle">98&#46;30<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0135"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">n</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " rowspan="2" align="left" valign="middle">12</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " rowspan="2" align="left" valign="middle">Ometepec-Pinotepa</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="middle">20&#47;03&#47;2012&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="middle">16&#46;254&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="middle">20<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0135"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">n</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="middle">1&#46;98<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0080"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="middle">7&#46;5&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="middle">44&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="middle">14&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="middle">98&#46;531<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0135"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">n</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " rowspan="2" align="left" valign="middle">13</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="middle">W&#46; Oaxaca&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="middle">02&#47;08&#47;1968&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="middle">16&#46;25&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="middle">21<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0115"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">i</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="middle">1&#46;00<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0115"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">i</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="middle">7&#46;3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="middle">5&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="middle">3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="middle">98&#46;08<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0140"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">o</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " rowspan="2" align="left" valign="middle">14</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="middle">C&#46; Oaxaca&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="middle">29&#47;11&#47;1978&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="middle">16&#46;03&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="middle">18<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0115"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">i</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="middle">3&#46;2<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0115"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">i</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="middle">7&#46;6&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="middle">19&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="middle">6&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="middle">96&#46;67<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0145"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">p</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " rowspan="2" align="left" valign="middle">15</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="middle">E&#46; Oaxaca&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="middle">23&#47;08&#47;1965&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="middle">16&#46;28&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="middle">25<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0115"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">i</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="middle">1&#46;7<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0115"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">i</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="middle">7&#46;4&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="middle">4&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="middle">3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="middle">96&#46;02<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0140"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">o</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
                  """
              ]
              "imagenFichero" => array:1 [
                0 => "xTab795033.png"
              ]
            ]
          ]
          "notaPie" => array:14 [
            0 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "tblfn0075"
              "etiqueta" => "a"
              "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0075"><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0210">Pacheco et al&#46; &#40;1997&#41;</a></p>"
            ]
            1 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "tblfn0080"
              "etiqueta" => "b"
              "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0080">Global CMT catalog &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleInterRef" id="intr0010" href="http://www.globalcmt.org">http&#58;&#47;&#47;www&#46;globalcmt&#46;org</span>&#41;</p>"
            ]
            2 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "tblfn0085"
              "etiqueta" => "c"
              "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0085"><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0270">Singh et al&#46; &#40;2003&#41;</a></p>"
            ]
            3 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "tblfn0090"
              "etiqueta" => "d"
              "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0090"><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0240">Reyes et al&#46; &#40;1979&#41;</a></p>"
            ]
            4 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "tblfn0095"
              "etiqueta" => "e"
              "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0095"><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0290">UNAM Seismology Group &#40;1986&#41;</a></p>"
            ]
            5 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "tblfn0100"
              "etiqueta" => "f"
              "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0100"><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0025">Astiz et al&#46; &#40;1987&#41;</a></p>"
            ]
            6 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "tblfn0110"
              "etiqueta" => "h"
              "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0110"><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0295">Vald&#233;s-Gonz&#225;lez and Novelo &#40;1998&#41;</a></p>"
            ]
            7 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "tblfn0115"
              "etiqueta" => "i"
              "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0115"><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0055">Chael and Stewart &#40;1982&#41;</a></p>"
            ]
            8 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "tblfn0120"
              "etiqueta" => "k"
              "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0120"><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0065">Courboulex et al&#46; &#40;1997&#41;</a></p>"
            ]
            9 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "tblfn0125"
              "etiqueta" => "l"
              "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0125"><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0180">Nava &#40;1984&#41;</a></p>"
            ]
            10 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "tblfn0130"
              "etiqueta" => "m"
              "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0130"><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0020">Astiz and Kanamori &#40;1984&#41;</a></p>"
            ]
            11 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "tblfn0135"
              "etiqueta" => "n"
              "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0135">This study</p>"
            ]
            12 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "tblfn0140"
              "etiqueta" => "o"
              "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0140"><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0235">Quintanar &#40;1985&#41;</a></p>"
            ]
            13 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "tblfn0145"
              "etiqueta" => "p"
              "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0145"><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0250">Singh et al&#46; &#40;1980&#41;</a>&#46;</p>"
            ]
          ]
        ]
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          "en" => "<p id="spar0075" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Number of aftershocks of large&#44; shallow&#44; thrust earthquakes along the Mexican subduction zone &#40;modified from <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0280">Singh and Su&#225;rez&#44; 1988</a>&#41;&#46;</p>"
        ]
      ]
      20 => array:7 [
        "identificador" => "tbl0020"
        "etiqueta" => "Table 4"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA"
        "mostrarFloat" => true
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        "tabla" => array:1 [
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                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="center" valign="middle" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Earthquake&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="center" valign="middle" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">M</span><span class="elsevierStyleInf">0</span>&#44; Nm&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="center" valign="middle" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">E<span class="elsevierStyleInf">s</span></span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="center" valign="middle" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">E<span class="elsevierStyleInf">s</span></span> &#47; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">M</span><span class="elsevierStyleInf">0</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="center" valign="middle" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">M<span class="elsevierStyleInf">w</span></span> &#47; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">M<span class="elsevierStyleInf">S</span></span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">24&#47;10&#47;1993&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">1&#46;01&#215;10<span class="elsevierStyleSup">19</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">3&#46;29&#215;10<span class="elsevierStyleSup">14</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">3&#46;26&#215;10<span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">6&#46;6 &#47; 6&#46;6&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">14&#47;09&#47;1995&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">1&#46;31&#215;10<span class="elsevierStyleSup">20</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">1&#46;54&#215;10<span class="elsevierStyleSup">15</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">1&#46;18&#215;10<span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">7&#46;3 &#47; 7&#46;2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">25&#47;02&#47;1996&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">5&#46;55&#215;10<span class="elsevierStyleSup">19</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">1&#46;84&#215;10<span class="elsevierStyleSup">14</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">3&#46;34&#215;10<span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">7&#46;1 &#47; 6&#46;9&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">19&#47;07&#47;1997&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">1&#46;19&#215;10<span class="elsevierStyleSup">19</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">3&#46;86&#215;10<span class="elsevierStyleSup">13</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">3&#46;24&#215;10<span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">6&#46;7 &#47; 6&#46;3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">20&#47;03&#47;2012&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">1&#46;98&#215;10<span class="elsevierStyleSup">20</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">6&#46;16&#215;10<span class="elsevierStyleSup">15</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">3&#46;11&#215;10<span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">7&#46;5 &#47; 7&#46;6&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
                  """
              ]
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                0 => "xTab795035.png"
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        ]
        "descripcion" => array:1 [
          "en" => "<p id="spar0095" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Radiated seismic energy&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">E<span class="elsevierStyleInf">s</span></span>&#44; and E<span class="elsevierStyleInf">s</span>&#47; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">M</span><span class="elsevierStyleInf">0</span> of the 2012 and other large earthquakes in the region&#46;</p>"
        ]
      ]
      21 => array:7 [
        "identificador" => "tbl0025"
        "etiqueta" => "Table 5"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA"
        "mostrarFloat" => true
        "mostrarDisplay" => false
        "tabla" => array:3 [
          "leyenda" => "<p id="spar0130" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">IS&#58; Intraslab earthquake</p>"
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            0 => array:2 [
              "tabla" => array:1 [
                0 => """
                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="center" valign="middle" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Date&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="center" valign="middle" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Lat&#46;&#44; &#176;N&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="center" valign="middle" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Lon&#46;&#44; &#176;W&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="center" valign="middle" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">H</span>&#44; km&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="center" valign="middle" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">M<span class="elsevierStyleInf">w</span></span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="center" valign="middle" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">R to CU&#44; km&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="center" valign="middle" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">PGA</span>&#44; gal&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="center" valign="middle" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Type<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0150"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#35;</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">19&#47;09&#47;1985&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">18&#46;14&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">102&#46;71&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">22&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">8&#46;0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">395&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">29&#46;8&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">T&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">11&#47;12&#47;2011&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">17&#46;82&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">99&#46;94&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">57&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">6&#46;4&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">194&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">19&#46;2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">IS&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">21&#47;09&#47;1985&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">17&#46;62&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">101&#46;82&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">22&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">7&#46;5&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">338&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">13&#46;9&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">T&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">21&#47;07&#47;2000&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">18&#46;11&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">98&#46;97&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">50&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">5&#46;8&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">146&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">12&#46;8&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">IS&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">20&#47;03&#47;2012&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">16&#46;25&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">98&#46;53&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">20&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">7&#46;5&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">317&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">12&#46;0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">T&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">25&#47;04&#47;1989&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">16&#46;58&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">99&#46;48&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">17&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">6&#46;9&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">307&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">11&#46;9&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">T&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">15&#47;06&#47;1999&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">18&#46;13&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">97&#46;54&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">60&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">6&#46;9&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">226&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">11&#46;6&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">IS&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">14&#47;09&#47;1995&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">16&#46;73&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">98&#46;54&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">22&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">7&#46;3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">297&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">10&#46;3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">T&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">22&#47;05&#47;2009&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">18&#46;10&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">98&#46;43&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">46&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">5&#46;8&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">160&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">8&#46;6&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">IS&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">30&#47;09&#47;1999&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">16&#46;03&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">96&#46;96&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">40&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">7&#46;4&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">437&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">7&#46;8&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">IS&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
                  """
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              "identificador" => "tblfn0150"
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              "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0150">T&#58; Shallow subduction thrust earthquake</p>"
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        "descripcion" => array:1 [
          "en" => "<p id="spar0125" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Ten earthquakes with largest recorded <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">PGA</span> at CU&#44; a site in the hill zone of Mexico City&#44; during the period 1985-2012 listed in descending order&#46; Local earthquakes are excluded&#46;</p>"
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        "tabla" => array:3 [
          "leyenda" => "<p id="spar0140" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">IS&#58; Intraslab earthquake</p>"
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            0 => array:2 [
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                0 => """
                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="center" valign="middle" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Date&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="center" valign="middle" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Lat&#46;&#44; &#176;N&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="center" valign="middle" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Lon&#46;&#44; &#176;W&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="center" valign="middle" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">H</span>&#44; km&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="center" valign="middle" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">M<span class="elsevierStyleInf">w</span></span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="center" valign="middle" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">R</span> to CU&#44; km&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="center" valign="middle" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">PGA</span>&#44; gal&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="center" valign="middle" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Type<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0155"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#35;</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">19&#47;09&#47;1985&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">18&#46;14&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">102&#46;71&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">22&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">8&#46;0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">395&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">132&#46;1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">T&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">25&#47;04&#47;1989&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">16&#46;58&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">99&#46;48&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">17&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">6&#46;9&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">307&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">38&#46;8&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">T&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">20&#47;03&#47;2012&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">16&#46;25&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">98&#46;53&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">20&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">7&#46;5&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">317&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">34&#46;2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">T&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">15&#47;06&#47;1999&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">18&#46;13&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">97&#46;54&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">60&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">6&#46;9&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">226&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">30&#46;0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">IS&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">14&#47;09&#47;1995&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">16&#46;73&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">98&#46;54&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">22&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">7&#46;3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">297&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">29&#46;5&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">T&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">30&#47;09&#47;1999&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">16&#46;03&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">96&#46;96&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">40&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">7&#46;4&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">437&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">28&#46;9&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">IS&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">11&#47;12&#47;2011&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">17&#46;82&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">99&#46;94&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">57&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">6&#46;4&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">194&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">20&#46;8&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">IS&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">22&#47;01&#47;2003&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">18&#46;63&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">104&#46;13&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">10&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">7&#46;4&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">537&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">19&#46;8&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">T&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">21&#47;07&#47;2000&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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        "titulo" => "Acknowledgments"
        "texto" => "<p id="par0270" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">UNAM Seismology Group includes all researchers and technicians&#44; as well as students&#44; of Institute of Geophysics and Institute of Engineering&#44; UNAM&#44; who work in the field of seismology and engineering seismology&#46; In case of a significant earthquake in Mexico&#44; the Group informally coordinates its efforts in data collection from autonomous stations&#44; field deployment of seismographs and accelerographs&#44; analysis of the<a name="p194"></a> data&#44; and elaboration of a preliminary report&#46; The credit of the work is shared by all&#46;</p> <p id="par0275" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">We thank Civil Protection authorities of the State of Oaxaca&#44; Centro de Instrumentaci&#243;n y Registros S&#237;smicos &#40;CIRES&#41; and Centro Nacional de Prevenci&#243;n de Desastres &#40;CENAPRED&#41; for making available to us the recordings of the mainshock&#46; We are indebted to H&#46; Kanamori for sharing his unpublished results with us and for many fruitful discussions on the 2012 earthquake during his visit to UNAM in August 2012&#46; We appreciate comments and suggestions by H&#46; Kanamori&#44; L&#46; Astiz&#44; R&#46; Castro and C&#46; Mendoza who were reviewers of the manuscript&#46; The research was supported by Conacyt project 82599&#44; and PAPIIT-UNAM projects IN112411 and IN111411-2&#46;</p>"
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Article information

ISSN: 00167169
Original language: English

DOI:10.1016/S0016-7169(13)71471-5

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Year/Month	Html	Pdf	Total

2024 November	1	0	1
2024 October	12	10	22
2024 September	12	3	15
2024 August	15	2	17
2024 July	9	2	11
2024 June	22	8	30
2024 May	7	1	8
2024 April	12	5	17
2024 March	17	7	24
2024 February	10	8	18
2024 January	13	5	18
2023 December	18	5	23
2023 November	20	5	25
2023 October	14	17	31
2023 September	10	7	17
2023 August	12	6	18
2023 July	6	3	9
2023 June	18	1	19
2023 May	18	4	22
2023 April	21	3	24
2023 March	6	5	11
2023 February	12	1	13
2023 January	21	4	25
2022 December	14	7	21
2022 November	17	12	29
2022 October	15	6	21
2022 September	27	4	31
2022 August	13	10	23
2022 July	21	12	33
2022 June	11	7	18
2022 May	18	6	24
2022 April	16	11	27
2022 March	30	13	43
2022 February	8	7	15
2022 January	21	10	31
2021 December	14	9	23
2021 November	15	8	23
2021 October	18	10	28
2021 September	6	6	12
2021 August	22	8	30
2021 July	18	8	26
2021 June	19	8	27
2021 May	22	7	29
2021 April	37	9	46
2021 March	32	4	36
2021 February	13	8	21
2021 January	10	10	20
2020 December	23	7	30
2020 November	38	6	44
2020 October	32	11	43
2020 September	14	7	21
2020 August	12	4	16
2020 July	12	2	14
2020 June	10	4	14
2020 May	18	8	26
2020 April	29	8	37
2020 March	23	14	37
2020 February	22	9	31
2020 January	18	9	27
2019 December	20	7	27
2019 November	14	6	20
2019 October	24	11	35
2019 September	25	3	28
2019 August	24	10	34
2019 July	19	14	33
2019 June	55	4	59
2019 May	87	9	96
2019 April	47	14	61
2019 March	11	7	18
2019 February	13	0	13
2019 January	16	3	19
2018 December	8	3	11
2018 November	18	3	21
2018 October	13	12	25
2018 September	16	11	27
2018 August	11	7	18
2018 July	10	1	11
2018 June	13	3	16
2018 May	9	12	21
2018 April	8	12	20
2018 March	22	10	32
2018 February	10	2	12
2018 January	8	1	9
2017 December	8	1	9
2017 November	7	2	9
2017 October	18	12	30
2017 September	14	10	24
2017 August	13	5	18
2017 July	12	1	13
2017 June	22	11	33
2017 May	16	5	21
2017 April	35	13	48
2017 March	37	42	79
2017 February	24	4	28
2017 January	8	3	11
2016 December	7	3	10
2016 November	18	0	18
2016 October	18	6	24
2016 September	35	4	39
2016 August	12	1	13
2016 July	9	2	11
2016 June	17	3	20
2016 May	16	2	18
2016 April	18	14	32
2016 March	16	5	21
2016 February	24	4	28
2016 January	7	3	10
2015 December	12	1	13
2015 November	18	4	22
2015 October	23	4	27
2015 September	13	7	20
2015 August	1	1	2
2015 July	5	3	8
2015 June	1	0	1
2015 May	0	1	1
2015 April	0	1	1

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